RU2614065C1 - Method for minimum tillage - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method of cultivation is done by simultaneously with the processing of arable horizon at a depth of 12-35 cm with a turn right along the body of the plow layer of the soil and subsurface tillage cropping the left relative to the body of the plow layer of soil wide widths at the right seam. Moreover, in the area between these layers is carried out on the soil chiseling with width from 0.1-0.25 widths right seam at a depth of loosening of 6-12 cm.

EFFECT: increased depth of soil treatment, the extent of its crumbling, plowing speed and simplify the plowing technology, energy consumption reduction, metal consumption and increase the operational reliability of the working bodies of the plow.

4 cl

Description

The invention relates to the field of agriculture and agricultural machinery, more specifically to a method of tillage, and can find application in the creation of modern high-performance machine plows for plowing soil not littered with stones for grain and industrial crops.

In accordance with the agrotechnical requirements, soil cultivation is carried out when performing a number of technological operations: cutting the soil layer, crumbling, wrapping, mixing, cutting, etc. Soil cultivation begins with plowing, which has several types: seam take-up, cultivated with skimmers, screw, high-speed with soil cultivation , smooth, etc. The tillage processes are carried out differently depending on the type of soil, climatic conditions, energy capabilities and design features of the working gans (see Agricultural and land reclamation machines / Under the general editorship of G.E. Listopad. M: Kolos, 1976, p. 12).

Currently, minimal tillage is widely used in soil protection technology, which provides a significant reduction in energy and labor costs by reducing the number of main inter-row cultivations and combining several technological operations in one working process. The use of combined tillage units allows you to perform several work in one pass across the field to prepare the soil for sowing crops. In particular, a subsurface method of tillage is used, which includes deep tillage without a turnover of the formation, chiseling, slitting and other works. For their implementation, cultivators-plane cutters, chisel plows, etc. are produced. For example, a mounted cultivator-plane cutter-deep-ripper mounted KPG-250 is used for deep loosening and cultivating the soil to a depth of 30 cm without mixing the layers while maintaining more than 70% of the grain stubble on the field surface cultures. In this case, the soil is cultivated to a depth of 16 cm with one or two flat-cutting knives with a large working width (see http://selteh.in.ua/obrabotka-pochv/2014/09/16/kultivator-ploskorez).

Tests of chisel plows and cultivators show that they contribute to the accumulation and preservation of moisture in the soil, decompactivate the subsurface layer. This improves the water-air regime of the soil, increases the root zone of plants and provides increased crop yields. As a rule, such plows have a large working width, which increases their productivity and reduces fuel consumption. Direct or inclined working bodies of chisel plows allow loosening the soil to a depth of 40 cm or more.

Known from the patent literature are similar methods for plowing the soil, including cutting, crumbling and turnover of soil layers (see, for example, RF patents Nos. 21118480, 2164732, 2456787, 2227384, 2457651, 2044433, 600977, etc.).

The disadvantages of the aforementioned plowing methods include the relatively low efficiency of the tillage technology associated with the use of different types of tillage units, the increased energy intensity of the combined tillage process and the low productivity of tillage implements on soils with high resistivity.

A known method of tillage, including cutting, crumbling and turnover of soil layers (see RF patent No. 2233055, published. 07.27.2004).

A feature of the known method is that part of the cut soil layer is separated, and the rest of it is shifted by moving it along the dump and then laying it with or without revolution in the previous furrow. When plowing, a soil layer that is cropped and loosened by the ploughshare is sifted in the furrow by a screening device located between the ploughshare and the blade before it reaches the heap, and the remains of the seam are shifted along the heap in the indicated manner to the previous furrow.

The disadvantage of this method is the relatively low efficiency of the main tillage process when plowing on soddy and moist soils, associated with the presence of a screening device that complicates the technology of plowing and structural design of the plow.

The closest technical solution to the proposed one is a method of tillage, including cutting, crumbling and turnover of soil layers (see RF patent No. 2131653, published. 06/20/1999, - prototype).

