NO320683B1 - Cyanoacetylurea-stabilisert klorholdig polymermateriale og anvendelse derav - Google Patents
Cyanoacetylurea-stabilisert klorholdig polymermateriale og anvendelse derav Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- NO320683B1 NO320683B1 NO19992618A NO992618A NO320683B1 NO 320683 B1 NO320683 B1 NO 320683B1 NO 19992618 A NO19992618 A NO 19992618A NO 992618 A NO992618 A NO 992618A NO 320683 B1 NO320683 B1 NO 320683B1
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- Norway
- Prior art keywords
- material according
- acid
- tert
- butyl
- bis
- Prior art date
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- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 15
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 14
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 14
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims description 37
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 58
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229910052717 sulfur Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical group [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical group [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 125000001624 naphthyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000011593 sulfur Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- -1 2-phenethyl Chemical group 0.000 claims description 131
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 claims description 59
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 42
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims description 20
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- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 125000001797 benzyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 12
- 229920005862 polyol Polymers 0.000 claims description 12
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- 150000003077 polyols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 11
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- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 10
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- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 claims description 9
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- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 claims description 9
- 125000003903 2-propenyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])=C([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 8
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- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 8
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- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000004400 (C1-C12) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
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- TZCXTZWJZNENPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L barium sulfate Chemical compound [Ba+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O TZCXTZWJZNENPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- CJZGTCYPCWQAJB-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium stearate Chemical compound [Ca+2].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O CJZGTCYPCWQAJB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- GDVKFRBCXAPAQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-A dialuminum;hexamagnesium;carbonate;hexadecahydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Mg+2].[Mg+2].[Mg+2].[Mg+2].[Mg+2].[Mg+2].[Al+3].[Al+3].[O-]C([O-])=O GDVKFRBCXAPAQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-A 0.000 claims description 3
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- 239000008116 calcium stearate Substances 0.000 claims description 2
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- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-M perchlorate Inorganic materials [O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 1
- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 abstract description 47
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 8
- 125000003884 phenylalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 abstract description 5
- 125000005037 alkyl phenyl group Chemical group 0.000 abstract description 4
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- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 abstract description 3
- 125000000753 cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 abstract description 2
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- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 125000005041 acyloxyalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 abstract 1
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical class O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 40
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 22
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- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 13
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenol group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=C1)O ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
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- 239000004593 Epoxy Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 11
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 11
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- XECAHXYUAAWDEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N acrylonitrile butadiene styrene Chemical compound C=CC=C.C=CC#N.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 XECAHXYUAAWDEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
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- 239000004676 acrylonitrile butadiene styrene Substances 0.000 description 9
- WNLRTRBMVRJNCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N adipic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCC(O)=O WNLRTRBMVRJNCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- DQXBYHZEEUGOBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N but-3-enoic acid;ethene Chemical compound C=C.OC(=O)CC=C DQXBYHZEEUGOBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 150000007942 carboxylates Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 9
- ARCGXLSVLAOJQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimellitic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=C(C(O)=O)C(C(O)=O)=C1 ARCGXLSVLAOJQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- DBEIAMRYPAJZHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-cyano-n-methyl-n-(methylcarbamoyl)acetamide Chemical compound CNC(=O)N(C)C(=O)CC#N DBEIAMRYPAJZHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
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- KATOLVAXCGIBLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dibenzylurea Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1CNC(=O)NCC1=CC=CC=C1 KATOLVAXCGIBLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- WFDIJRYMOXRFFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic anhydride Chemical compound CC(=O)OC(C)=O WFDIJRYMOXRFFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
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- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- PXKLMJQFEQBVLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N bisphenol F Chemical compound C1=CC(O)=CC=C1CC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 PXKLMJQFEQBVLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
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- BPXVHIRIPLPOPT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3,5-tris(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,3,5-triazinane-2,4,6-trione Chemical compound OCCN1C(=O)N(CCO)C(=O)N(CCO)C1=O BPXVHIRIPLPOPT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
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- 125000001117 oleyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])/C([H])=C([H])\C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- GIPDEPRRXIBGNF-KTKRTIGZSA-N oxolan-2-ylmethyl (z)-octadec-9-enoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)OCC1CCCO1 GIPDEPRRXIBGNF-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012785 packaging film Substances 0.000 description 1
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- FJKROLUGYXJWQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N papa-hydroxy-benzoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 FJKROLUGYXJWQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- HVINKLZTQUQDJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentadecane-2,4-dione Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)CC(C)=O HVINKLZTQUQDJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002080 perylenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=C2C=CC=C3C4=CC=CC5=CC=CC(C1=C23)=C45)* 0.000 description 1
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- 150000004707 phenolate Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229960000969 phenyl salicylate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- XRBCRPZXSCBRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphonous acid Chemical class OPO XRBCRPZXSCBRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IEQIEDJGQAUEQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phthalocyanine Chemical compound N1C(N=C2C3=CC=CC=C3C(N=C3C4=CC=CC=C4C(=N4)N3)=N2)=C(C=CC=C2)C2=C1N=C1C2=CC=CC=C2C4=N1 IEQIEDJGQAUEQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002755 poly(epichlorohydrin) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920003229 poly(methyl methacrylate) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002285 poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000058 polyacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002857 polybutadiene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000003367 polycyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229940068886 polyethylene glycol 300 Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229920000223 polyglycerol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000151 polyglycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000010695 polyglycol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001195 polyisoprene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002959 polymer blend Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004926 polymethyl methacrylate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- PUDIUYLPXJFUGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N praseodymium atom Chemical compound [Pr] PUDIUYLPXJFUGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001501 propionyl group Chemical group O=C([*])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
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- 238000001953 recrystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 239000012744 reinforcing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960004889 salicylic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- KZUNJOHGWZRPMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N samarium atom Chemical compound [Sm] KZUNJOHGWZRPMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- CDAISMWEOUEBRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N scyllo-inosotol Natural products OC1C(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)C1O CDAISMWEOUEBRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940116351 sebacate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- CXMXRPHRNRROMY-UHFFFAOYSA-L sebacate(2-) Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CCCCCCCCC([O-])=O CXMXRPHRNRROMY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 125000002914 sec-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004760 silicates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052665 sodalite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000017557 sodium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910000030 sodium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004071 soot Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004334 sorbic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010199 sorbic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940075582 sorbic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910052566 spinel group Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009987 spinning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000004079 stearyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- UUCCCPNEFXQJEL-UHFFFAOYSA-L strontium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Sr+2] UUCCCPNEFXQJEL-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910001866 strontium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003440 styrenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000005846 sugar alcohols Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000004434 sulfur atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035900 sweating Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920003051 synthetic elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005061 synthetic rubber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000020357 syrup Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000006188 syrup Substances 0.000 description 1
- GZCRRIHWUXGPOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N terbium atom Chemical compound [Tb] GZCRRIHWUXGPOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TUNFSRHWOTWDNC-HKGQFRNVSA-N tetradecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCC[14C](O)=O TUNFSRHWOTWDNC-HKGQFRNVSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940072958 tetrahydrofurfuryl oleate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- UFDHBDMSHIXOKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrophthalic acid Natural products OC(=O)C1=C(C(O)=O)CCCC1 UFDHBDMSHIXOKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003536 tetrazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000003856 thermoforming Methods 0.000 description 1
- NJRXVEJTAYWCQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiomalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(S)C(O)=O NJRXVEJTAYWCQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NBOMNTLFRHMDEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiosalicylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1S NBOMNTLFRHMDEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930003799 tocopherol Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 229960001295 tocopherol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000010384 tocopherol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011732 tocopherol Substances 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003918 triazines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- STCOOQWBFONSKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N tributyl phosphate Chemical compound CCCCOP(=O)(OCCCC)OCCCC STCOOQWBFONSKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960001147 triclofos Drugs 0.000 description 1
- FICPQAZLPKLOLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tricyclohexyl phosphite Chemical compound C1CCCCC1OP(OC1CCCCC1)OC1CCCCC1 FICPQAZLPKLOLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002889 tridecyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 150000005691 triesters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000013638 trimer Substances 0.000 description 1
- QXJQHYBHAIHNGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylolethane Chemical compound OCC(C)(CO)CO QXJQHYBHAIHNGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CNUJLMSKURPSHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N trioctadecyl phosphite Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCOP(OCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)OCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CNUJLMSKURPSHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JNXDCMUUZNIWPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N trioctyl benzene-1,2,4-tricarboxylate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCOC(=O)C1=CC=C(C(=O)OCCCCCCCC)C(C(=O)OCCCCCCCC)=C1 JNXDCMUUZNIWPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XZZNDPSIHUTMOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenyl phosphate Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1OP(OC=1C=CC=CC=1)(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1 XZZNDPSIHUTMOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KOWVWXQNQNCRRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris(2,4-dimethylphenyl) phosphate Chemical compound CC1=CC(C)=CC=C1OP(=O)(OC=1C(=CC(C)=CC=1)C)OC1=CC=C(C)C=C1C KOWVWXQNQNCRRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WGKLOLBTFWFKOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris(2-nonylphenyl) phosphite Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCC1=CC=CC=C1OP(OC=1C(=CC=CC=1)CCCCCCCCC)OC1=CC=CC=C1CCCCCCCCC WGKLOLBTFWFKOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WDRCVXGINNJWPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris(6-methylheptyl) benzene-1,2,4-tricarboxylate Chemical compound CC(C)CCCCCOC(=O)C1=CC=C(C(=O)OCCCCCC(C)C)C(C(=O)OCCCCCC(C)C)=C1 WDRCVXGINNJWPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000013799 ultramarine blue Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000002948 undecyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 235000021122 unsaturated fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000004670 unsaturated fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940005605 valeric acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229920001567 vinyl ester resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- FUSUHKVFWTUUBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N vinyl methyl ketone Natural products CC(=O)C=C FUSUHKVFWTUUBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019165 vitamin E Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011709 vitamin E Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940046009 vitamin E Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010456 wollastonite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052882 wollastonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000811 xylitol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010447 xylitol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- HEBKCHPVOIAQTA-SCDXWVJYSA-N xylitol Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CO HEBKCHPVOIAQTA-SCDXWVJYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960002675 xylitol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- NAWDYIZEMPQZHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ytterbium Chemical compound [Yb] NAWDYIZEMPQZHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N yttrium atom Chemical compound [Y] VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003751 zinc Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- BOXSVZNGTQTENJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc dibutyldithiocarbamate Chemical compound [Zn+2].CCCCN(C([S-])=S)CCCC.CCCCN(C([S-])=S)CCCC BOXSVZNGTQTENJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- CHJMFFKHPHCQIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc;octanoate Chemical compound [Zn+2].CCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCC([O-])=O CHJMFFKHPHCQIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- DRDVZXDWVBGGMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;sulfide Chemical compound [S-2].[Zn+2] DRDVZXDWVBGGMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004711 α-olefin Substances 0.000 description 1
- GVJHHUAWPYXKBD-IEOSBIPESA-N α-tocopherol Chemical compound OC1=C(C)C(C)=C2O[C@@](CCC[C@H](C)CCC[C@H](C)CCCC(C)C)(C)CCC2=C1C GVJHHUAWPYXKBD-IEOSBIPESA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
- C08K5/16—Nitrogen-containing compounds
- C08K5/315—Compounds containing carbon-to-nitrogen triple bonds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
- C08K5/36—Sulfur-, selenium-, or tellurium-containing compounds
- C08K5/39—Thiocarbamic acids; Derivatives thereof, e.g. dithiocarbamates
- C08K5/405—Thioureas; Derivatives thereof
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
- Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
- Epoxy Resins (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
Description
Denne oppfinnelse angår klorholdige polymermaterialer stabilisert med cyanoacetylurea som har formel I vist nedenfor, og anvendelse derav.
PVC kan stabiliseres med en rekke additiver. Bly-, barium- og kadmium-forbindelser er særlig egnet for dette formål, men de er i dag kontroversielle av økologiske grunner eller på grunn av innholdet av tungmetaller (jf. "Kunststoffadditive", R. Gachter/H. Muller, Carl Hanser Verlag, 3. utg., 1989, p. 303-311, og "Kunststoff Handbuch PVC", volum 2/1, W. Becker/D. Braun, Carl Hanser Verlag, 2. utg., 1985, p. 531-538; og også Kirk-Othmer: "Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology", 4. utg., 1994, Vol. 12, Heat Stabilizers p. 1071-1091). Søkingen etter effektive stabilisatorer og stabilisatorkombinasjoner som er fri for bly, barium og kadmium fortsetter derfor.
Noen av forbindelsene med formel I er nye stoffer, mens andre er kjente. Representative forbindelser med formel I er blitt beskrevet f.eks. i US patentskrift nr. 2 598 936 og i J. Org. Chem. 16,1879-1890 (1951), og de kan fremstilles ved kjente metoder i ett eller flere prosesstrinn. Urea-utgangsstoffene er kommersielt tilgjengelige eller de kan fremstilles ved kjente metoder.
Det er nå funnet at cyanoacetylureaer med generell formel I er særlig egnet for stabilisering av klorholdige polymerer, så som f.eks. PVC.
