PH26011A - Oral treatment method for reducing plaque with reduced staining - Google Patents
Oral treatment method for reducing plaque with reduced staining Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- PH26011A PH26011A PH39676A PH39676A PH26011A PH 26011 A PH26011 A PH 26011A PH 39676 A PH39676 A PH 39676A PH 39676 A PH39676 A PH 39676A PH 26011 A PH26011 A PH 26011A
- Authority
- PH
- Philippines
- Prior art keywords
- compound
- bis
- composition
- biguanide
- acceptable carrier
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 50
- 238000010186 staining Methods 0.000 title description 11
- -1 monoperoxy- phthalate compound Chemical class 0.000 claims description 75
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 66
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 40
- 229940123208 Biguanide Drugs 0.000 claims description 18
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 16
- WWOYCMCZTZTIGU-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium;2-carboxybenzenecarboperoxoate;hexahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.[Mg+2].OOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C([O-])=O.OOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C([O-])=O WWOYCMCZTZTIGU-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 16
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000003937 drug carrier Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000002324 mouth wash Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000002882 anti-plaque Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 150000004287 bisbiguanides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- 210000000214 mouth Anatomy 0.000 claims description 9
- GHXZTYHSJHQHIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorhexidine Chemical compound C=1C=C(Cl)C=CC=1NC(N)=NC(N)=NCCCCCCN=C(N)N=C(N)NC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1 GHXZTYHSJHQHIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- 229960003260 chlorhexidine Drugs 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000004965 peroxy acids Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 208000002064 Dental Plaque Diseases 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000001309 chloro group Chemical group Cl* 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000551 dentifrice Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000001153 fluoro group Chemical group F* 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- XNCOSPRUTUOJCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Biguanide Chemical compound NC(N)=NC(N)=N XNCOSPRUTUOJCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- RGHNJXZEOKUKBD-SQOUGZDYSA-M D-gluconate Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C([O-])=O RGHNJXZEOKUKBD-SQOUGZDYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- LFVVNPBBFUSSHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N alexidine Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)CNC(=N)NC(=N)NCCCCCCNC(=N)NC(=N)NCC(CC)CCCC LFVVNPBBFUSSHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229950010221 alexidine Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical class [H]* 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims description 3
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- CIUQDSCDWFSTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N [C]1=CC=CC=C1 Chemical compound [C]1=CC=CC=C1 CIUQDSCDWFSTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000002723 alicyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000001797 benzyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- IQZPDFORWZTSKT-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrosulphonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)[N+]([O-])=O IQZPDFORWZTSKT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- RARSHUDCJQSEFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N p-Hydroxypropiophenone Chemical compound CCC(=O)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 RARSHUDCJQSEFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000003239 periodontal effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- YQYGGOPUTPQHAY-KIQLFZLRSA-N (4S)-4-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[2-[6-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S,3S)-1-[[(2S)-5-amino-1-[[(4S,7R)-7-[[(2S)-1-[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2R)-2-[[(2S)-5-amino-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-4-carboxy-2-hydrazinylbutanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]-2-methyl-5,6-dioxooctan-4-yl]amino]-1,5-dioxopentan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-5-carbamimidamido-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]amino]-5-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-4-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-4-oxobutanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-6-oxohexyl]hydrazinyl]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-5-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S,3S)-1-[[(2S)-4-amino-1-[[(2S)-1-hydroxy-3-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-1,4-dioxobutan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid Chemical compound CC[C@@H](C)[C@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(O)=O)NN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N1CCC[C@H]1C(=O)N[C@H](C)C(=O)C(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(N)=N)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)C(CCCCNN[C@@H](Cc1ccccc1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@H](C)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C=O)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@@H](N)CO)[C@H](C)O)C(C)C)[C@H](C)O