A feature of the known method of primary tillage is the cultivation of an arable horizon with simultaneous decompression of the arable horizon, the arable horizon being processed in layers, its upper layer to a depth of 15-18 cm with a turnover of the layer, and the lower layer without tilling. The plow that implements this method includes non-moldboard cultivators mounted on the frame and a sealant located behind each of them, made in the form of a plane-cutting asymmetric paw, with a working working element in front of each cultivator, the working width of which is equal to B, and the immersion value in the soil is not more than (0 4-0.6) B.

The disadvantages of the known method of tillage include spatial diversity of operations in the technology of layered tillage with simultaneous decompaction of the arable horizon due to the use of working bodies of different designations on the plow supporting structure, which leads to an increase in the energy consumption of the arable unit and the metal consumption of the plow. In addition, the known method has predominant use with a relatively shallow depth of tillage.

The proposed invention is aimed at eliminating the above disadvantages of the known methods of plowing and increasing the efficiency of tillage by increasing the productivity and quality of plowing per unit of working time through the use of more advanced technology of combined processing of arable land with simultaneous decompaction of the arable soil horizon by each plow body with full or partial formation rotation. The technical result consists in increasing the depth of tillage, the degree of crumbling, the speed of plowing and simplifying the technology of plowing. An additional technical effect from the implementation of the proposed method consists in increasing the depth of the root layer, improving the water-air regime of the cultivated soil, more complete incorporation of crop residues, as well as reducing energy consumption during plowing, metal consumption of the plow and increasing the operational reliability of its working bodies.

The specified technical result is achieved by the fact that in the method of tillage, including cutting, crumbling and rotation of the soil layers, according to the invention, simultaneously with the cultivation of the arable horizon to a depth of 12-35 cm with a revolution of the right along the plow body of the soil layer, the left soil is cut and soillessly loosened relative to the body the plow is a layer of soil with a width less than the width of the right seam, and in the area between these layers, the soil is chiseled to a width of 0.1-0.25 of the width of the right seam at a depth of 6-12 cm.

In addition, the soil layer right along the plow body can be cut vertically and crumble with an arcuate knife mated to the chest of the plow body blade, and horizontally with a horizontal knife right along the plow body adjacent to the blade, while the soil layer left relative to the plow body it can be cut and loosened without rooting without throwing it on the surface with an opposing right horizontal left knife, the working width of which is 0.4-0.8 of the right working width, and additional working can be performed it with the edge of an arcuate knife protruding below the level of the horizontal knife adjacent to the blade.

In addition, the processing of the right and left along the plow body of the soil strata and chiseling can be performed using interchangeable blades and cutting knives with two cutting edges at angles of attack in the direction of the plow stroke of 15-60 °, and the arcuate knife can be made symmetrical with respect to the midline and cutting of the left layer of soil can be performed above the level of cutting of the right layer, and the working edges of these knives can have a serrated shape.

In addition, the main tillage can be carried out with a mounted or semi-mounted plow with the indicated working bodies of each of the hulls with a total working width of 1.2-5.4 m to a depth of 12-35 cm with a rotation of the formation at an angle of 160-180 ° to ensure crumbling of the soil 75-90% and stubble closures up to 95-98%.

This embodiment of the proposed method eliminates these disadvantages of the known technical solutions and provides an increase in the efficiency of the combined technology of tillage. As shown below, the practical implementation of the proposed method on the plows of the experimental series provides an increase in the depth of tillage from 12 to 35 cm or more with a high degree of crushing of the soil and arable speed of about 10 km / h. The increase in productivity and the quality of plowing per unit of working time is ensured, among other things, by using less energy-intensive and more advanced technology for combined treatment of the arable horizon with simultaneous decompression and chiseling of the arable soil horizons with each plow body.

The indicated operations of cutting and crumbling of the right and left soil strata and chiseling between them are carried out at angles of attack of said knives of 15-60 °. When the angle of cutting of the soil layer is less than 15 °, the efficiency of crushing of the soil decreases, and more than 60 ° - the necessary traction of the plow sharply increases. Simultaneously with the cultivation of the arable horizon, the subsurface horizon is cut and irrevocably loosened to a smaller working width by means of the left horizontal knife in the optimal range for achieving the indicated technical result, 0.4-0.8 of the working width of the right horizontal knife. In this case, cutting and crumbling of the left layer relative to the body of the soil layer can be performed 10-40% or more higher than the level of cutting of the right layer for additional regulation and optimization of the water-air regime of the soil and root zone of plants.

