PT822012E - Revestimento de superficies metalicas e sua aplicacao aos tubos e aos cabos - Google Patents

Revestimento de superficies metalicas e sua aplicacao aos tubos e aos cabos

Info

Publication number
PT822012E
PT822012E PT97401839T PT97401839T PT822012E PT 822012 E PT822012 E PT 822012E PT 97401839 T PT97401839 T PT 97401839T PT 97401839 T PT97401839 T PT 97401839T PT 822012 E PT822012 E PT 822012E
Authority
PT
Portugal
Prior art keywords
coating
cables
tubes
application
metal surfaces
Prior art date
Application number
PT97401839T
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Evelyne Bonnet
Maxime Deroch
Jean-Jacques Flat
Original Assignee
Freyssinet Int Stup
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Freyssinet Int Stup filed Critical Freyssinet Int Stup
Publication of PT822012E publication Critical patent/PT822012E/pt

Links

Classifications

    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
    • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
    • D07B1/00—Constructional features of ropes or cables
    • D07B1/16—Ropes or cables with an enveloping sheathing or inlays of rubber or plastics
    • D07B1/162—Ropes or cables with an enveloping sheathing or inlays of rubber or plastics characterised by a plastic or rubber enveloping sheathing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D7/00—Processes, other than flocking, specially adapted for applying liquids or other fluent materials to particular surfaces or for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials
    • B05D7/14—Processes, other than flocking, specially adapted for applying liquids or other fluent materials to particular surfaces or for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials to metal, e.g. car bodies
    • B05D7/16—Processes, other than flocking, specially adapted for applying liquids or other fluent materials to particular surfaces or for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials to metal, e.g. car bodies using synthetic lacquers or varnishes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D7/00—Processes, other than flocking, specially adapted for applying liquids or other fluent materials to particular surfaces or for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials
    • B05D7/50—Multilayers
    • B05D7/52—Two layers
    • B05D7/54—No clear coat specified
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01D—CONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGES, ELEVATED ROADWAYS OR VIADUCTS; ASSEMBLY OF BRIDGES
    • E01D19/00—Structural or constructional details of bridges
    • E01D19/16—Suspension cables; Cable clamps for suspension cables ; Pre- or post-stressed cables
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
    • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
    • D07B2201/00—Ropes or cables
    • D07B2201/20—Rope or cable components
    • D07B2201/2083—Jackets or coverings
    • D07B2201/2087—Jackets or coverings being of the coated type
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
    • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
    • D07B2201/00—Ropes or cables
    • D07B2201/20—Rope or cable components
    • D07B2201/2083—Jackets or coverings
    • D07B2201/2088—Jackets or coverings having multiple layers
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
    • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
    • D07B2205/00—Rope or cable materials
    • D07B2205/20—Organic high polymers
    • D07B2205/2003—Thermoplastics
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
    • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
    • D07B2205/00—Rope or cable materials
    • D07B2205/20—Organic high polymers
    • D07B2205/2064—Polyurethane resins
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/13—Hollow or container type article [e.g., tube, vase, etc.]
    • Y10T428/1352—Polymer or resin containing [i.e., natural or synthetic]
    • Y10T428/139—Open-ended, self-supporting conduit, cylinder, or tube-type article
    • Y10T428/1393—Multilayer [continuous layer]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
    • Y10T428/2913—Rod, strand, filament or fiber
    • Y10T428/2933—Coated or with bond, impregnation or core
    • Y10T428/2938—Coating on discrete and individual rods, strands or filaments
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
    • Y10T428/2913—Rod, strand, filament or fiber
    • Y10T428/2973—Particular cross section
    • Y10T428/2975—Tubular or cellular
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
    • Y10T428/3154—Of fluorinated addition polymer from unsaturated monomers
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
    • Y10T428/31551—Of polyamidoester [polyurethane, polyisocyanate, polycarbamate, etc.]
    • Y10T428/31562—Next to polyamide [nylon, etc.]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
    • Y10T428/31551—Of polyamidoester [polyurethane, polyisocyanate, polycarbamate, etc.]
    • Y10T428/31565—Next to polyester [polyethylene terephthalate, etc.]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
    • Y10T428/31551—Of polyamidoester [polyurethane, polyisocyanate, polycarbamate, etc.]
    • Y10T428/31573—Next to addition polymer of ethylenically unsaturated monomer
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
    • Y10T428/31551—Of polyamidoester [polyurethane, polyisocyanate, polycarbamate, etc.]
    • Y10T428/31573—Next to addition polymer of ethylenically unsaturated monomer
    • Y10T428/31576—Ester monomer type [polyvinylacetate, etc.]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
    • Y10T428/31551—Of polyamidoester [polyurethane, polyisocyanate, polycarbamate, etc.]
    • Y10T428/31573—Next to addition polymer of ethylenically unsaturated monomer
    • Y10T428/31587—Hydrocarbon polymer [polyethylene, polybutadiene, etc.]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
    • Y10T428/31551—Of polyamidoester [polyurethane, polyisocyanate, polycarbamate, etc.]
    • Y10T428/31605—Next to free metal