Med oppfinnelsen tilveiebringes således et materiale omfattende en klorholdig polymer, kjennetegnet ved at materialet omfatter fra 0,01 til 10 vekt% av minst én forbindelse med generell formel
hvor
X er oksygen eller svovel og
R er C2-22-acyloksyalkyl eller Ci_i2-alkyl, som kan være avbrutt med 1-3 oksygenatomer og/eller substituert med 1-3 OH-grupper, eller er C3.g-alkenyl, C7.io-fenylalkyl, C5.8-sykloalkyl, C7.io-alkylfenyl, fenyl eller naftyl, hvor det aromatiske radikal i hvert tilfelle kan være substituert med -OH, Ci.i2-alkyl og/eller OCu-alkyl, og
Ri er hydrogen eller som definert for R.
Angående forbindelsene med formel I:
CM-alkyl er f.eks. metyl, etyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-, i-, sek- eller t-butyl.
Ci.i2-alkyl er f.eks. de nettopp nevnte radikaler og i tillegg pentyl, heksyl, heptyl, oktyl, 2-etylheksyl, i-oktyl, decyl, nonyl, undecyl eller dodecyl.
Det foretrekkes CM-alkyl, avbrutt eller ikke avbrutt med -CO2-.
C5.g-sykloalkyl er f.eks. syklopentyl, sykloheksyl, sykloheptyl eller syklooktyl, fortrinnsvis sykloheksyl.
C7.io-alkylfenyl er f.eks. tolyl, xylyl eller mesityl, særlig tolyl og xylyl.
C7.io-fenylalkyl er f.eks. benzyl, 1- eller 2-fenyletyl, 3-fenylpropyl, a,a-dimetylbenzyl eller 2-fenylisopropyl, fortrinnsvis benzyl og 2-fenetyl, særlig benzyl.
Dersom det aromatiske radikal er substituert, så er det fortrinnsvis substituert med 3,2 eller særlig 1 substituent, og substituentene er særlig hydroksyl, metyl, etyl, metoksy eller etoksy. C3_g-alkenyl er f.eks. allyl, metallyl, 1-butenyl, 1-heksenyl, 1-oktenyl eller 2-oktenyl, fortrinnsvis allyl eller metallyl.
Eksempler på C2.22-acyloksyalkyl er forgrenede eller rettkjedete radikaler som f.eks. acetoksyetyl, propionyloksyetyl, acetoksypropyl, acetoksybutyl, propionyloksybutyl, benzoksyetyl, benzoksypropyl, benzoksybutyl, fenylpropionyloksyetyl, fenyl-propionyloksypropyl og fenylpropionyloksybutyl, hvor fenylradikalet kan være substituert med 1 til 3 -OH og/eller 1 til 3 CM-alkylradikaler (forgrenede og uforgrenede).
Det foretrekkes f.eks. acetoksyetyl og benzoksyetyl.
Det foretrekkes forbindelser med formel I hvor X er oksygen, og slike hvor radikalene R og Ri er identiske.
Det kommer også i betraktning forbindelser hvor X er svovel.
Det foretrekkes også forbindelser med formel I hvor R og Ri er
Ci-g-alkyl, C3_5-alkenyl, benzyl eller 2-fenetyl.
Det foretrekkes særlig forbindelser med formel I hvor R og Ri er CM-alkyl, allyl eller benzyl.
For å oppnå stabilisering av den klorholdige polymer, må forbindelsene med formel I anvendes i en hensiktsmessig mengde fra 0,01 til 10 vekt%, fortrinnsvis fra 0,05 til 5 vekt%, og særlig fra 0,1 til 3 vekt%.
Det er også mulig å benytte forbindelser med den generelle formel I i kombinasjon med vanlige additiver og stabilisatorer, f.eks. sammen med polyoler og disakkairdalkoholer og/eller perkloratforbindelser og/eller glysidylforbindelser og/eller zeolittforbindelser og/eller lagoppbygde gitterforbindelser (hydrotalsitter), og også f.eks. lysstabilisatorer. Eksempler på slike ytterligere forbindelser er listet opp og belyst nedenfor.
Polyoler og disakkaridalkoholer
Eksempler på egnede forbindelser av denne type er:
pentaerytritol, dipentaerytritol, tripentaerytritol, trimetyloletan, bis-trimetylolpropan, inositol (syklitoler), polyvinylalkohol, bis-trimetyloletan, trimetylolpropan, sorbitol (heksitoler), maltitol, isomaltitol, cellobiitol, laktitol, lycazin, mannitol, laktose, leukrose, tris(hydroksy-etyl) isocyanurat, tris(hydroksypropyl)isocyanurat, palatinitol, tetrametylol-sykloheksanol, tetrametylolsyklopentanol, tetrametylolsyklopyranol, xylitol, arabinitol (pentitoler), tetritol-er, glyserol, diglyserol, polyglyserol, tiodiglyserol og 1-O-a-D-glycopyranosyl-D-mannitol-dihydrat.
Av disse foretrekkes disakkaridalkoholer.
Det er også mulig å anvende polyolsiruper, så som sorbitol-, mannitol- og maltitol-sirup. Polyolene kan benyttes i en mengde på f.eks. fra 0,01 til 20, hensiktsmessig fra 0,1 til 20, og særlig fra 0,1 til 10 vektdeler per 100 vektdeler PVC.
Perkloratforbindelser
Eksempler er slike som har formel M(C104)n, hvor M er Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Zn, Al, La eller Ce. Avhengig av valensen på M, vil indeksen n være 1,2 eller 3. Perkloratsaltene kan være til stede som løsninger, eller de kan være komplekser med alkholer (polyoler, syklodekstriner), eteralkoholer eller esteralkoholer. Esteralkoholene innbefatter også polyol-partialestere. I tilfelle flerverdige alkoholer eller polyoler, vil deres dimerer, trimerer, oligomerer og polymerer også være egnet, så som di-, tri-, tetra- og polyglykoler, og også di-, tri- og tetrapentaerytritol eller polyvinylalkohol i forskjellige polymerisasjonsgrader. Andre egnede løsningsmidler er fosfatestere og også sykliske og asykliske karbonater.
I denne sammenheng kan perkloratsaltene benyttes i forskjellige, vanlig forekommende former, f.eks. som et salt eller som en løsning i vann eller et organisk løsningsmiddel som sådan, eller absorbert på et bærermateriale, så som PVC, Ca-silikat, zeolitter eller hydrotalsitter, eller bundet ved en kjemisk reaksjon i et hydrotalsitt eller i en annen lagoppbygd gitterforbindelse. Som polyol-paritalestere foretrekkes glyserolmonoetere og glyserol-monotioetere.
Ytterligere utførelsesformer er beskrevet i EP 0 394 547, EP 0 457 471 og WO 94/24200. Perkloratene kan benyttes i en mengde f.eks. fra 0,001 til 5, hensiktsmessig fra 0,01 til 3, og særlig foretrukket fra 0,01 til 2 vektdeler per 100 vektdeler PVC.
Glysidylforbindelser
Disse inneholder glysidylgruppen
bundet direkte til karbon-, oksygen-, nitrogen- eller svovelatomer, og i slike forbindelser er enten både Ri og R3 hydrogen og R2 er hydrogen eller metyl, og n er 0, eller Ri og R3 er sammen
-CH2-CH2- eller -CH2-CH2-CH2-, og i dette tilfellet er R2 hydrogen og n er 0 eller 1.
I) Glysidylestere og P-metylglysidylestere kan fremstilles ved å omsette en forbindelse som har minst en karboksylgruppe i molekylet med epiklorhydrin, glyseroldiklorhydrin eller (3-metylepiklorhydrin. Reaksjonen finner hensiktsmessig sted i nærvær av baser.
Som forbindelser med minst en karboksylgruppe i molekylet, er det mulig å anvende alifatiske karboksylsyrer. Eksempler på slike karboksylsyrer er glutarsyre, adipinsyre, pimelinsyre, suberinsyre, acelainsyre og sebasinsyre, eller dimerisert eller trimerisert linoleinsyre, akrylsyre og metakrylsyre, kaproinsyre, kaprylsyre, laurinsyre, myrestinsyre, palmitinsyre, stearinsyre og pelargonsyre, og også syrene nevnt i forbindelse med organosink-forbindelsene.
Det er imidlertid også mulig å benytte sykloalifatiske karboksylsyrer, som f.eks. sykloheksankarboksylsyre, tetrahydroftalsyre, 4-metyltetrahydroftalsyre, heksahydroflalsyre eller 4-metylheksahydroftalsyre.
Aromatiske karboksylsyrer kan også anvendes, f.eks. benzoinsyre, ftalinsyre, isoftalinsyre, trimellitinsyre og pyromellitinsyre.
Det er likeledes mulig å gjøre bruk av karboksyl-terminerte addukter av f.eks. trimellitinsyre med polyoler, så som glyserol eller 2,2-bis-(4-hydroksy-sykloheksyl)propan.
Andre epoksidforbindelser som kan anvendes i forbindelse med denne oppfinnelse, er gitt i EP 0 506 617.
II) Glysidyletere eller |3-metylglysidyletere fremstilt ved å omsette en forbindelse som har minst en fri alkoholisk hydroksylgruppe og/eller fenolisk hydroksylgruppe med et passende substituert epiklorhydrin under alkaliske betingelser eller i nærvær av en sur katalysator med etterfølgende alkalibehandling.
Etere av denne type er dannet f.eks. av asykliske alkoholer, så som etylenglykol, dietylenglykol og høyere poly(oksyetylen)glykoler, propan-1,2-diol eller poly(oksypropyl-en)glykoler, propan-1,3-diol, butan-1,4-diol, poly(oksytetrametylen)glykoler, pentan-1,5-diol, heksan-l,6-diol, heksan-2,4,6-triol, glyserol, 1,1,1-trimetyIoIpropan, bis-(trimetylolpropan, pentaerytritol, sorbitol, og av polyepiklorhydriner, butanol, amylalkohol, pentanol, og av monofunksjonelle alkoholer som isooktanol, 2-etylheksanol, isodekanol og også C7.9-alkanol og Cg.n-alkanol- blandinger.
De er imidlertid også dannet av f.eks. sykloalifatiske alkoholer som 1,3- eller 1,4-dihydrok-sysykloheksan, bis-(4-hydroksysykloheksyl)metan, 2,2-bis-(4-hydroksysykloheksyl)propan eller l,l-bis-(hydroksymetyl)sykloheks-3-en, eller de har aromatiske kjerner så som N,N-bis-(2-hydroksyetyl)anilin eller p,p'-bis-(2-hydroksyetylamino)defenylmetan. Epoksidforbindelsen kan også være dannet av mononukleære fenoler, så som f.eks. fenol, resorsinol eller hydrokinon, eller de kan være basert på polynukleære fenoler, som f.eks. på bis-(4-hydroksyfenyl)metan, 2,2-bis-(4-hydroksyfenyl)propan, 2,2-bis-(3,5-dibrom-4-hydroksyfenyl)propan, på 4,4'-dihydroksydifenylsulfon eller på kondensater av fenoler og formaldehyd fremstilt under sure betingelser, så som fenol-novolaker.
Eksempler på ytterligere mulige terminale epoksider er: glysidyl-l-nafryleter, glysidyl-2-fenylfenyleter, 2-bifenylyl-glysidyleter, N-(2,3-epoksypropyl)ftalimid og 2,3-epoksypropyl-4-metoksyfenyleter.
III) N-glysidylforbindelser som kan fremstilles ved dehydroklorering av omsetningsproduktet av epiklorhydrid med aminer som inneholder minst ett amin-hydrogenatom. Disse aminer er f.eks. anilin, N-metylanilin, toluiden, n-butylamin, bis-(4-aminofenyl)metan, m-xylylendiamin eller bis-(4-metylaminofenyl)metan, og også N,N,0-triglysidyl-m-aminofenol eller N,N,0-triglysidyl-p-aminofenol.
N-glysidylforbindelser kan imidlertid også innbefatte N,N'-di-, N,N',N"-tri- og N,N',N",N"'-tetraglysidyl-derivater av sykloalkylenureaer, så som etylenurea eller 1,3-propyJenurea og N,N'-diglysidyl-derivater av hydantoiner, så som 5,5-dimetylhydantoin eller glykoluril og triglysidylisocyanurat.
IV) S-glysidylforbindelser som di-S-glysidyl-derivater av ditioler, så som f.eks. etan-1,2-ditiol eller bis-(4-merkaptometylfenyl)eter.
V) Epoksyforbindelser som har et radikal med formel I hvor Ri og R3 sammen er -CH2-CH2- og n er 0, er bis-(2,3-epoksysyklopentyl)eter, 2,3-epoksysyklopentyIglysidyleter eller l,2-bis-(2,3-epoksysyklopentyIoksy)etan. Et epoksyharpiks som har et radikal med formel I hvor Ri og R3 sammen er -CH2-CH2- og n er 1, er f.eks. (3'4'-epoksy-6'-metylsykloheksyl)metyl-3,4-epoksy-6-metylsyldoheksankarboksylat.