Cheesing, in turn, further contributes to the accumulation and preservation of moisture, as well as improving the quality of tillage. This operation is performed using the additional working edge of the arcuate knife, which protrudes below the level of the horizontal knife adjacent to the blade to the depth of cultivation, including the strength condition of the additional working edge for a given width of the curved knife, which is 0.1-0.25 of the width capture of the body (for the right horizontal knife, the capture width is about 60 cm).

With the specified width of the arable and subsurface horizons for each hull and at the indicated angles of attack of the knives in the direction of the plow, the main tillage to a depth of 12-35 cm with a rotation of the formation at an angle of up to 180 ° can be performed with high efficiency using a mounted or semi-mounted multihull plow with a screw blade (the number of bodies is from two to nine) with a total working width of 1.2-5.4 m with crumbling of soil up to 90% and termination of stubble up to 98%. As practice shows, the implementation of working bodies with cutting edges of serrated knives also contributes to an additional increase in the degree of loosening of the soil. As a result, the combined technology of soil cultivation according to the proposed method allows to eliminate the disadvantages of the known methods of plowing, to increase its efficiency and the quality of plowing through the use of more advanced technology of combined processing of the arable horizon and at the same time softening the subsoil horizon of the soil.

The proposed method of tillage is as follows.

During the forward movement of the mounted multi-hull plow, its working bodies are buried in the soil to a depth of 35 cm set by the support wheels and each of the plow bodies provides the ability to process both arable and subsurface horizons. When each plow body moves in the working position, the right knife of the revolving working body cuts the right layer of the arable horizon to the specified depth and width, loosens, wraps it and dumps it into the adjacent furrow onto the loosened lower layer of the arable horizon. At the same time, the operations of cutting and loosening the left layer of soil of the subsoil horizon are performed at the level of the right knife or 10-40% higher than the level of cutting of the right layer. In the same building, the operation of chisel loosening of the soil is simultaneously carried out in the area between the right and left undercut soil layers to a width of 0.1-0.25 of the width of the right seam at a loosening depth of 6-12 cm.

The right layer of soil is cut vertically and horizontally, respectively, by an arcuate knife and a horizontal knife, right along the plow, adjacent to the dump. At the same time, the soil is trimmed and crushed at the working edges of the knives, the right layer of soil is torn off, moved to the blade, wrapped and moved into the furrow together with the loosened part from the passage of the previous case. At the same time, the left layer of the unplowed massif of soil is cut from below and crumbles without throwing to the surface of the field, the left horizontal knife opposing the right, the width of which is less than the width of the right knife. In this case, the soil is chiseled between the right and left layers to the indicated depth by the second working edge of the arcuate knife, which is lower than the level of the right horizontal knife.

An example implementation of the method. Soil is cultivated with a hardness of up to 3.0 MPa for crops under a nine-mounted mounted plow with a total working width of 5.4 m to a depth of 30 cm with a rotation of 180 ° to the right along the plow body of the soil layer. At the same time, the soil layer left relative to the plow body is trimmed and soillessly loosened, and in the area between the indicated layers, soil is chiseled to a width of 0.2 of the body capture width at a loosening depth of 8 cm. Processing of the right and left soil layers along the plow body and chiseling are performed with using cutting knives with two cutting edges at angles of attack of 60 °, and cutting of the left soil layer is performed at the level of cutting of the right layer, while ensuring soil crushing by 80% and stubling up to 95%.

An example of the implementation of the proposed method according to one of its variants, but without chizing the soil is associated with the use of a plow body made according to the patent of the Russian Federation No. 89319. Another example of the partial implementation of the method in the conditions of cultivating the soil with high resistivity can find application in the subsurface cultivation of abandoned and fallow lands, laying of perennial garden or forest stands. In this case, the processing of the right along the plow body of the soil layer is carried out without using a removable blade, and the cutting and loosening of the right and left soil layers and chiseling is performed as described above. Such tillage is carried out periodically after 2-4 years to decompress dense layers of soil with a small humus horizon. At the same time, as in other examples of implementation, it is possible to periodically reinstall these knives with two cutting edges on the plow body to change the blunt edges of the knives to sharp ones.