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
  • Paints Or Removers (AREA)
  • Ropes Or Cables (AREA)
  • Manufacturing Of Electric Cables (AREA)
  • Organic Insulating Materials (AREA)
  • Adhesives Or Adhesive Processes (AREA)
PT97401839T 1996-07-30 1997-07-23 Revestimento de superficies metalicas e sua aplicacao aos tubos e aos cabos PT822012E (pt)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9609559 1996-07-30

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
PT822012E true PT822012E (pt) 2004-04-30

Family

ID=9494617

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PT97401839T PT822012E (pt) 1996-07-30 1997-07-23 Revestimento de superficies metalicas e sua aplicacao aos tubos e aos cabos

Country Status (13)

Country Link
US (2) US5993924A (pt)
EP (1) EP0822012B1 (pt)
JP (1) JP2934217B2 (pt)
KR (1) KR100297042B1 (pt)
AT (1) ATE255471T1 (pt)
AU (1) AU719791B2 (pt)
BR (1) BR9704137A (pt)
CA (1) CA2210844C (pt)
DE (1) DE69726502T2 (pt)
DK (1) DK0822012T3 (pt)
ES (1) ES2212061T3 (pt)
NO (1) NO973469L (pt)
PT (1) PT822012E (pt)

Families Citing this family (22)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP3846757B2 (ja) * 1997-08-06 2006-11-15 古河電気工業株式会社 ケーブル
US7874404B1 (en) 1998-09-29 2011-01-25 Otis Elevator Company Elevator system having drive motor located between elevator car and hoistway sidewall
AU2001250425A1 (en) * 2000-05-08 2001-11-20 N V. Bekaert S.A. Zinc-coated steel cord with improved fatigue resistance
JP4043856B2 (ja) * 2002-06-11 2008-02-06 矢崎化工株式会社 摺動性等の機械的強度に優れた樹脂被覆鋼管
GB2399305B (en) * 2003-06-09 2006-02-22 Wood Ltd E Pipe renovating method
GB0313275D0 (en) * 2003-06-09 2003-07-16 Wood Ltd E Renovating water pipelines
US8344410B2 (en) * 2004-10-14 2013-01-01 Daktronics, Inc. Flexible pixel element and signal distribution means
US7868903B2 (en) * 2004-10-14 2011-01-11 Daktronics, Inc. Flexible pixel element fabrication and sealing method
US7893948B1 (en) 2004-10-14 2011-02-22 Daktronics, Inc. Flexible pixel hardware and method
EP2225313B1 (en) * 2007-12-20 2016-04-13 Coatings Foreign IP Co. LLC Process for producing a multilayer coating
AU2008343024B2 (en) * 2007-12-20 2013-10-24 Coatings Foreign Ip Co. Llc Process for producing a multilayer coating
JP5202048B2 (ja) * 2008-03-13 2013-06-05 富士フイルム株式会社 インクジェット記録方法
US20100282400A1 (en) * 2009-05-05 2010-11-11 Chandra Sekar Methods for manufacturing a paint roller and component parts thereof
US8142599B2 (en) * 2009-01-08 2012-03-27 Chandra Sekar Methods for manufacturing a paint roller and component parts thereof