Eksempler på egnede terminal-epoksider er:
a) flytende bisfenol A-diglysidyletere, så som Araldit®GY 240, Araldit®GY 250, Araldit®GY 260, Araldit®GY 266, Araldit®GY 2600, Araldit®MY 790; b) faste bisfenol A-diglysidyletere, så som Araldit®GT 6071, Araldit®GT 7071, Araldit®GT 7072, Araldit®GT 6063, Araldit®GT 7203, Araldit®GT 6064, Araldit®GT
7304, Araldit®GT 7004, Araldit®GT 6084, Araldit®GT 1999, Araldit®GT 7077,
Araldit®GT 6097, Araldit®GT 7097, Araldit®GT 7008, Araldit®GT 6099, Araldit®GT 6608, Araldit®GT 6609, Araldit®GT 6610; c) flytende bisfenol F-diglysidyletere, så som Araldit®GY 281, Araldit®PY 302, Araldit®PY306; d) faste polyglysidyletere av tetrafenyletan, så som CG Epoxy Resin®0163; e) faste og flytende polyglysidyletere av fenol-formaldehyd-novalak, så som EPN 1138, EPN 1139, GY 1180, PY 307; f) faste og flytende polyglysidyletere av o-kresol-formaldehyd-novolak, så som ECN 1235, ECN 1273, ECN 1280, ECN 1299; g) flytende glysidyletere av alkoholer så som Shell® Glycidyl ether 162, Araldit®DY 0390, Araldit®DY0391; h) flytende glysidyletere av karboksylsyrer så som Shell®Cardura E tereftalsyre-ester, trimellitilsyre-ester, AraIdit®PY 284; i) faste heterosykliske epoksyharpikser (triglysidylisocyanurat), så som Araldit®PT 810; j) flytende sykloalifatiske epoksyharpikser, så som Araldit®CY 179;
k)flytende N,N,0-triglysidyletere avp-aminofenol, så som Araldit®MY 0510; 1) tetraglysidyl-4,4'-metylenbenzamin eller N,N,N',N'-tetraglysidylamino-fenylmetan, så som Araldit®MY 720, Araldit®MY 721.
Det foretrekkes å anvende epoksyforbindelser som har to funksjonelle grupper. I prinsippet er det imidlertid også mulig å benytte epoksyforbindelser som har en, tre eller flere funksjonelle grupper.
Det anvendes overveiende epoksyforbindelser, særlig diglysidylforbindelser, som har aromatiske grupper.
Om ønsket, så er det også mulig å benytte en blanding av forskjellige epoksyforbindelser. Som terminale epoksyforbindelser er det særlig foretrukket diglysidyletere basert på bisfenoler, så som på 2,2-bis-(4-hydroksyfenyl)propan (bisfenol A), bis-(4-hydroksyfenyl)metan eller blandinger av bis-(orto/para-hydroksyfenyl)metan (bisfenol F).
De terminale epoksyforbindelser kan benyttes i en mengde på fortrinnsvis minst 0,1 del, f.eks. fra 0,1 til 50, hensiktsmessig fra 1 til 30, og særlig fra 1 til 25 vektdeler per 100 vektdeler PVC.
Hydrotalsitter (jord)alkalimetallaluminiumsilikater (zeolitter)
Den kjemiske sammensetning av disse forbindelser er kjent av fagfolk på området, f.eks. fra patenter DE 3 843 581, US 4 000 100, EP 0 062 813 og WO 93/20135.
Forbindelser i serien av hydrotalsitter kan beskrives med den følgende generelle formel M<2+>,.xM<3+>x(O<H>)2(A<b->)xA,«dH20
hvor
M<2+> = ett eller flere metaller valgt blant Mg, Ca, Sr, Zn og Sn,
M<3+> = Al eller B,
A" er et anion med valens n,
ber et tall fra 1-2,
0<x<0,5,
m er et tall fra 0 til 20.
Fortrinnsvis
A" <=> OH', C104', HCO3', CH3COO<->, CftHsCOO", C032", (CHOHCOO)22",
(CH2COO)2<2>', CH3CHOHCOO", HPO3" eller HP04<2>";
Eksempler på hydrotalsitter er
Al203.6MgO.C02.12H20 (i), Mg4>5Al2(OH)13.C03.3,5H20 (ii),
4MgO.Al203.C02.9H20 (iii), 4MgO.Al203.C02.6H20,
Zn0.3MgO.Al203.C02.8-9H20 og Zn0.3MgO.Al203.C02.5-6H20.
Det foretrekkes spesielt typer i, ii og iii.
Zeolitter (alkalimetall- og jordalkalimetall-aluminiumsilikater)
Disse kan beskrives med den følgende generelle formel
Mx/nKAlO^SiO^J.wHzO
hvor n er ladningen på kationet M, M er et grunnstoff fra den første eller andre hovedgruppe, så som Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Sr eller Ba,
y:x er et tall fra 0,8 til 15, fortrinnsvis fra 0,8 til 1,2, og
w er et tall fra 0 til 300, fortrinnsvis fra 0,5 til 30.
Eksempler på zeolitter er natriumaluminosilikater med formlene
Na12Al12Sii2048.27H20 [zeolitt A], Na^SkO^ NaX.7,5H20, X=OH, halogen, CI04 [sodalittj; Na6Al6Si30O72.24H2O; Na8Al8Si4o096.24H20; Na16Ali6Si24O80.16H2O; Na,6Al16Si32096.16H20; Na56Al56Si136O384.250H2O [zeolitt Y], Na86Al86Sii06O384.264H2O [zeolitt X];
eller zeolittene som kan fremstilles ved hel eller delvis utbytting av Na-atomene med Li-, K-, Mg-, Ca-, Sr- eller Zn-atomer, så som (Na,K)ioAli0Si22064.20H20;
Ca4(3Na3[(AlO2)12(SiO2)12].30H2O;K9Na3[(AlO2)12(SiO2),2].27H2O.
Foretrukne zeolitter er slike med formlene
Nai2Ali2Si12048.27H20 [zeolitt A],
Na6Al6Si6024.2NaX.7,5H20, X = OH, Cl, C104, l/2C03[sodalitt]
Na6Al6Si30O72.24H2O,
Na8Al8Si4o096.24H20,
Na16Al16Si2408o.l6H20,
Na16Al16Si32096.16H20,
Na56Al56Si136O384.250H2O [zeolitt Y],
Na86Al86Si106O384.264H2O [zeolitt X]
og de X- og Y-zeolitter som har Al/Si-forhold på ca. 1:1,
eller zeolittene som kan fremstilles ved hel eller delvis utbytting av Na-atomene med Li-, K-, Mg-, Ca-, Sr-, Ba- eller Zn-atomer, så som (Na,K)ioAl10Si22064.20H20; Ca4>5Na3[(AlO2)12(SiO2)i2].30H2O;K9Na3[(AlO2)i2(SiO2)i2].27H2O.
De angitte zeolitter kan også ha lavere varininnhold eller være vannfrie.
Andre egnede zeolitter er:
Na2OAl203(2 til 5)Si02-(3,5 til 10)H2O [zeolitt P]
Na2OAl203-2Si02(3,5 til 10)H2O [zeolitt MAP]
eller zeolittene som kan fremstilles ved hel eller delvis utbytting av Na-atomene med Li-, K-, eller H-atomer, så som
(Li.Na.K.HhoAlttSijzCW 20H2O.
K9Na3[(A102)i2(Si02)i2]. 27H20
K4AT4Si4016-6H20[zeolitt K-F]
Na8Al8Si4o096.24H20 [zeolitt D], som beskrevet av Barrer et al., J. Chem. Soc. 1952,1561-71, og i US 2 950 952;
Også egnet er de følgende zeolitter;
K-ofrretitt, som beskrevet i EP-A-400 961;
zeolitt R, som beskrevet i GB 841 812;
zeolitt LZ-217, som beskrevet i US 4 503 023;
Ca-fri zeolitt LZ-218, som beskrevet i US 4 333 859;
zeolitt T, zeolitt LZ-220, som beskrevet i US 4 503 023;
Na3K6Al9Si27072.21H20 [zeolitt L];
zeolitt LZ-211, som beskrevet i US 4 503 023;
zeolitt LZ-212, som beskrevet i US 4 503 023;
zeolitt O, zeolitt LZ-217, som beskrevet i US 4 503 023;
zeolitt LZ-219 som beskrevet i US 4 503 023;
zeolitt Rho, zeolitt LZ-214, som beskrevet i US 4 503 023;
zeolitt ZK-19, som beskrevet i Am. Mineral. 54 1607 (1969);
zeolitt W(K-M), som beskrevet i Barrer et al., J. Chem. Soc. 1956,2882,
Na30Al3oSi660i92. 98H20 [zeolitt ZX-5, zeolitt Q]
Særlig foretrukket er zeolitt P-kvalitetene med formel I hvor x er fra 2 til 5 og y fra 3,5 til 10, og enda mer foretrukket er zeolitt MPA med formel I hvor x er 2 og y er fra 3,5 til 10. Særlig aktuell er zeolitten Na-P, dvs. M er Na. Denne zeolitt forekommer vanligvis i variantene Na-P-1, Na-P-2 og Na-P-3, som er ulike ved at de har forskjellig kubisk, tetragonal eller ortorombisk struktur (R. M. Barrer, B. M. Munday, J. Chem. Soc. A1971, 2909 -14). I denne litteraturreferanse beskrives også fremstilling av zeolitt P-l og P-2. Ifølge referansen er zeolitt P-3 svært sjelden og derfor i realiteten uten praktisk interesse. Strukturen for zeolitt P-l tilsvarer gismonditt-strukturen kjent fra det ovennevnte atlas over zeolittstrukturer. I senere litteratur (EP-A-384 070) er det skilt mellom kubiske (zeolitt B eller Pc) og tetragonale (zeolitt Pi) zeolitter av P-typen. Det nevnes der også forholdsvis nye zeolitter av P-typen som har Si:Al-forhold på under 1,07:1. Disse er zeolitter med betegnelsen MAP eller MA-P, som står for "Maximum Aluminium P". Avhengig av fremstillings-prosessen kan zeolitt P også inneholde små fraksjoner av andre zeolitter. Høyrent zeolitt P er beskrevet i WO 94/26662.
Innen rammen for oppfinnelsen er det også mulig å anvende de findelte, vann-uløselige natriumaluminosilikater som er blitt utfelt og krystallisert i nærvær av vannløselige organiske eller uorganiske dispergeringsmidler. Disse kan tilsettes til reaksjonsblandingen på enhver ønsket måte, før eller under utfellingen og krystalliseringen.
Spesielt foretrukket er Na-zeolitt A og Na-zeolitt P.
Hydrotalsittene og/eller zeolittene kan benyttes i mengder f.eks. fra 0,1 til 20, hensiktsmessig fra 0,1 til 10 og særlig fra 0,1 til 5 vektdeler per 100 vektdeler halogenholdig polymer.
Andre vanlige additiver kan også tilsettes til materialet ifølge oppfinnelsen, så som stabilisatorer, hjelpestoffer og bearbeidingshjelpemidler, hvor eksempler er alkalimetallfor-bindelser og jordalkalimetallforbindelser, smøremidler, mykgjørere, pigmenter, fyllstoffer, fosfitter, tiofosfitter, P-diketoner, P-keto-estere, sterisk hindrede aminer og tiofosfater, merkaptokarboksylsyreestere, epoksiderte fettsyreestere, antioksidanter, UV-absorbere og lysstabilisatorer, optiske klaringsmidler, slagfasthetsmodifiserende midler og bearbeidingshjelpemidler, gelingsmidler, antistatika, biosider, metall-passivatorer, flammehemmende midler og esemidler, antidugg-midler, kompatibilisatorer og midler mot utsvetting (jf. "Handbook of PVC Formulating" by E. J. Wickson, John Wiley & Sons, New York 1993). Eksempler på slike additiver er som følger: I. Fyllstoffer: Fyllstoffer (Handbook of PVC Formulating E. J. Wickson, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1993, p. 393-449) og forsterkende midler (Taschenbuch der Kunststoffadditive, R. Gachter & H. Muller, Carl Hanser, 1990, p. 549-615) er f.eks. kalsiumkarbonat, dolomitt, wollastonitt, magnesiumoksid, magnesiumhydroksid, silikater, kaolin, talk, glassfibre, glassperler, tremel, mika og metalloksider, eller metallhydroksider, sot, grafitt, stenmel, tungspat, glassfibrer, talk, kaolin og kritt. Kritt foretrekkes. Fyllstoffene kan anvendes i en mengde på fortrinnsvis minst 1 del, f.eks. fra 5 til 200, hensiktsmessig fra 10 til 150, og særlig fra 15 til 100 vektdeler per 100 vektdeler PVC. II. Metallsåper: Metallsåper er først og fremst metallkarboksylater av fortrinnsvis forholdsvis langkjedete karboksylsyrer. Velkjente eksempler er stearater og laurater, men også oleater og salter av mer kortkjedete alkankarboksylsyrer. Alkylbenzosyrer er også sagt å være innbefattet blant metallsåpene. Metaller som kan nevnes, er Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Zn, Al, La, Ce og sjeldne jordmetaller. Det gjøres ofte bruk av det som er kjent som synergistiske blandinger, så som barium/sink-, magnesium/sink-, kalsium/sink- eller kalsiuni/magnesium/sink-stabilisatorer. Metallsåpene kan benyttes alene eller i blandinger. En oversikt over vanlige metallsåper er gitt i Ullmanns Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 5. utg., vol, A16 (1985), p. 361 ff.). Det er hensiktsmessig å anvende organiske metallsåper fra serien av alifatisk mettede C2_22-karboksylater, alifatisk umettede C3_22-karboksylater, alifatisk C2.22-karboksylater substituert med minst en OH-gruppe, sykliske og bisykliske karboksylater som har 5-22 karbonatomer, usubstituerte benzenkarboksylater som er substituert med minst en OH-gruppe og/eller med Ci.i6-alkyl, usubstituerte naftalen-karboksylater som er substituert med minst en OH-gruppe og/eller med C].i6-alkyl, fenyl-Cj. 16-alkylkarboksylater, naftyl Ci.i6-alkylkarboksylater eller usubstituerte eller Ci_i2-alkyl-substituerte fenolater, talater og resinater.