YQYGGOPUTPQHAY-KIQLFZLRSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- LNUFLCYMSVYYNW-ZPJMAFJPSA-N [(2r,3r,4s,5r,6r)-2-[(2r,3r,4s,5r,6r)-6-[(2r,3r,4s,5r,6r)-6-[(2r,3r,4s,5r,6r)-6-[[(3s,5s,8r,9s,10s,13r,14s,17r)-10,13-dimethyl-17-[(2r)-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydro-1h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-yl]oxy]-4,5-disulfo Chemical compound O([C@@H]1[C@@H](COS(O)(=O)=O)O[C@@H]([C@@H]([C@H]1OS(O)(=O)=O)OS(O)(=O)=O)O[C@@H]1[C@@H](COS(O)(=O)=O)O[C@@H]([C@@H]([C@H]1OS(O)(=O)=O)OS(O)(=O)=O)O[C@@H]1[C@@H](COS(O)(=O)=O)O[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]1OS(O)(=O)=O)OS(O)(=O)=O)O[C@@H]1C[C@@H]2CC[C@H]3[C@@H]4CC[C@@H]([C@]4(CC[C@@H]3[C@@]2(C)CC1)C)[C@H](C)CCCC(C)C)[C@H]1O[C@H](COS(O)(=O)=O)[C@@H](OS(O)(=O)=O)[C@H](OS(O)(=O)=O)[C@H]1OS(O)(=O)=O LNUFLCYMSVYYNW-ZPJMAFJPSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 125000003710 aryl alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- 229940050410 gluconate Drugs 0.000 claims 1
- 229940051866 mouthwash Drugs 0.000 claims 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims 1
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
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- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 150000003873 salicylate salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004760 silicates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000017557 sodium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910000030 sodium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000013024 sodium fluoride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011775 sodium fluoride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L succinate(2-) Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CCC([O-])=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000004434 sulfur atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940095064 tartrate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000003892 tartrate salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- CBXCPBUEXACCNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraethylammonium Chemical compound CC[N+](CC)(CC)CC CBXCPBUEXACCNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000383 tetramethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000036344 tooth staining Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 description 1
- RUVINXPYWBROJD-ONEGZZNKSA-N trans-anethole Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(\C=C\C)C=C1 RUVINXPYWBROJD-ONEGZZNKSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-O triethylammonium ion Chemical compound CC[NH+](CC)CC ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 125000002023 trifluoromethyl group Chemical group FC(F)(F)* 0.000 description 1
- GETQZCLCWQTVFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylamine Chemical compound CN(C)C GETQZCLCWQTVFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003258 trimethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:2])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[*:1] 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
- A61Q11/00—Preparations for care of the teeth, of the oral cavity or of dentures; Dentifrices, e.g. toothpastes; Mouth rinses
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
- A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
- A61K8/30—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds
- A61K8/33—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds containing oxygen
- A61K8/38—Percompounds, e.g. peracids
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
- A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
- A61K8/30—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds
- A61K8/40—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds containing nitrogen
- A61K8/43—Guanidines
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K2800/00—Properties of cosmetic compositions or active ingredients thereof or formulation aids used therein and process related aspects
- A61K2800/80—Process related aspects concerning the preparation of the cosmetic composition or the storage or application thereof
- A61K2800/92—Oral administration
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Birds (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery (AREA)
- Emergency Medicine (AREA)
- Cosmetics (AREA)
- Acyclic And Carbocyclic Compounds In Medicinal Compositions (AREA)
- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US07/284,262 US4886658A (en) | 1988-12-14 | 1988-12-14 | Oral treatment method for reducing plaque with reduced staining |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| PH26011A true PH26011A (en) | 1992-01-29 |
Family
ID=23089503
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PH39676A PH26011A (en) | 1988-12-14 | 1989-12-12 | Oral treatment method for reducing plaque with reduced staining |
Country Status (9)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4886658A (da) |
| EP (1) | EP0373429A3 (da) |
| JP (1) | JPH02258715A (da) |
| KR (1) | KR900009044A (da) |
| AU (1) | AU4673389A (da) |
| DK (1) | DK631989A (da) |
| FI (1) | FI895923A0 (da) |
| PH (1) | PH26011A (da) |
| PT (1) | PT92556A (da) |
Families Citing this family (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5192532A (en) * | 1989-10-13 | 1993-03-09 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Oral compositions containing monoperoxy acids |
| AU1987292A (en) * | 1991-04-19 | 1992-11-17 | Procter & Gamble Company, The | Antimicrobial oral compositions |