US20120238685A1 (en) * 2009-12-01 2012-09-20 Nv Bekaert Sa Reinforced polymer composite
US8795832B2 (en) * 2010-07-30 2014-08-05 Fyfe Co., Llc Systems and methods for protecting a cable or cable bundle
KR101273931B1 (ko) 2011-01-21 2013-06-11 이영술 천공홀 코팅 금속판 및 그 제조방법
EP3031862B1 (de) 2014-12-11 2018-08-29 Ems-Patent Ag Mehrschichtstruktur mit mindestens einer metallschicht und mindestens einer polyamidschicht
EP3297001B1 (en) 2015-05-11 2021-04-14 LS Cable & System Ltd. Power cable
WO2016182254A1 (ko) * 2015-05-11 2016-11-17 엘에스전선 주식회사 전력 케이블
CN112725711B (zh) * 2020-12-21 2022-02-18 山东大学 一种提高高强铝合金疲劳性能的方法
CN114164984B (zh) * 2021-12-09 2023-03-10 广州市亚丹柜业有限公司 一种由复合板材组成的墙面板及其制备方法

Family Cites Families (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US30006A (en) * 1860-09-11 Safety-gtjakd fob
FR790494A (fr) * 1935-05-24 1935-11-21 Baudin B Dispositif d'immobilisation des têtes de suspentes dans les ponts suspendus
AT320718B (de) * 1969-07-30 1975-02-25 Unitecta Oberflaechenschutz Verfahren zur Herstellung von Kabeln und Vorrichtung hierzu
JPS528253B1 (pt) * 1970-05-15 1977-03-08
US3671622A (en) * 1970-11-13 1972-06-20 Bethlehem Steel Corp Method of forming seal for multi-wire strand
USRE30006E (en) 1973-11-22 1979-05-22 Mitsui Petrochemical Industries Ltd. Process for the formation of a polyolefin coating layer onto a metal surface
DE3046264C2 (de) * 1980-12-09 1982-12-09 Basf Farben + Fasern Ag, 2000 Hamburg Verfahren zum Ummanteln eines Metallrohres
DE3046263C2 (de) * 1980-12-09 1982-12-09 Basf Farben + Fasern Ag, 2000 Hamburg Verfahren zum Ummanteln eines Metallrohres
US4379807A (en) * 1981-03-13 1983-04-12 Rea Magnet Wire Co., Inc. Magnet wire for hermetic motors
US4606953A (en) * 1983-06-23 1986-08-19 Nippon Steel Corporation Polypropylene coated steel pipe
US4533598A (en) * 1983-11-18 1985-08-06 Caschem, Inc. Extended polyurethanes
EP0185058B1 (en) * 1984-06-15 1991-10-09 AT&T Corp. Encapsulating compound and articles comprising same
DE3619032A1 (de) * 1986-06-06 1987-12-10 Bayer Ag Verfahren zur herstellung eines metall-kunststoff-laminates
US4692383A (en) * 1986-07-21 1987-09-08 Ppg Industries, Inc. Polycarbonate based elastomeric coating compositions
US4734545A (en) * 1986-11-26 1988-03-29 The Furukawa Electric Co., Ltd. Insulated conductor for a wire harness
CA2125551A1 (en) * 1994-06-08 1995-12-09 Mark Gibson Pipe treatment process
FR2739113B1 (fr) * 1995-09-26 1997-12-05 Freyssinet Int Stup Toron individuellement protege pour ouvrage de genie civil suspendu, ouvrage incluant de tels torons, et procede de fabrication