Bestemte eksempler som kan nevnes er sink-, kalsium-, magnesium- eller barium-salter av enverdige karboksylsyrer som eddiksyre, propionsyre, smørsyre, valeriansyre, heksansyre, enantinsyre, oktansyre, neodekansyre, 2-etylheksansyre, pelargonsyre, dekansyre, undekansyre, dodekansyre, tridekansyre, myristinsyre, palmitinsyre, isostearinsyre, stearinsyre, 12-hydroksystearinsyre, behensyre, benzosyre, p-tert-butylbenzosyre, N,N-dimetylhydroksybenzosyre, 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroksybenzosyre, toluensyre, dimetyl-benzosyre, etylbenzosyre, n-propylbenzosyre, salisylsyre, p-tert-oktylsalisylsyre og sorbinsyre; kalsium-, magnesium- og sink-saltene av monoestrene av toverdige karboksylsyrer som oksalsyre, malonsyre, ravsyre, glutarsyre, adipinsyre, fumarsyre, pentan-1,5-dikarboksylsyre, heksan-l,6-dikarboksylsyre, heptan-l,7-dikarboksylsyre, oktan-1,8-dikarboksylsyre, ftalsyre, isoftalsyre, tereftalsyre og hydroksyftalsyre; og av di- eller triestrene av tre- eller fireverdige karboksylsyrer som hemimellittsyre, trimellittsyre, pyromellittsyre og sitronsyre.
Det foretrekkes kalsium-, magnesium- og sink-karboksylater av karboksylsyrer som har 7-18 karbonatomer (metallsåper i snever betydning), så som f.eks. benzoater eller alkanoater, fortrinnsvis stearat, oleat, laurat, palmetat, behenat, hydroksystearater, risinoleater, dihydroksystearater eller 2-etylheksanoat. Særlig foretrukket er stearat, oleat og p-tert-butylbenzoat. Overbasede karboksylater, så som overbaset sinkoktoat, er også foretrukket. Det foretrekkes likeledes overbasede kalsiumsåper.
Om ønsket, er det også mulig å benytte en blanding av karboksylater med forskjellige strukturer.
Det foretrekkes blandinger, som beskrevet, omfattende en organosink- og/eller organokalsium-forbindelse.
I tillegg til de nevnte forbindelser, er også organoaluminium-forbindelser egnet, likeså vel som forbindelser som er analoge med dem nevnt over, særlig aluminiumtristearat, aluminiumdistearat og aluminiummonostearat, og også aluminiuacetat og basiske derivater av disse.
Ytterligere informasjon angående aluminiumforbindelsene som kan anvendes og som er foretrukket, er gitt i US 4 060 512 og US 3 243 394.
I tillegg til de allerede nevnte forbindelser er det også egnet organiske forbindelser av sjeldne jordmetaller, særlig forbindelser som er analoge dem nevnt over. Betegnelsen forbindelse av sjeldent jordmetall betyr særlig forbindelser av grunnstoffene cerium, praseo-dymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, lantanum og yttrium, idet særlig materialer med cerium er foretrukket. Flere foretrukne forbindelser av sjeldne jordmetaller kan finnes i EP-A-0 108 023.
Om ønsket er det mulig å benytte en blanding av sink-, alkalimetall-, jordalkalimetall-, aluminium-, cerium-, lantan- eller lantanoid-forbindelser med ulik struktur. Det er også mulig å belegge en aluminiumsalt-forbindelse med organosink-, organoaluminium-, organocerium-, organo-alkalimetall-, organo-jordalkalimetall-, organolantan- eller organolantanoid-forbindelser, med hensyn til dette se også DE-A-4 031 818.
Metallsåpene og/eller blandinger av disse, kan benyttes i en mengde f.eks. fra 0,001 til 10 vektdeler, hensiktsmessig fra 0,01 til 8 vektdeler og særlig foretrukket fra 0,05 til 5 vektdeler per 100 vektdeler PVC. Det samme gjelder de ytterligere metallstabilisatorer: III. Ytterligere metallstabilisatorer: Her kan særlig nevnes organotinn-stabilisatorene. Spesielt kan disse være karboksylater, merkaptider og sulfider. Eksempler på egnede forbindelser er beskrevet i US 4 743 640. IV. Alkalimetall- og jordalkalimetall-forbindelser: Med disse menes prinsipielt karboksylatene av de ovenfor beskrevne syrer, men også korresponderende oksider og/eller hydroksider eller karbonater. Også egnet er blandinger av disse med organiske syrer. Eksempler er LiOH, NaOH, KOH, CaO, Ca(OH2), MgO, Mg(OH>2, Sr(OH)2, Al(OH)3, CaC03 og MgCo3 (også basiske karbonater så som magnesia alba og huntitt), og også Na-og K-salter av fettsyrer. I tilfelle jordalkalimetall og Zn?karboksylater, så er det også mulig å benytte adduktene av disse med MO eller M(OH)2 (M = Ca, Mg, S eller Zn), kjent som "overbasede" forbindelser. I tillegg til stabilisatorkombinasjonen, foretrekkes det å benytte alkalimetallkarboksylater, jordalkalimetallkarboksylater og/eller alumuniumkarboksylater. V. Smøremidler: Eksempler på egnede smøremidler er montanvoks, fettsyreestere, PE-vokser, amidvokser, klorerte parafiner, glyserolestere eller jordalkalimetallsåper. Smøremid-ler som kan anvendes, er også beskrevet i "Kunststoffadditive", R. Gachter/H. Muller, Carl Hanser Verlag, 3. utg., 1989, p. 478-488). Det kan også nevnes fettketoner (som beskrevet i
DE 4 204 887) og silikon-baserte smøremidler (som beskrevet i EP 0 225 261), eller kombinasjoner av disse, som angitt i EP 0 259 783. Kalsiumstearat er foretrukket. Smøremidlene kan også anvendes sammen med en aluminiumsalt-forbindelse, med hensyn til dette se også DE-A-4 031 818. VI. Mykgjørere: Eksempler på egnede organiske mykgjørere finnes i følgende grupper: A) Ftalater: Eksempler på slike mykgjørere er dimetyl-, dietyl-, dibutyl-, diheksyl-, di-2-etylheksyl-, di-n-oktyl-, diisooktyl-, diisononyl-, disiodesyl-, diisotridesyl-, disykloheksyl-, dimetylsykloheksyl-, dimetylglykol-, dibutylglykol-, benzylbutyl- og difenyl-ftalat, og også blandinger av ftalater, så som C7.9- og C9.ii-alkylftalater fremstilt av overveiende lineære alkholer, C6.io-n-alkylftalater og C8.io-n-alkylftalater. Av disse foretrekkes dibutyl-, diheksyl-, di-2-etylheksyl-, di-n-oktyl-, diisooktyl-, disononyl-, diisodesyl-, diisotridesyl- og benzylbutyl-ftalat, og den angitte blanding av alkylftalater. Særlig foretrukket er di-2-etylheksyl-, diisononyl- og diisodesyl-ftalat, hvilke også er kjent under de vanlige forkortelser DOP (dioktylftalat, di-2-etylheksylftalat), DINP (diisononylftalat) og DIDP (diisodesylftalat). B) Estere av alifatiske dikarboksylsyrer, særlig estere av adipinsyre, acelainsyre og sebasinsyre: Eksempler på slike mykgjørere er di-2-etylheksyladipat, diisooktyladipat (blanding), diisononyladipat (blanding), diisodesyladipat (blanding), benzylbutyladipat, benzyloktyladipat, di-2-etylheksylacelat, di-2-etylheksylsebasat og diisododesylsebasat (blanding). Di-2-etylheksyladipat og diisooktyladipat er foretrukket. C) Trimellitater, eksempler er tri-2-etylheksyltrimellitat, triisodesyltrimellitat (blanding), triisotridesyltrimellitat, triisooktyltrimellitat (blanding), og også tri-C6^-alkyl-, tri-C6.i0-alkyl-, tri-C7.9-alkyl-, og tri-C^ j-alkyl-trimellitater. De sistnevnte trimellitater er dannet ved forestring av trimellitinsyre med de korresponderende alkanolblandinger. Foretrukne trimellitater er tri-2-etylheksyltrimellitat og de ovennevnte trimellitater av alkanolblandinger. Vanlige forkortelser er TOTM (trioktyltirmellitat, tri-2-etyl-heksyltrimellitat), TIDTM (triisodesyltrimellitat) og TITDTM (triisodesyltrimellitat). D) Epoksy-mykgjørere: Disse er først og fremst epoksiderte umettede fettsyrer, så som epoksidert soyabønneolje. E) Polymere mykgjørere: En definisjon av disse mykgjørere og eksempler på dem er gitt i "Kunststoffadditive", R. Gachter/H. Muller, Carl Hanser Verlag, 3. utg. 1989, kap. 5.9.6, p. 412-415, og også i "PVC Technology", W. V. Titow, 4. utg., Elsevier Publ., 1984, p. 165-170. De vanligste startmaterialer ved fremstilling av polyester-mykgjørere er
dikarboksylsyrer, så som adipinsyre, ftalsyre, acelainsyre og sebasinsyre; dioler, så som 1,2-propandiol, 1,3-butandiol, 1,4-butandiol, 1,6-heksandiol, neopentylglykol og dietylenglykol. F) Fosforsyreestere: En definisjon av disse estere er gitt i den ovennevnte "Taschenbuch der Kunststoffadditive" kap. 5.9.5, p. 408-412. Eksempler på slike fosforsyreestere er tributyl-fosfat, tri-2-etylbutylfosfat, tri-2-etylheksylfosfat, trikloretylfosfat, 2-etylheksyldifenylfosfat,
kresyldifenylfosfat, trifenylfosfat, trikresylfosfat og trixylenylfosfat. Det foretrekkes tri-2-etylheksylfosfat og ®Reofos 50 og 95 (Ciba Spezialitatenchemie).
G) Klorerte hydrokarboner (parafiner).
H) Hydrokarboner.
I) Monoestere, f.eks. butyloleat, fenoksyetyloleat, tetrahydrofiirfuryloleat og alkylsulfonsyreestere.
J) Glykolestere, f.eks. diglykolbenzoater.
Definisjoner og eksempler på mykgjørere i grupper G)-J) er gitt i de følgende håndbøker: "Kunststoffadditive", R. Gåchter/H. Muller, Carl Hanser Verlag, 3.utg., 1989, kap. 5.9.14.2, p. 422-425, (gruppe G), og kap. 5.9.14.1, p. 422, (gruppe H).
"PVC Technology", W. V. Titow, 4. utg., Elsevier Publ, 1984, kap. 6.10.2, p. 171-173, (gruppe G), kap. 6.10.5, p. 174 (gruppe H), kap. 6.10.3, p. 173 (gruppe I) og kap. 6.10.4, p. 173-174 (gruppe J).