In accordance with the inventive concept, the proposed method of tillage provides a more advanced, compared with the known, technology for combined treatment of the arable horizon with a full or partial turnover of the formation and at the same time softening and chizing of the subsurface horizon of the soil with each plow body. When implementing the proposed method, it is possible to create a wide range of new modern industrial high-speed combined plows for efficient plowing of the soil for grain and industrial crops. The main components of the technical solution for the proposed method were tested and passed the necessary pilot tests on the plows of high-speed combined series ПСК (ПСК-4; ПСК-5; ПСК-4-5-6; ПСК-8, ПСК-7-8-9 ), aggregated with class 2, 3, and 4 tractors. Tests of the PSK 4-5-6 series plows with new type hulls were carried out on the fields of the Kuban machine testing station, where they established themselves as reliable, high-tech tillage machines. Compared to other tillage methods using serial general-purpose plows, plows of this series with fundamentally new bodies increase tillage by 40-50%, while diesel fuel savings of 7-9 kg per hectare of cultivated arable land. As a result of the tests, it was proved that the proposed method improves the efficiency of processing the main soil types for crops to a depth of 35 cm with a specific soil resistance of up to 0.1 MPa, soil hardness of up to 4 MPa and moisture content of up to 30%, and also maintain the natural structure the addition of the arable horizon as the multihull plow passes, while improving the soil moisture accumulation conditions.

A positive effect is also noted in a sharp decrease in weediness during spring plowing of vapors due to the complete rotation of the reservoir and the movement of weed seeds to a greater depth, while weed seedlings are delayed and appear almost a month later in a weakened state. The proposed method of tillage provides a relatively high efficiency of processing for grain, vegetable and industrial crops on the fields of almost all types of soils that are not littered with stones and with a smooth or wavy relief, as well as when treating inclined fields with a slope of up to 8 degrees. An additional technical effect of the implementation of the proposed method consists in reducing fuel consumption, simplifying the technology of plowing by increasing the operational reliability of the working bodies of the plow, reducing its metal consumption and cost.

Plows that implement the proposed method, effectively perform the work of cultural plowing with a high degree of crumbling and turnover of the soil layer. Using the proposed method of tillage, in comparison with the known ones, helps to increase productivity by 15-20% and productivity - almost twice with the specified fuel economy per hectare of cultivated arable land. The technical advantages of the plows operating according to this method also include the use of a screw blade, which provides a complete rotation of the formation by 180 ° with a working width of 60 cm for one working body. Currently, PSK plows are delivered to 18 regions of Russia for more than 70 collective enterprises and individual households. Given the high innovative and technological potential of the proposed method, further improvement of the PSC series plows will further improve their technical and economic characteristics and expand the scope.

Claims (4)

1. A method of tillage, including cutting, crumbling and turnover of soil layers, characterized in that at the same time as the cultivation of the arable horizon to a depth of 12-35 cm with a revolution of the right along the plow body of the soil layer, the left soil layer width relative to the plow body is loosened and soillessly cultivated , smaller than the capture width of the right layer, and in the area between the indicated layers, the soil is chiseled to a width of 0.1-0.25 of the capture width of the right layer at a depth of loosening of 6-12 cm. 2. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that the right along the plow body soil layer is cut vertically and cut with an arcuate knife mated to the chest of the plow body blade, and horizontally with the horizontal knife right along the plow body adjacent to the blade, at the same time, the soil layer left relative to the plow body is cut and loosened without soil, without being thrown onto the surface with an opposing right left horizontal knife, the working width of which is 0.4-0.8 of the right working width, and additional the working edge of the arcuate knife protruding below the level of the horizontal knife adjacent to the blade. 3. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that the processing of the right and left along the plow body of the soil strata and chiseling is performed using removable blade and cutting knives with two cutting edges at angles of attack in the direction of the plow 15-60 °, and arcuate the knife is made symmetrical with respect to the midline, and the cutting of the left soil layer is performed above the level of cutting of the right layer, and the working edges of these knives have a toothed shape. 4. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that the main tillage is carried out by mounted or semi-mounted plow with the specified working bodies of each of the buildings with a total working width of 1.2-5.4 m to a depth of 12-35 cm with a rotation of the formation at an angle 160-180 ° to ensure crushing of the soil by 75-90% and sowing stubble up to 95-98%.