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
NO973469L (no) 1998-02-02
ES2212061T3 (es) 2004-07-16
AU719791B2 (en) 2000-05-18
US5993924A (en) 1999-11-30
ATE255471T1 (de) 2003-12-15
NO973469D0 (no) 1997-07-28
DK0822012T3 (da) 2004-04-13
BR9704137A (pt) 1998-12-15
CA2210844C (fr) 2001-04-17
AU3237297A (en) 1998-02-05
EP0822012B1 (fr) 2003-12-03
KR980009520A (ko) 1998-04-30
US6291024B1 (en) 2001-09-18
EP0822012A1 (fr) 1998-02-04
DE69726502T2 (de) 2004-12-30
DE69726502D1 (de) 2004-01-15
CA2210844A1 (fr) 1998-01-30
KR100297042B1 (ko) 2002-11-18
JPH10114015A (ja) 1998-05-06
JP2934217B2 (ja) 1999-08-16

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
PT822012E (pt) Revestimento de superficies metalicas e sua aplicacao aos tubos e aos cabos
FR2749852B1 (fr) Solution pour realiser un revetement sur un profile, lame d'essuyage revetue d'une telle solution, procede pour revetir un profile d'un tel revetement et lame d'essuyage revetue d'un revetement, obtenue par un tel procede
CA2111754A1 (en) Polyimide Composite Tube and Method of Manufacturing the Same
ES9000012A1 (es) Procedimiento para recubrir un sustrato ferroso con un revestimiento compacto de aleacion adherente a la goma, y sustrato asi obtenido.
DE69732071D1 (de) Beschichtete magnetische Abschirmung, deren Herstellungsverfahren sowie ein dafür verwendetes Kabel
DE69633868D1 (de) Beschichtungsverfahren mit fluoriertem polymer-material
GB9708324D0 (en) Apparatus for fabricating an optical fibre coated with metal and method
FI972639A (fi) Menetelmä ja laite alustakerroksen lakkaamista tai päällystystä varten
BR9611103A (pt) Composição de revestimento substrato e processo para a formação de um polímero acrílaco de fluoroalquila
MY122219A (en) Method for applying medium to an arrangement
AU1731297A (en) A polyolefin composition, process for coating metallic surfaces using said composition and metal pipes coated by said process
DE69710414T2 (de) Verwendung von mit organischem Harz aussenflächenbeschichteten Stahlrohren für verbesserte Innenhochdruckumformung
DE69605858D1 (de) Mehrschichtige Metaldichtung mit Überzuggsschicht
WO1999044756A3 (en) Coated metal strips
CA2237448A1 (en) Pipe-coating method and product
EP0611810A3 (en) Steel strip coated with an organic layer suitable for electrolytic coating and resistant to corrosion and method of preparation.
PT72901A (en) Method and apparatus for coating metal pipes with plasticsmaterials and coated metal pipes obtained thereby
DE69022388T2 (de) Aufgewickeltes Bandmaterial aus Stahl mit einer Beschichtung aus festem Schmiermittel.
MX9701672A (es) Nuevo revestimiento para superficies metalicas y procedimiento de realizacion.
BR9812864B1 (pt) processo e aparelho para instalar cabos em tubos.
DE69621810T2 (de) Polymer/metallaminat und verfahren zur herstellung
EP0752289A3 (en) Branch pipe forming tool and method of forming branch pipe on metal tube with the tool
HUP9901214A3 (en) Coating for the internal surface of a pipe, method for applying the same on said surface, two-layered semi-finished part using said coating and method for making this part
FR2718155B1 (fr) Procédé de dépôt de diélectrique et/ou de métal sur un substrat.
FR2718154B1 (fr) Procédé de dépôt de diélectrique et/ou de métal sur un substrat.