Det er også mulig å anvende blandinger av forskjellige mykgjørere. Mykgjørerne kan benyttes i en mengde f.eks. fra 5 til 20 vektdeler, hensiktsmessig fra 10 til 20 vektdeler per 100 vektdeler PVC. Stivt eller halvstivt PVC inneholder fortrinnsvis opp til 10 %, særlig foretrukket opp til 5 % mykgjører, eller ikke noe mykgjører. VII. Pigmenter: Egnede stoffer er kjent for fagfolk på området. Eksempler på uorganiske pigmenter er Ti02, zirkoniumoksid-baserte pigmenter, BaS04, sinkoksid (sinkhvitt) og litoponer (sinksulfid/bariumsulfat), sot, sot/titandioksid-blandinger, jernoksidpigmenter, Sb203, (Ti,Ba,Sb)02, Cr203, spineller som koboltblått og koboltgrønt, Cd(S,Se), ultramarinblått. Organiske pigmenter er f.eks. azo-, ftalocyanin-, kinakridon-, perylen-, diketopyrolpyrol- og antrakinon-pigmenter. Det foretrekkes også Ti02 i mikronisert form. En definisjon og ytterligere beskrivelse er gitt i "Handbook of PVC Formulating", E. J. Wickson, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1993. VIII. Fosfitter (fosforsyrling-triestere): Eksempler er trifenylfosfitt, difenylalkylfosfitter, fenyldialkylfosfitter, tris(nonylfenyl)fosfitt, triaurylfosfitt, trioktadesylfosfitt, distearylpentaerytritoldifosfitt, tris(2,4-di-tert-butylfenyl)fosfitt, diisodesylpentaerytritoldifosfitt, bis-(2,4-di-tert-butylfenyl)pentaerytritoldifosfitt, bis-(2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-metylfenyl)penta-erytritoldifosiftt,bis-isodesyloksy-pentaerytritoldifosfitt bis-(2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-metylfenyl)pentaeryfritoldifosfin^ tristearylsorbitoltrifosfitt, bis-(2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-metylfenyl)metylfosfitt, bis-(2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-metylfenyl)etylfosfitt. Særlig egnet er trioktyl; tridesyl; tridodesyl; tritetradesyl; tristearyl; trioleyl; trifenyl; trikresyl; tris-p-nonylfenyl- eller trisykloheksyl-fosfitt og særlig foretrukket er aryldialkyl- og alkyldiaryl-fosfitter, med eksempler fenyldidesyl; 2,4-di-tert-butylfenyldidodesyl- og 2,6-di-tert-butylfenyldidodesyl-fosfitt, og dialkyl- diaryl-pentaerytritoldifosfitter som distearylpentaerytritoldifosfitt, og også ikke-støkiometriske fosfitter f.eks. med sammensetning (Hi9C9C6H4)Oij5P(OCi2,i3H25,27)i,5 eller (H8Ci7-C^PjPO-CgHnO) eller (HI9C9>C6H4)Oi)5P(OC9inHI9)23)i,5 eller
Foretrukne organiske fosfitter er disteaiylpentaerytritol-difosfitt, trisnonylfenyl-fosfitt og fenyldidesyl-fosfitt. Andre egnede fosfitter er fosforsyrling-diestere (med de ovennevnte radikaler) og fosforsyrling-monoestere (med de ovennevnte radikaler), eventuelt i form av alkalimetall-, jordalkalimetall-, sink- eller aluminiumsaltene. Det er også mulig å anvende disse fosforsyrling-estere sammen med en aluminiumsaltforbindelse, se også i denne forbindelse DE-A-4 031 818.
De organiske fosfitter kan benyttes i en mengde på f.eks. fra 0,01 til 10, hensiktsmessig fra 0,05 til 5, og særlig fra 0,1 til 3 vektdeler per 100 vektdeler PVC.
IX. Tiofosfitter og tiofosfater: Med tiofosfitter og tiofosfater menes forbindelser av den generelle type henholdsvis (RS)3P, (RS)3P=0 og (RS)3P=S, som beskrevet blant annet i patentskriftene DE 2 809 492, EP 0 090 770 og EP 0 573 394. Eksempler på disse forbindelser er tritioheksylfosfitt, tritiooktylfosfitt, tritiolaurylfosfitt, tritiobenzylfosfitt, tritiofosforsyrlmg-tris(karbo-i-oktyloksy)metylester, tritiofosforsyrling-tris(karbo-trimetylsykloheksyloksy)metylester, triu^fosfors<y>re-S,S,S-tris(karbo-i-olctyloksy)metylester, trifcofosforeyre-S,S,S-tris(karbo-2-e tritiofosforsyre-S,S,S-tris-l-(karboheksyloksy)etylester, tritiofosforsyre-S,S,S-tris-1 -(karbo-2-etylheksyloksy)etylester ogtritiofosforeyre-S,S,S-tris-2(karbo-2-etylheksyloksy)etylester.
X. Merkaptokarboksylsyreestere: Eksempler på disse forbindelser er estere av tioglykolsyre, tiomalinsyre, merkaptopropionsyre, merkaptobenzosyre og tiomelkesyre, merkaptoetylstearat og merkaptoetyloleat, som beskrevet i patentskriftene FR 2 459 816, EP 0 090 748, FR 2 552 440 og EP 0 365 483. De generiske merkaptokarboksylsyreestere innbefatter også polyolestere og partielle estere derav, og også tioetere dannet av disse.
XI. Epoksiderte fettsyreestere og andre epoksyforbindelser: Stabilisatorkombinasjonen anvendt i materialet ifølge oppfinnelsen kan i tillegg omfatte fortrinnsvis minst en epoksidert fettsyreester. Særlig egnede er estere av fettsyrer fra naturlige kilder (fettsyreglyserider), så som soyabønneolje eller rapsfrøolje. Det er imidlertid også mulig å benytte syntetiske produkter, så som epoksidert butyloleat. Epoksidert polybutadien og polyisopren kan også anvendes ettersom de er i hydroksilert form eller i delvis hydroksilert form, og ellers kan det anvendes homopolymert eller kopolymert glysidylakrylat og glysidylmetakrylat. Disse epoksyforbindelser kan også anvendes sammen med en aluminiumsaltforbindelse, se også i denne forbindelse DE-A-4 031 818.
XII. Antioksidanter: Eksempler på slike egnede forbindelser er:
Alkylerte monofenoler. f.eks., 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-metylfenol, 2-tert-butyl-4,6-dimetylfenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-etylfenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-n-butylfenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-iso-butylfenol, 2,6-di-syklopentyl-4-metylfenol, 2-(a-metylsykloheksyl)-4,6-dimetylfenol, 2,6-di-okta-desyl-4-metylfenol, 2,4,6-trisykloheksylfenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-metoksy-metylfenol, 2,6-dinonyl-4-metylfenol, 2,4-dimetyl-6-(r-metylundek-r-yl)fenol, 2,4-dimetyl-6-(l '-metylheptadek-1 '-yl)fenol, 2,4-dimetyl-6-(l '-metyltridek-1 '-yl)fenol, oktylfenol, nonylfenol, dodesylfenol og blandinger derav.
Alkvltiometvlfenoler. f.eks., 2,4-dioktyltiometyl-6-tert-butyl-fenol, 2,4-dioktyltiometyl-6-metylfenol, 2,4-dioktyltiometyl-6-etyl-fenol, 2,6-didodesyltiometyl-4-nonylfenol.
Alkylerte hvdrokinoner. f.eks., 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-metoksyfenol, 2,5-di-tert-butylhydrokinon, 2,5-di-tert-amylhydrokinon, 2,6-difenyl-4-oktadesyloksyfenol, 2,6-di-tert-butylhydrokinon, 2,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroksyanisol, 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroksyanisol, 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroksyfenylstearat,bis-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroksyfe
Hvdroksvlerte tiodifenvletere. f.eks., 2,2'-tiobis-(6-tert-butyl-4-metylfenol), 2,2'-tiobis-(4-oktylfenol), 4,4'-tiobis-(6-tert-butyl-3-metyl-fenol), 4,4,-tiobis-(6-tert-butyl-2-metylfenol), 4,4'-tiobis-(3,6-di-sek-amylfenol), 4,4'-bis-(2,6-dimetyl-4-hydroksyfenyl)disulfid.
Alkvlidenbisfenoler, f.eks., 2,2'-metylenbis-(6-tert-butyl-4-metylfenol), 2,2'-metylenbis-(6-tert-butyl-4-etylfenol), 2,2'-metylen-bis[4-metyl-6-(a-metylsykloheksyl)-fenol], 2,2'-metylenbis-(4-metyl-6-sykloheksylfenol), 2,2'-metylenbis-(6-nonyl-4-metylfenol), 2,2'-metylenbis-(4,6-di-tert-butylfenol), 2,2'-etylidenbis-(4,6-di-tert-butyl-fenol), 2,2'-etylidenbis-(6-tert-butyl-4-isobutylfenol), 2,2'-metylenbis[6-(a-metylbenzyl)-4-nonylfenol], 2,2'-metylenbis[6-(a,a-di-metylbenzyl)-4-nonylfenol], 4,4'-metylenbis-(2,6-di-tert-butylfenol), 4,4'-metylenbis-(6-tert-butyl-2-metylfenol), l,l-bis-(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroksy-2-metylfenyl)butan, 2,6-bis-(3-tert-butyl-5-metyl-2-hydroksybenzyl)-4-metylfenol, 1,1,3-tris(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroksy-2-metyl-fenyl)butan, 1,1 -bis-(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroksy-2-metylfenyl)-3-n-dodesylmerkaptobutan, etylenglykol bis[3,3-bis-(3 '-tert-butyl-4'-hydroksyfenyl)butyrat], bis-(3-tert-butyl-4-hydroksy-5-metyl-fenyl)disyklopentadien, bis[2-(3'-tert-butyl-2'-hydroksy-5'-metylberi2yl)-6-tert-butyl-4-metylfenyl] 1,1-bis-(3,5-dimetyl-2-hydroksyfenyl)butan, 2,2-bis-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroksyfenyl)propan, 2,2-bis-(4-hydroksy-fenyl)propan, 2,2-bis-(5-tetr-butyl-4-hydroksy-2-metyl-fenyl)-4-n-dodesylmerkaptobutan, 1,1,5,5-tetra(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroksy-2-metylfenyl)pentan.
Benzvlforbindelser. f.eks., 3,5,3\5'-tetra-tert-bu1yl-4,4'-dihydroksy-dibenzyleter, oktadesyl 4-hydroksy-3,5-dimetylbenzyl-merkaptoacetat, tris-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroksybenzyl)amin, bis-(4-tert-butyl-3-hydroksy-2,6-dimetylben2yl)ditio-tereftalat, bis-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroksybenzyl)sulfid, isooktyl, 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroksybenzyl-merkaptoacetat.
Hvdroksvbenzvlerte malonater. f.eks., dioktadesyl 2,2-bis-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroksybenzyl)malonat, dioktadesyl 2-(3-tetr-butyl-4-hydroksy-5-mety]benzyl)malonat, didodesyl- merkaptoetyl-2,2-bis-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hy di[4-(l, 1,3,3-tetrametylbutyl)-fenyl]2,2-bis-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroksybenz^
Aromatiske hvdroksvbenzvlforbindelser, f.eks., l,3,5-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hy(koksybenzyl)-2,4,6-trimetylbenzen, l,4-bis-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroksybenzyl)-2,3,5,6-tetrametylbenzen, 2,4,6-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroksybenzyl)fenol.
Triazinforbindelser, f.eks., 2,4-bis-oktylmerkapto-6-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroksyanilino)-l,3,5-triazin, 2-oktylmerkapto-4,6-bis-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroksy-anilino)-l,3,5-triazin, 2-oktylmerkapto-4,6-bis-(3,5-di-tetr-butyl-4-hydroksyfenoksy)-l,3,5-triazin, 2,4,6-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroksyfenoksy)-1,2,3-triazin, 1,3,5-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroksybenzyl)isocyanurat, l,3,5-tris(4-tert-butyl-3-hydroksy-2,6-dimetyl-benzyl)isocyanurat, 2,4,6-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroksvfenyletyl)-1,3,5-triazin, 1,3,5-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroksyfenylpropionyl)heksahydro-l,3,5-t^ l,3,5-tris-(3,5-disykloheksyl-4-hydroksybenzyl)isocyanurat.
Fosfonater og fosfonitter. f.eks., dimetyl 2,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroksy-benzylfosfonat, dietyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroksy-benzyl-fosfonat, dioktadesyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroksybenzylfosfonat, dioktadesyl 5-tert-butyl-4-hydroksy-3-metylbenzyl-fosfonat, Ca-salt av monoetyl-3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroksybenzylfosfonat, tetrakis(2,4-di-tert-butylfenyl)-4,4'-bifenylendifosfonit, 6-isooktyloksy-2,4,8,10-tetra-tert-butyl-12H-dibenz[d,g]-1,3,2-dioksafosfocin, 6-fluor-2,4,8,10-tetra-tert-butyl-12-metyl-dibenz[d,g]-1,3,2-dioksafosfosin.
Acvlaminofenolen f.eks., 4-hydroksylauranilid, 4-hydroksystearanilid, oktyl N-(3,5-di-tert-buryl-4-hydroksyfenyl)karbamat.
Estere av P-( 3, 5- di- tetr- butvl- 4- hvdroksyfenvl') propionsvre med en- eller flerbasiske alkoholer, f.eks. med metanol, etanol, oktanol, oktadekanol, 1,6-heksandiol, 1,9-nonandiol, etylenglykol, 1,2-propandiol, neopentylglykol, tiodietylenglykol, trietylenglykol, pentaerytritol, dipentaerytritol, tris(hydroksyetyl)isocyanurat, N,N'-bis-(hydroksy-etyl)oksalamid, 3-tiaundekanol, 3-tiapentadekanol, trimetyl-heksandiol, trimetylolpropan, ditrimetylolpropan, 4-hydroksymetyl-1 -fosfa-2,6,7-trioksabisyklo[2,2,2]oktan.