| US5085852A (en) * | 1991-04-19 | 1992-02-04 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Antimicrobial oral compositions |
| AU1890292A (en) * | 1991-04-19 | 1992-11-17 | Procter & Gamble Company, The | Antimicrobial oral compositions |
| US5279816A (en) * | 1991-11-22 | 1994-01-18 | Colgate-Palmolive Co. | Oral composition having improved tooth whitening effect |
| US6309596B1 (en) * | 1998-12-15 | 2001-10-30 | Bausch & Lomb Incorporated | Treatment of contact lenses with aqueous solution comprising a biguanide disinfectant stabilized by a poloxamine |
| JP2003527405A (ja) | 2000-03-23 | 2003-09-16 | デンツプライ インターナショナル インコーポレーテッド | 歯の白色化材および歯を白くする方法 |
| US6685923B2 (en) | 2001-01-25 | 2004-02-03 | Dentsply Research & Development Corp. | Tooth whitening material and method of whitening teeth |
Family Cites Families (29)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US31397A (en) * | 1861-02-12 | Nail-machine | ||
| US2684924A (en) * | 1951-02-05 | 1954-07-27 | Ici Ltd | Nu-chlorophenyldiguanidino compounds |
| GB745064A (en) * | 1953-03-26 | 1956-02-22 | Ici Ltd | Fungicidal and bactericidal compositions |
| US2863919A (en) * | 1955-02-10 | 1958-12-09 | Ici Ltd | Biguanides |
| US2990425A (en) * | 1956-06-06 | 1961-06-27 | Ici Ltd | New biguanide salts |
| NL248201A (da) * | 1959-02-11 | 1900-01-01 | ||
| US3468898A (en) * | 1966-05-26 | 1969-09-23 | Sterling Drug Inc | Bridged bis-biguanides and bis-guanidines |
| US3937805A (en) * | 1971-11-10 | 1976-02-10 | Colgate-Palmolive Company | Method of making dentifrice compositions containing insolubilized salts of 1,6-di-(p-chlorophenyl biguanido) hexane |
| US3749674A (en) * | 1971-02-22 | 1973-07-31 | Procter & Gamble | Bleach compositions |
| US3934002A (en) * | 1972-06-30 | 1976-01-20 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Oral compositions for plaque, caries and calculus retardation with reduced staining tendencies |
| GB1365030A (en) * | 1972-11-30 | 1974-08-29 | Merck & Co Inc | Oral compositions |
| US3937807A (en) * | 1973-03-06 | 1976-02-10 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Oral compositions for plaque, caries, and calculus retardation with reduced staining tendencies |
| US3957967A (en) * | 1973-07-27 | 1976-05-18 | Blendax-Werke R. Schneider & Co. | Agent for the care and the cleaning of teeth and dentures |
| US3988433A (en) * | 1973-08-10 | 1976-10-26 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Oral compositions for preventing or removing stains from teeth |
| US3925543A (en) * | 1973-11-01 | 1975-12-09 | Colgate Palmolive Co | Antibacterial oral compositions containing preservative-antioxidants |
| US4051234A (en) * | 1975-06-06 | 1977-09-27 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Oral compositions for plaque, caries, and calculus retardation with reduced staining tendencies |
| US4118474A (en) * | 1976-08-16 | 1978-10-03 | Colgate-Palmolive Company | Antibacterial oral composition |
| US4059687A (en) * | 1976-11-26 | 1977-11-22 | Colgate Palmolive Company | Ester substituted dibiguanides and non-toxic antimicrobial compositions thereof |
| US4080441A (en) * | 1976-12-27 | 1978-03-21 | Colgate-Palmolive Company | Antibacterial oral composition |
| US4256731A (en) * | 1978-03-23 | 1981-03-17 | Beecham, Inc. | Oral Compositions |
| USRE31397E (en) | 1978-03-31 | 1983-09-27 | Beecham Inc. | Oral compositions |
| US4273759A (en) * | 1979-05-18 | 1981-06-16 | Colgate-Palmolive Company | Antibacterial oral composition |
| EP0027693B2 (en) * | 1979-10-18 | 1988-05-11 | Interox Chemicals Limited | Magnesium salts of peroxycarboxylic acids, processes for their preparation and their use as bleaching agents in washing compositions, and processes |
| ATE14220T1 (de) * | 1981-06-10 | 1985-07-15 | Interox Chemicals Ltd | Verfahren zur herstellung einer peroxidverbindung. |
| GB8321404D0 (en) * | 1983-08-09 | 1983-09-07 | Interox Chemicals Ltd | Tablets |
| US4490269A (en) * | 1984-01-13 | 1984-12-25 | Warner-Lambert Company | Effervescent denture cleaning composition comprising monoperphthalate |
| DE3415147A1 (de) * | 1984-04-21 | 1985-10-31 | Blendax-Werke R. Schneider Gmbh & Co, 6500 Mainz | Mittel zur oralen hygiene |
| US4716035A (en) * | 1985-05-24 | 1987-12-29 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Oral compositions and methods for treating gingivitis |
| US4670252A (en) * | 1985-05-24 | 1987-06-02 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Treatment of oral diseases |
-
1988
- 1988-12-14 US US07/284,262 patent/US4886658A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1989
- 1989-11-30 EP EP89122125A patent/EP0373429A3/en not_active Ceased
- 1989-12-12 PH PH39676A patent/PH26011A/en unknown
- 1989-12-12 FI FI895923A patent/FI895923A0/fi not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1989-12-13 KR KR1019890018434A patent/KR900009044A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1989-12-13 PT PT92556A patent/PT92556A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1989-12-14 AU AU46733/89A patent/AU4673389A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1989-12-14 DK DK631989A patent/DK631989A/da not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1989-12-14 JP JP1324883A patent/JPH02258715A/ja active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0373429A3 (en) | 1990-08-01 |
| EP0373429A2 (en) | 1990-06-20 |
| DK631989D0 (da) | 1989-12-14 |
| PT92556A (pt) | 1990-06-29 |
| US4886658A (en) | 1989-12-12 |
| AU4673389A (en) | 1990-06-21 |
| KR900009044A (ko) | 1990-07-02 |
| JPH02258715A (ja) | 1990-10-19 |
| DK631989A (da) | 1990-06-15 |
| FI895923A0 (fi) | 1989-12-12 |
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