Estere av p-( 5- tert- butyl- 4- hvdroksv- 3- metvlfenvnpropionsvre med en- eller flerbasiske alkoholer, f.eks. med metanol, etanol, oktanol, oktadekanol, 1,6-heksandiol, 1,9-nonandiol, etylenglykol, 1,2-propandiol, neopentylglykol, tiodietylenglykol, trietylenglykol, pentaerytritol, tris(hydroksyetyl)isocyanurat, N,N'-bis-(hydroksyetyl)oksalamid, 3-tiaundekanol, 3-tiapentadekanol, trimetyl-heksandiol, trimetylolpropan, ditrimetylolpropan, 4-hydroksymetyl-1 -fosfa-2,6,7-trioksabisyklo[2,2,2]oktan.
Estere av P-( 3, 5- disvkloheksyl- 4- hvdroksvfenvnpropionsyre med en- eller flerbasiske alkoholer, f.eks. med metanol, etanol, oktanol, oktadekanol, 1,6-heksandiol, 1,9-nonandiol, etylenglykol, 1,2-propandiol, neopentylglykol, tiodietylenglykol, trietylenglykol, pentaerytritol, tris(hydroksyetyl)isocyanurat, N,N'-bis-(hydroksyetyl)oksalamid, 3-tiaundekanol, 3-tiapentadekanol, trimetyl-heksandiol, trimetylolpropan, ditrimetylolpropan, 4-hydroksymetyl-1 -fosfa-2,6,7-trioksabisyklo[2,2,2]oktan.
Estere av 3. 5- di- tetr- butvl- 4- hvdroksvfenyleddiksyre med en- eller flerbasiske alkoholer, f.eks. med metanol, etanol, oktanol, oktadekanol, 1,6-heksandiol, 1,9-nonandiol, etylenglykol, 1,2-propandiol, neopentylglykol, tiodietylenglykol, trietylenglykol, pentaerytritol, tris(hydroksyetyl)isocyanurat, N,N'-bis-(hydroksyetyl)oksalamid, 3-tiaundekanol, 3-tiapentadekanol, trimetyl-heksandiol, trimetylolpropan, ditrimetylolpropan, 4-hydroksymetyl- 1 -fosfa-2,6,7-trioksabisyklo[2,2,2]oktan.
Amider av P- rS. S- di- tert- butvl^- hvdroksvfenvnpropionsvre, så som f.eks., N,N'-bis-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroksyfenylpropionyl)heksametylendiamin, N,N'-bis-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroksyfenylpropionyl)trimetylen-diamm,N,N'-bis-( hydroksyfenylpropionyl)hydrasin.
Vitamin E (tokoferol) og derivater.
Det foretrekkes antioksidanter fra grupper 1-5,10 og 12, særlig 2,2-bis-(4-hydroksyfenyl)propan, estere av 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroksyfenyl-propionsyre med oktanol, oktadekanol eller pentaerytritol eller tris(2,4-di-tert-butylfenyl)fosfitt.
Om ønskelig er det også mulig å benytte en blanding av antioksidanter med forskjellige strukturer.
Antioksidantene kan benyttes i en mengde f.eks. fra 0,01 til 10 vektdeler, hensiktsmessig fra 0,1 til 10 vektdeler, og særlig fra 0,1 til 5 vektdeler per 100 vektdeler PVC.
Xm. UV-absorbere og lysstabilisatorer: Eksempler på disse er: 2-( 2'- hvdroksvfenvDbenzotriazoler, så som f.eks. 2-(2'-hydroksy-5'-metylfenyl)benzotriazol, 2-(3 ',5 '-di-tert-butyl-2'-hydroksyfenyl)benzo-triazol, 2-(5 '-tert-butyl-2'-hydroksyfenol)benzotriazol, 2-(2'-hydroksy-5'-(l,l,3,3-tetrametylbutyl)fenyl)-benzotriazol, 2-(3\5'-di-tetr-butyl-2'-hydroksy-fenyl)-5-klorbenzotriazol, 2-(3'tert-butyl-2'-hydroksy-5'-metylfenyl)-5-klor-benzotriazol, 2-(3'-sek-butyl-5'-tert-butyl-2'-hydroksyfenyl)-benzotriazol, 2-(3 '-sek-butyl-5 '-tert-butyl-2'-hydroksyfenyl)-benzotriazol, 2-(2'-hydroksy-4'-oktoksyfenyl)benzotriazol, 2-(3',5'-di-tert-amyl-2'-hydroksyfenyl)benzotriazol, 2-(3\5'-bis-(a,a-dimetylbenzyl)-2'-hydroksyfenyl)benzotriazol, blandinger av 2-(3'-tert-butyl-2-hydroksy-5 '-(2-oktyloksylcarbonyletyl)fenyl)-5-klorbenzotriazol, 2-(3 '-tert-butyl-5 '-[2-(2-etylheksyloksy)karbonyletyl]-2 '-hydroksyfenyl)-5-klorbenzotri-azol, 2-(3 '-tert-butyl-2'-hydroksy-5'-(2-metoksykarbonyletyl)fenyl)-5-klorbenzotriazol, 2-(3'-tert-butyl-2'-hydroksy-5'-(2-metoksykarbonyletyl)fenyl)benzoMazol, 2-(3'-tert-butyl-2'-hydroksy-5'-(2-oktylolcsykarbonyletyl)fenyl)benzotriazol, 2-(3'-tert-butyl-5'-[2-(2-etylheksyloksy)karbon-yletyl]-2'-hydroksyfenyl)benzotriazol, 2-(3 '-dodesyl-2'-hydroksy-5 '-metylfenyl)benzotriazol og 2-(3'-tert-butyl-2'-hydroksy-5'^ 2,2'-metylen-bis[4-(l,l,3,3-tetrametym^^ produktet av 2-[3'-tert-butyl-5'-(2-metoksykarbonyletyl)-2'-hydroksyfeny med polyetylenglykol 300; hvor R = 3'-tert-butyl-4'-hydroksy-5'-2H-benzotriazoI-2-yl-fenyl.
2- hydroksvbenzofenoner. f.eks. 4-hydroksy-, 4-metoksy-, 4-oktoksy-, 4-desyloksy-, 4-dodesyloksy-, 4-benzyloksy-, 4,2\4'-trihydroksy-, 2'-hydroksy-4,4'-dimetoksy-derivatet.
Estere av substituerte eller usubstituerte benzos<y>rer, f.eks. 4-tert-butyl-fenylsalisylat, fenylsalisylat, oktylfenylsalisylat, dibenzoylresorsinol, bis-(4-tert-butylbenzoyl)resorsinol, benzoylresorsinol, 2-4-di-tert-butylfenyl 3,5-di-tetr-butyl-4-hydroksybenzoat, heksadesyl 3,5-di-tetr-butyl-4-hydroksybenzoat, oktadesyl-3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroksybenzoat, 2-metyl-4,6-di-tetr-butylfenyl-3J5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroksy-benzoat.
Akr<y>later. f.eks. etyl-a-cyano-P,P-difenylakrylat eller isooktyl-etyl-a-cyano-P,P-difenylakrylat, metyl-a-karbo-metoksycinnamat, mety 1-a-cyano- p -mety 1-p-metoksycinnamat eller butyl-a-cyano-p-metyl-p-metoksycinnamat, metyl-a-karbometoksy-p-metoksycinnamat,N-(P-karbometoksy-b-cyanovmyl)-2-me1yl-indolin.
Nikkelforbindelser, f.eks. nikkelkomplekser av 2,2'-tiobis[4-( 1,1,3>3-tetrametylbutyl)fenol], så som 1:1- eller 1:2-komplekset med eller uten ytterligere ligander som n-butylamin, trietanolamin eller N-sykloheksyldietanolamin, nikkeldibutylditio-karbamat, nikkelsaker av monoalkylestere som metyl- eller etylesteren av 4-hydroksy-3,5-di-tert-butylbenzylfosfonsyre, nikkelkomplekser av ketoksimer, så som av 2-hydroksy-4-metylfenyl undesylketoksim, nikkelkomplekser av l-fenyl-4-lauroyl-5-hydroksypyrasol, med eller uten ytterligere ligander.
Oksalamider. f.eks. 4,4'-dioktyloksyanilid, 2}2'-dioktyloksy-5,5'-di-tetr-butyl-oksanilid, 2,2'-didodesyloksy-5,5'-di-tert-butyloksanilid, 2-etoksy-2'-e<y>tl-oksanilid, N,N'-bis-(3-dimetylaminopropyl)oksalamid, 2-etoksy-5-tert-butyl-2'-etyloksanilid og dens blanding med 2-etoksy-2'-etyl-5,4'-di-tert-butyl-oksanilid, blandinger av o- og p-metoksy-og av o- og p-etoksy-di-substituerte oksanilider.
2-( 2- hvdroksvfenvl)- 1. 3. 5- triaziner, f.eks. 2,4,6-tris(2-hydroksy-4-oktyl-oksyfenyl)-1,3,5-triazin, 2-(2-hydroksy-4-olctyloksyfenyl)-4,6-bis-(2,4-dimetylfenyl)-1,3,5-triazin, 2-(2,4-dmydroksyfenyl)-4,6-bis-(2,4-dimetyl-fenyl)-l,3,5-triazin, 2,4-bis-(2-hydroksy-4-propyloksyfenyl)-6-(2,4-dimetyl-fenyl)-1,3,5-triazin, 2-(2-hydroksy-4-oktyloksyfenyl)-4,6-bis-(4-metylfenyl)-1,3,5-triazin, 2-(2-hydroksy-4-dodesyloksyfenyl)-4,6-bis-(2,4-dimetylfenyl)-ls3,5-triazin, 2-[2-hydroksy-3-butyloksypropyloksy)fenyl]-4,6-
bis-(2,4-dimetylfeny^ oksy)fenyl]-4,6-bis-(2,4-dimetylfenyl)-1,3,5-triazin.
Sterisk hindrede aminer, f.eks. bis-(2,2,6,6-tetrametyl-piperidin-4-yl)sebasat, bis-(2,2,6,6-tetrametylpiperidin-4-yl)suksinat, bis-( 1,2,2,6,6-pentamety lpiperidin-4-yl)sebasat, bis-(l-oktyloksy-2,2,6,6-tetrametyl-piperidin-4-yl)sebasat, bis-(l ,2,2,6,6-pentame1ylpiperidyl)n-butyl-3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroksybenzylmalonat, kondensatet av 1-hydroksyetyl-2,2,6,6-tetrametyl-4-hydroksypiperidn og ravsyre, lineære eller sykliske kondensater av N,N'-bis-(2,2,6,6-tetrametyl-4-piperidyl)heksametylendiamin og 4-tert-oktylamino-2,6-diklor-1,3,5-s-triazin, tris(2,2,6,6-tetrametyl-4-piperidyl) nitrilotiracetat, l,r-(l,2-etandiyl)-bis-(3,3,5,5-tetrametylpiperazmon),4-benzoyl-2,2,6,6-tetramety^^ piperidin, 4-stearyloksy-2,2,6,6-tetrametylpiperidin, bis-( 1,2,2,6,6-pentametylpipeirdyl)2-n-butyl-2-(2-hydroksy-3,5-di-tert-butylbenzyl)malonat, 3-n-oktyl-7,7,9,9-tetrametyl-1,3,8-triasaspirl[4.5]dekan-2,4-dion, bis-( 1 -oktylolcsy-2,2,6,6-tetrametylpipeirdyl)sebasat, bis-( 1 - oktyloksy-2,2,6,6-tetrametylpiperidyl)suksinat, lineært eller sykliske kondensater av N,N'-bis-(2,2,6,6-tetrametyl-4-pipeirdyl)heksametylendiamin og 4-morfolino-2,6-diklor-l,3,5-triazin, kondensatene av 2-klor-4,6-di-(4-n-butylamino-2,2,6,6-tetrametylpiperidyl)-1,3,5-triazin og l,2-bis-(3-aminopropylamino)etan, kondensatene av 2-klor-4,6-di(4-n-butyl-ammo-l,2,2,6,6-pentametylpiperidyl)-l,3,5-triazinog l,2-bis-(3-aminopropyl-amino)etan, 8-acetyl-3-dodesyl-7,7,9,9-ettrametyl-l,3,8-triasa-spiro[4.5]dekan-2,4-clion, 3-dodesyl-l-(2,2,6,6-tetrametyl-4-pipeirdyl)pyrrolidin-2,5-dion, 3-dodesyl-1 -(1,2,2,6,6-pentametyl-4-piperidyl)pyrrolidin-2,5-dion, blandinger av 4-heksadesyloksy- og 4-stearyloksy-2,2,6,6-tetrametylpiperidin, kondensatet av N,N'-bis-(2,2,6,6-tetrametyl-4-pipeirdyl)heksa-metylendiamin og 4-sykloheksylammo-2,6-dildor-l,3,5-triazin, kondensatet av l,2-bis-(3-aminopropylamino)etan og 2,4,6-triklor-l,3,5-triazin, og også 4-butylamino-2,2,6,6-tetrametylpiperidin (CAS reg. nr. [136504-96-6]); N-(2,2,6,6-tetrametyl-4-piperidyl)-n-dodesylsukkinimid, N-( 1,2,2,6,6-pentametyl-4-piperidyl)-n-dodesyl-sukkinimid, 2-undesyl-7,7,9,9-tetrametyl-l-oksa-3,8-diasa-4-oksospiro[4.5]dekan, omsetningsproduktet av 7,7,9,9-tetrametyl-2-sykloundesyl-l-oksa-3,8-diasa-4-oksospiro[4.5]dekan og epiklorhydrin, 1,1-bis-(l,2,2,6,6-pentmnetyl-4-piperidyloksykarbonyl)-2-(4-metoksyfenyl)etan,N,N'-bis-formyl-N,N'-bis-(2,2,6,6-tetrametyl-4-piperidyl)heksametylendiamin, diesteren av 4-metoksymetylenmalonsyre med l,2,2,6,6-pentametyl-4-hydroksypiperidin, poly-[metylpropyl-3-oksy-4—(2,2,6,6-tetrametyl-4-pipeirdyl)]-siloksan, omsetningsproduktet av maleinsyre anhydrid-a-olefinkopolymer og 2,2,6,6-tetrametyl-4-aminopiperidin eller l,2,2,6,6-pentametyl-4-aminopiperidin.
XIV. Esemidler: Eksempler på esemidler er organiske azo- og hydrazo-forbindelser, tetrazoler, oksaziner, isatoinsyreanhydrid og også natriumkarbonat og natriumbikarbonat. Det foretrekkes azodikarboksamid og natriumbikarbonat, og blandinger derav. Definisjoner og eksempler på slagfastmodifiserende midler og bearbeidingshjelpemidler, gelingsmidler, antistatika, biosider, metallpassivatorer, optiske klaringsmidler, flammehemmende midler, antidugg-midler og kompatibilisatorer, er beskrevet i "Kunststoff-addivite", R. Gachter/H. Muller, Carl Hanser Verlag, 3. utg., 1989, og i "Handbook of Polyvinyl Chloride Formulating" E. J. Wickson, J. Wiley & Sons, 1993, og i "Plastics Additives" G. Pritchard, Chapman & Hall, London, 1. utg., 1998.
Slagfastmodifiserende midler er også detaljert beskrevet i "Impact Modifiers for PVC", J. T. Lutz/D. L. Dunkelberger, John Wiley & Sons, 1992.
XV. P-Diketoner, P-ketoestere: 1,3-dikarbonylforbindelser som kan anvendes, kan være lineære eller sykliske dikarbonylforbindelser. Det foretrekkes å anvende dikarbonylforbindelser med følgende formel: R',CO CHR'2-COR'3 hvor R'i er Ci.22-alkyl, C5.]0-hydroksyalkyl, C2-i8-alkenyl, fenyl, OH-, CM-alkyl-, CM-alkoksy- eller halogen-substituert fenyl, C7_io-fenylalkyl, Cs-^-sykloalkyl, CM-alkyl-substituert C5_i2-sykloalkyl eller en gruppe -R'5-S-R'6 eller R'5-0-R'6, R'2 er hydrogen, Ci.8-alkyl, C2.i2-alkenyl, fenyl, C7.i2-alkylfenyl, C7.i0-fenylalkyl eller en gruppe -CO-R'4, R'3 er som angitt for R'i eller er Cj.ig-alkoksy, R'4 er C^-alkyl eller fenyl, R'5 er Cuo-alkylen og R'6 er Ci_i2-alkyl, fenyl, C7_i8-alkylfenyl eller C7_i0-fenylalkyl.
Disse innbefatter de hydroksylholdige diketoner i EP 0 346 279 og oksa- og tia-diketonene i EP 0 307 358, samt ketoestrene basert på isocyansyre i US 4 339 383.
R'i og R'3 som alkyl kan særlig være Ci_i8-alkyl, så som f.eks. metyl, etyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, heksyl, heptyl, oktyl, desyl, dodesyl eller oktandesyl. R'i og R'3 som hydroksyalkyl er særlig en gruppe -(CH2)n-OH hvor n er 5,6 eller 7.
R'i og R'3 som alkenyl kan f.eks. være vinyl, allyl, metallyl, 1-butenyl, 1-heksenyl eller oleyl, fortrinnsvis allyl.
R'i og R'3 som OH-, alkyl-, alkoksy- eller halogen-substituert fenyl kan f.eks. være tolyl, xylyl, tert-butylfenyl, metoksyfenyl, etoksyfenyl, hydroksyfenyl, klorfenyl eller diklorfenyl. R'i og R'3 som fenylalkyl er særlig benzyl, R'2 og R'3 som sykloalkyl eller alkylsykloalkyl er særlig sykloheksyl eller metylsykloheksyl, R'2 som alkyl kan særlig være Ci^-alkyl, R'2 som C2-i2-alkenyl kan særlig være allyl.
R'2 som alkylfenyl kan særlig vare tolyl. R'2 som fenylalkyl kan særlig vare benzyl. Fortrinnsvis er R'2 hydrogen. R'3 som alkoksy kan f.eks. være metoksy, etoksy, butoksy, heksyloksy, oktyloksy, dodesyloksy, tridesyloksy, tetradesyloksy eller oktadesyloksy. R'5 som Ci.io-alkylen er særlig, C2^-alkylen. R'6 som alkyl er særlig C4„i2-alkyl, så som f.eks. butyl, heksyl, oktyl, desyl eller dodesyl. R'6 som alkylfenyl er særlig tolyl. R'6 som fenylalkyl er særlig benzyl.
Eksempler på 1,3-dikarbonylforbindelser med formelen over og deres alkalimetall-, jordalkalimetall-, sink- og aluminiumgelater er acetylaceton, butanoylaceton, heptanoylaceton, steroylaceton, palmitoylaceton, lauroylaceton, 7-tert-nonyltio-2,4-heptandion, benzoylaceton, dibenzoylmetan, lauroylbenzoylmetan, palmitoylbenzoylmetan, stearoylbenzoylmetan, isooktylbenzoylmetan, 5-hydroksykapronyl-benzoylmetan, tribenzoylmetan, bis-(4-metylbenzoyl)metan, benzoyl-p-klorbenzoylmetan, bis-(2-hydroksybenzoyl)metan, 4-metoksybenzoyl,benzoylmetan, bis-(4-metoksybenzoyl)metan, 1-benzoyl-l-acetylnonan, benzoylacetylfenylmetan, stearoyl-4-metoksybenzoylmetan, bis-(4-tert-butylbenzoyl)metan, benzoylformylmetan, benzoylfenylacetylmetan, bis-syklo-heksanoylmetan, di-pivaloylmetan, 2-acetylsyklopentanon, 2-benzosyklopentanon, metyl-, etyl-, og allyl-diacetoacetat, metyl- og etylbenzoyl-, propionyl- og butyrylacetoacetat, triacetylmetan, metyl-, etyl-, heksyl-, oktyl-, dodesyl- eller oktadesyl-acetoacetat, metyl-, etyl-, butyl-, 2-etylheksyl-, dodesyl- eller oktadesyl-benzoylacetat, og også Ci.ig-alkylpro-pionylacetater og butyrylacetater; etyl-, propyl-, butyl-, heksyl- eller oktyl-stearoylacetat, og også polysykliske P-ketoestere som beskrevet i EP 0 433 230 og dehydraeddiksyre, og aluminium-, sink-, alkalimetall- og jordalkalimetall-saltene derav.
Det foretrekkes 1,3-diketoforbindelser med formelen over hvor R'i er Ci.ig-alkyl, fenyl, OH-, metyl- eller metoksy-substituert fenyl, C7.i0-fenylalkyl eller sykloheksyl, R'2 er hydrogen og R'3 er som definert for R'i.
1,3-diketoforbindelsene kan benyttes i en mengde f.eks. 0,01 til 10, hensiktsmessig fra 0,01 til 3, og særlig fra 0,01 til 2 vektdeler per 100 vektdeler PVC.
Eksempler på klorholdige polymerer som må stabiliseres er: polymerer av vinylklorid og av vinylidenklorid, vinylpolymerer som har vinylkloridenheter i strukturen, så som kopolymerer av vinylklorid, og vinylestere av alifatiske syrer, særlig vinylacetat, kopolymerer av vinylklorid med estere av akrylsyre og metakrylsyre og med akrylonitril, kopolymerer av vinylklorid med dienforbindelser og umettede dikarboksylsyrer eller deres anhydrider, så som kopolymerer av vinylklorid med dietylmaleat, dietylfumarat eller maleinsyreanhydrid, etterklorerte polymerer og kopolymerer av vinylklorid, kopolymerer av vinylklorid og vinylidenklorid med umettede aldehyder, ketoner og andre forbindelser som akreloin, krotonaldehyd, vinylmetylketon, vinylmetyleter, vinylisobutyleter og lignende; polymerer av vinylidenklorid og kopolymerer av vinylidenklorid med vinylklorid og andre polymeriserbare forbindelser; polymerer av vinylkloracetat og diklordivenyleter; klorerte polymerer av vinylacetat, klorerte polymere estere av akrylsyre og av a-substituert akrylsyre; polymerer av klorerte styrener, f.eks. diklorstyren; klorerte gummier; klorerte polymerer av etylen; polymerer og etterklorerte polymerer av klorbutadien og kopolymerer derav med vinylklorid, klorerte naturlige og syntetiske gummier, og også blandinger av disse polymerer med hverandre eller med andre polymeriserbare forbindelser. Når det gjelder denne oppfinnelse, så omfatter PVC også kopolymerer med polymeriserbare forbindelser som akrylnitril, vinylacetat eller ABS, som kan være suspensjon-, masse- eller emulsjons-polymerer. Preferanse gis til en PVC-homopolymer, alene eller i kombinasjon med polyakrylater.
Også innbefattet er podepolymerer av PVC med EVA, ABS og MBS. Foretrukne substrater er også blandinger av de ovennevnte homo- og kopolymerer, særlig vinylklorid-homopoly-merer med andre termoplastiske og/eller elastomere polymerer, særlig blandinger med ABS, MBS, NBR, SAN, EVA, CPE, MBAS, PMA, PMMA, EPDM og polylaktoner. Eksempler på slike komponenter er materialer av (i) 20-80 vektdeler vinylklorid-homopolymer (PVC) og (ii) 80-20 vektdeler av minst en termoplastisk kopolymer basert på styren og akrylnitril, særlig fra gruppene ABS, NBR, NAR, SAN og EVA. Forkortelsene anvendt for kopolymerene er velkjente for fagfolk på området og har følgende betydninger: ABS: akrylnitril-butadien-styren, SAN: styren-akrylnitril, NBR: akrylnitril-butadien, NAR: akrylnitril-akrylat, EVA: etylen-vinylacetat. Særlig egnet er også akrylat-baserte styren-akrylnitril-kopolymerer (ASA). Foretrukne komponenter i denne sammenheng er polymermaterialer omfattende som komponenter (i) og (ii) en blanding av 25-75 vekt% PVC og 75-25 vekt% av de ovennevnte kopolymerer. Eksempler på slike materialer er: 25-50 vekt% PVC og 75-50 vekt% kopolymerer, eller 40-75 vekt% PVC og 60-25 vekt% kopolymerer. Foretrukne kopolymerer er ABS, SAN og modifisert EVA, særlig ABS. NBR, NAR og EVA er også særlig egnet. En eller flere av den ovennevnte kopolymerer kan være til stede i materialet ifølge.oppfinnelsen. Særlig viktige komponenter er materialer omfattende (i) 100 vektdeler PVC og (ii) 0-300 vektdeler ABS og/eller SAN-modifisert ABS, og 0-80 vektdeler av kopolymerene NBR, NAR og/eller EVA, men særlig EVA. Med hensyn til stabilisering innen rammen for denne oppfinnelse, er andre egnede polymerer særlig resirkulerte klorholdige polymerer. Disse polymerer er polymerene nærmere beskrevet over og som også er påført skade under bearbeiding, bruk eller lagring. Resirkulert PVC er særlig foretrukket. Resirkulerte materialer kan inneholde små mengder fremmedstoffer, så som f.eks. papir, pigmenter og adhesiver, som ofte er vanskelige å fjerne. Disse fremmedstoffer kan komme fra kontakt med forskjellige materialer under bruk eller resirkulering, eksempler er rester av drivstoff, fraksjoner av beleggingsmateriale, spor av metaller og initiatorrester.
Stabilisering som beskrevet her, er særlig fordelaktig for PVC-formuleringer som er vanlige for rør og profiler.
Stabilisering kan skje uten tungmetallforbindelser (Sn-, Pb-, Cd-og Zn-stabilisatorer). Dette trekk medfører fordeler på mange områder fordi metaller - med unntak av sink i beste fall - ofte er uønskede både under produksjon og under bruk av visse PVC-artikler, av økologiske årsaker. Produksjonen av tungmetallstabilisatorer medfører også ofte problemer når det gjelder industriell hygiene. Likeledes er bearbeiding av malm som inneholder tungmetaller ofte forbundet med alvorlige innvirkninger på miljøet. Miljøet innbefatter her biosystemet for mennesker, dyr (fisk), planter, luft og jord. Av disse årsaker er det også betenkelig med forbrenning av, og landfyllinger med, plast som inneholder tungmetaller.
Oppfinnelsen angår også anvendelse av en forbindelse med den generelle formel I angitt over i en mengde fra 0,01 til 10 vekt%, som stabilisator for klorholdige polymerer.
Anvendelsen omfatter å tilsette til PVC minst en av de ovennevnte stabilisatorkombinasjoner.
Stabilisatorene kan hensiktsmessig bli innlemmet gjennom følgende metoder: Som en emulsjon eller dispersjon (en mulighet er f.eks. i form av en pastalignende blanding, og med hensyn til dette er det en fordel at kombinasjonen ifølge oppfinnelsen gir en stabil pasta); som tørrblanding ved innblanding av ytterligere komponenter eller polymerblandinger; som direkte tilsetning i bearbeidingsapparaturen (f.eks. kalandere, blandere, kompoundere, ekstrudere og lignende), eller i form av en løsning eller en smelte.
Den foreliggende oppfinnelse angår også anvendelse av en forbindelse med den generelle formel I angitt i krav 1, i en mengde fra 0,01 til 10 vekt%, som stabilisator for klorholdige polymerer.
PVC stabilisert i henhold til oppfinnelsen kan fremstilles på i og for seg kjent måte ved å anvende i og for seg kjente innretninger, slik som den ovennevnte bearbeidingsapparatur, for å blande stabilisatorkombinasjonen og eventuelt ytterligere additiver med PVC. I dette tilfellet kan stabilisatorene tilsettes hver for seg, som en blanding eller i form av såkalte konsentratblandinger.
Den foreliggende oppfinnelse angår også anvendelse av materialet ifølge oppfinnelsen til fremstilling av rør, profiler, paneler og filmer.
PVC stabilisert i henhold til den foreliggende oppfinnelse, kan bringes over i ønsket form ved å benytte kjente metoder. Eksempler på slike metoder er maling, kalandrering, ekstrudering, sprøytestøping eller spinning, og også ekstmderingsformblåsing. Stabilisert PVC kan også bearbeides til skummaterialer. PVC stabilisert som beskrevet her, er f.eks. egnet for hule gjenstander (flasker), forpakningsfilmer (folier for termoforming), blåste filmer, rør, skummaterialer, tunge profiler (vindusrammer), transparente veggprofiler, bygningsprofiler, veggplater, rørkoplinger, kontorfilmer og apparaturhus (datamaskiner, hus-holdningsmaskiner), samt paneler.
Det foretrekkes gjenstander av stivt PVC-skum og PVC-rør for drikkevann eller avløpsvann, trykkrør, gassrør, kabelledningsrør og kabelbeskyttelsesrør, rør for industrielle rørledninger, utløpsrør, avrenningsrør, nedløpsrør og dreneringsrør. For ytterligere detaljer angående dette, se "Kunststoffhandbuch PVC", Vol1.2/2, W. Becker/H. Braun, 2.utg., 1985, Carl Hanser Verlag, p. 1236-1277.
Forbindelsene med formel I er fremstilt ved kjente metoder [US patentskrift nr. 2 598 936 og J. Org. Chem. 16,1879-1890 (1951)], som forklart nærmere i de følgende eksempler 1 til 3. Her, som i den gjenværende tekst, er deler og prosentandeler basert på vekt, så sant annet ikke er angitt.
Eksempel 1: Cyanoacetyldibenzylurea
36,0 g (0,15 mol) dibenzylurea, 15,3 (0,18 mol) cyanoeddiksyre og 30,6 (0,3 mol) eddik-syreanhydrid ble omrørt ved 80-85 °C 2 timer. Etter avkjølingen ble reaksjonsblandingen rørt ut i 600 ml vann og den resulterende utfelling ble filtrert fra med suging og deretter tørket til konstant vekt.
Utbytte: 44,7 g (= 96,9 % av teoretisk)
Råproduktet ble renset ved rekrystallisering fra 150 ml n-propanol. Dette ga hvite krystaller med et smeltepunkt på 86-87 °C.
Eksempel 2: Cyanoacetyldimetylurea
Cyanoacetyldimetylurea ble fremstilt med utførelse som i eksempel 1.1 stedet for dibenzylurea ble det benyttet dimetylurea. Produktet ble opparbeidet ved å drive av eddiksyrearmydrid/eddiksyre-blandingen på en rotasjonsinndamper under redusert trykk. Resten oppnådd på denne måte ble rekrystallisert fra vann.
Utbytte: 90 % av teoretisk, hvite krystaller med et smeltepunkt på 75-76 °C.
Eksempel 3: N-cvanoacetyl-N-benzyl-N,-2-acetoxyetylurea/N'-cyanoacetvl-N,-2-acetoksyetyl-N-benzylurea
Utførelsen var som i eksempel 1.1 stedet forN,N'-dibenzylurea ble det benyttet acetylen N'-(2-hydroksyetyl)-N-benzylurea. Råproduktet ble opparbeidet ved å destillere av eddiksyreanhydrid/eddiksyre-blandingen og dette etterlot en rest. Resten ble oppløst i diklormetan. Den organiske løsning ble vasket med vann og en løsning av natriumhydrogen-karbonat, tørket over natriumsulfat og konsentrert i en rotasjonsinndamper slik at det ble oppnådd en rest.
Utbytte: 96,7 % av teoretisk, viskøs, honningfarget væske.
I henhold til !H-NMR var fordelingen som følger:
55,4 mol% av forbindelse 1
37,6 mol% av forbindelse 2, og
6,9 mol% av start-urea.
Eksempel 4: Statisk varmetest
En tørrblanding bestående av
100, deler Evipol SH 5730 = PVC K-verdi 57
5,0 deler BTAIIN 2 = MBS-modifiserer
0,5 del Paraloid K 120 N ) akrylat-bearbeidingshjelpemiddel
0,5 del Paraloid K 175 = akrylat-bearbeidingshjelpemiddel
0,3 del voks E = estervoks (Montan-voks)
3,0 deler ESO = epoksidert soyabønneolje
1,0 del Loxiol G 16 = fettsyre-partiellester av glysero
og i hvert tilfelle en av stabilisatorene angitt i tabell la) og tabell lb), ble valset på et blandevalsesett ved 180 °C i 5 minutter. Filmstykker med 0,3 mm tykkelse for testing ble tatt fra den resulterende valsede folie. Filmprøvene ble utsatt for termisk spenning ved 190 °C i en ovn. Gulhetsindeksen (Yl) ifølge ASTM D-1925-70 ble bestemt i intervaller på 3 minutter. Resultatene fremgår av tabell 1 [a) og b)] nedenfor. Lave YI-verdier betyr god stabilisering.
Nøkkel til eksempel 4/ Tabell 1:
Se tabell Manomet 200 = overbaset Ca-stearat
Se tabell Malbit CH 16385 = Maltitol (polyol)
Se tabell Stabilisator 1 = cyanoacetyldibenzylurea (eksempel 1)
Se tabell Stabilisator 2 = cyanoacetyldimetylurea (eksempel 2)
Se tabell Stabilisator 3 = N-cyanoacetyl-N-benzyl-N'-2-acetoksyetylurea/N'-cyanoacetyl-N' -2-acetoksyety 1-N-benzy lurea (eksempel 3).
Materialene ifølge oppfinnelsen (B til F) viser sammenlignet med sammenligniirgsmateriale (A) en drastisk forbedring i termisk stabilitet når det gjelder start-farge, bibehold av farge og langtidsstabilitet.
Eksempel 5:
En tørrblanding bestående av 100,00 deler Norvinyl S 6775 = S-PVC
2,00 deler Omyalite 95 T = kritt
0,80 del Ca-stearat
0,70 del IRGAWAX 367 = parafinvoks
0,60 del Hoechst-Wachs PE 520 = estervoks (delvis forsåpet) Montan syreester fra Hoechst 0,15 del Allied AC 629 A = oksidert homopolymer fra Allied Signal 0,05 del Allied AC 316 = oksidert polyetylen fra Allied Signal
1,00 del Wessalith P = Na-zeolitt A
0,40 del Malbit CH 16385 = maltitol
0,20 del Mark 6045 J = blandinger av 9 % NaC104,45 % CaC03,
40 % CaSi03,6 % H20
og stabilisatoren angitt i tabell 2, ble valset på et blandevalsesett ved 200 °C i 5 minutter. Prøvestykker av filmen med 0,3 mm tykkelse ble tatt fra den resulterende valsede folie. Filmprøvene ble utsatt for termisk spenning ved 190 °C i en ovn. Gulhetsindeksen (Yl) ifølge ASTM D-1295-70 ble bestemt i intervaller på 3 minutter. Resultatene kan ses i tabeller 1 og 2 nedenfor. Lave YI-verdier betyr god stabilisering.
Nøkkel ril tabell 2
Stabilisator 2 = cyanoacetyldimetylurea (eks. 2)
Materiale ifølge oppfinnelsen (H) viser, sammenlignet med sammenligningsmateriale (G), svært god forbedring i stabilisatorens virkning både når det gjelder start-farge og bibehold av farge, og når det gjelder langtidsstabilitet.
Claims (19)
1. Materiale omfattende en klorholdig polymer,
karakterisert ved at det omfatter fra 0,01 til 10 vekt% av minst én forbindelse med den generelle formel
hvor
X er oksygen eller svovel og
R er C2.22-acyloksyalkyl eller Ci_i2-alkyl, som kan være avbrutt med 1-3 oksygenatomer og/eller substituert med 1-3 OH-grupper, eller er C3.8-alkenyl, C7.i0-fenylalkyl, C5_8-sykloalkyl, C7.io-alkylfenyl, fenyl eller naftyl, hvor det aromatiske radikal i hvert tilfelle kan være substituert med -OH, Ci.i2-alkyl og/eller OCM-alkyl, og
Ri er hydrogen eller er som definert for R.
2. Materiale ifølge krav 1, hvor X er oksygen.
3. Materiale ifølge krav 1, hvor X er svovel.
4. Materiale ifølge krav 1, hvor R er den samme som Ri.
5. Materiale ifølge krav 1, hvor R og Ri er Ci^-alkyl, C3.5-alkenyl, benzyl eller 2-fenetyl.
6. Materiale ifølge krav 5, hvor R og Ri er Ci-4-alkyl, allyl eller benzyl.
7. Materiale ifølge krav 1, hvor det omfatter minst en epoksidert fettsyreester.
8. Materiale ifølge krav 1, hvor det omfatter minst ett sinkkarboksylat og/eller alkalimetallkarboksylat og/eller jordalkalimetallkarboksylat og/eller aluminiumkarboksylat.
9. Materiale ifølge krav 1, hvor det omfatter minst et ytterligere stoff valgt blant fosfitter, antioksydanter, P-dikarbonylforbindelser, mykgjørere, fyllstoffer, smøremidler og pigmenter.
10. Materiale ifølge krav 1, hvor det omfatter fyllstoff i form av kritt.
11. Materiale ifølge krav 1, hvor det omfatter smøremiddel i form av kalsiumstearat.
12. Materiale ifølge krav 1, hvor det omfatter pigment i form av titandioksid og/eller zirkoniumoksid og/eller bariumsulfat.
13. Materiale ifølge krav 1, hvor det omfatter minst en polyol og/eller en disakkaridalkohol.
14. Materiale ifølge krav 1, hvor det omfatter minst en glysidylforbindelse.
15. Materiale ifølge krav 1, hvor det omfatter minst en perkloratforbindelse.
16. Materiale ifølge krav 1, hvor det omfatter minst en zeolittforbindelse.
17. Materiale ifølge krav 1, hvor det omfatter minst en lagoppbygd gitterforbindelse (hydrotalsitter).
18. Anvendelse av en forbindelse med den generelle formel I angitt i krav 1 i en mengde fra 0,01 til 10 vekt%, som stabilisator for klorholdige polymerer.
19. Anvendelse av materialet som angitt i krav 1, til fremstilling av rør, profiler, pasneler og filmer.
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EP0962491A1 (de) | 1999-12-08 |
DK0962491T3 (da) | 2003-08-11 |
DE59905797D1 (de) | 2003-07-10 |
NO992618D0 (no) | 1999-06-01 |
JP2000026680A (ja) | 2000-01-25 |
ATE242293T1 (de) | 2003-06-15 |
EP0962491B1 (de) | 2003-06-04 |
TW457267B (en) | 2001-10-01 |
AU3230099A (en) | 1999-12-09 |
ZA992517B (en) | 1999-11-23 |
BR9901759B1 (pt) | 2009-05-05 |
ES2199496T3 (es) | 2004-02-16 |
CA2269749A1 (en) | 1999-12-02 |
BR9901759A (pt) | 2000-03-21 |
CN1237593A (zh) | 1999-12-08 |
JP4243382B2 (ja) | 2009-03-25 |
US6211270B1 (en) | 2001-04-03 |
AU748404B2 (en) | 2002-06-06 |
CA2269749C (en) | 2006-06-27 |
NO992618L (no) | 1999-12-03 |
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