NO313004B1 - Fremgangsmåte ved behandling av avfallsvannslam inneholdende minst et metall - Google Patents
Fremgangsmåte ved behandling av avfallsvannslam inneholdende minst et metall Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- NO313004B1 NO313004B1 NO19960733A NO960733A NO313004B1 NO 313004 B1 NO313004 B1 NO 313004B1 NO 19960733 A NO19960733 A NO 19960733A NO 960733 A NO960733 A NO 960733A NO 313004 B1 NO313004 B1 NO 313004B1
- Authority
- NO
- Norway
- Prior art keywords
- precipitate
- sludge
- solution
- phosphate
- heavy metals
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000010802 sludge Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 102
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 75
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 57
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 57
- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 title claims description 30
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 115
- 229910001385 heavy metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 81
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 70
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 63
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 58
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 238000000638 solvent extraction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 238000004065 wastewater treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000000701 coagulant Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000000622 liquid--liquid extraction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 95
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 84
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 75
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 59
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 57
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 50
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims description 50
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 claims description 45
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 42
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 39
- 239000000706 filtrate Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 20
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium oxide Inorganic materials [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000012074 organic phase Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims description 15
- -1 . a raffinate Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- TWRXJAOTZQYOKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium chloride Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Cl-].[Cl-] TWRXJAOTZQYOKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 12
- GRVFOGOEDUUMBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium sulfide (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[S-2] GRVFOGOEDUUMBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000001110 calcium chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910001628 calcium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000001506 calcium phosphate Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910000389 calcium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 235000011010 calcium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 235000012245 magnesium oxide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 11
- WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Al+3] WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H tricalcium bis(phosphate) Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 claims description 9
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910001854 alkali hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000008044 alkali metal hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- VTHJTEIRLNZDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Mg+2] VTHJTEIRLNZDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000347 magnesium hydroxide Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910001862 magnesium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Ca+2] UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 7
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen sulfide Chemical compound S RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- SEGLCEQVOFDUPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)COP(O)(=O)OCC(CC)CCCC SEGLCEQVOFDUPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000020477 pH reduction Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910001629 magnesium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Mg+2] AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- SJWFXCIHNDVPSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octan-2-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCC(C)O SJWFXCIHNDVPSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052979 sodium sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000920 calcium hydroxide Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910001861 calcium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000292 calcium oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Inorganic materials [Ca]=O ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- GVALZJMUIHGIMD-UHFFFAOYSA-H magnesium phosphate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Mg+2].[Mg+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O GVALZJMUIHGIMD-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004137 magnesium phosphate Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000157 magnesium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229960002261 magnesium phosphate Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000010994 magnesium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- HYHCSLBZRBJJCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium hydrosulfide Chemical compound [Na+].[SH-] HYHCSLBZRBJJCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- MBMLMWLHJBBADN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ferrous sulfide Chemical compound [Fe]=S MBMLMWLHJBBADN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002681 magnesium compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 231100000989 no adverse effect Toxicity 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000001376 precipitating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- UNHKSXOTUHOTAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium;sulfane Chemical compound [Na].S UNHKSXOTUHOTAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- STCOOQWBFONSKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N tributyl phosphate Chemical compound CCCCOP(=O)(OCCCC)OCCCC STCOOQWBFONSKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 229910000037 hydrogen sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- LJKDOMVGKKPJBH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethylhexyl dihydrogen phosphate Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)COP(O)(O)=O LJKDOMVGKKPJBH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims 1
- KKCBUQHMOMHUOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Na+].[Na+] KKCBUQHMOMHUOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910001948 sodium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydridophosphorus(.) (triplet) Chemical compound [PH] BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 5
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 12
- 229910000399 iron(III) phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000003929 acidic solution Substances 0.000 description 7
- 235000012970 cakes Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000010979 pH adjustment Methods 0.000 description 6
- 150000004763 sulfides Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 235000011114 ammonium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 5
- MSNWSDPPULHLDL-UHFFFAOYSA-K ferric hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Fe+3] MSNWSDPPULHLDL-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 5
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- WBJZTOZJJYAKHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-K iron(3+) phosphate Chemical compound [Fe+3].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O WBJZTOZJJYAKHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 5
- 238000002386 leaching Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000005191 phase separation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910052567 struvite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 235000011148 calcium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 4
- 235000012254 magnesium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- CKMXBZGNNVIXHC-UHFFFAOYSA-L ammonium magnesium phosphate hexahydrate Chemical compound [NH4+].O.O.O.O.O.O.[Mg+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O CKMXBZGNNVIXHC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 238000005345 coagulation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000015271 coagulation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 235000011147 magnesium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000001488 sodium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910000162 sodium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 3
- RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K trisodium phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 3
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910017958 MgNH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphur dioxide Chemical compound O=S=O RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 2
- MXZRMHIULZDAKC-UHFFFAOYSA-L ammonium magnesium phosphate Chemical compound [NH4+].[Mg+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O MXZRMHIULZDAKC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- OSVXSBDYLRYLIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxidochlorine(.) Chemical compound O=Cl=O OSVXSBDYLRYLIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- FLTRNWIFKITPIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron;trihydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.[Fe] FLTRNWIFKITPIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003472 neutralizing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- KMUONIBRACKNSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium dichromate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-][Cr](=O)(=O)O[Cr]([O-])(=O)=O KMUONIBRACKNSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010801 sewage sludge Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000011149 sulphuric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 2
- DBGSRZSKGVSXRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-[2-[5-[2-(2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-ylamino)pyrimidin-5-yl]-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]acetyl]-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyridine-4-carboxylic acid Chemical compound C1C(CC2=CC=CC=C12)NC1=NC=C(C=N1)C1=NN=C(O1)CC(=O)N1CCC(=CC1)C(=O)O DBGSRZSKGVSXRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004155 Chlorine dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000008733 Citrus aurantifolia Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe2+ Chemical compound [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012028 Fenton's reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910019440 Mg(OH) Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orthosilicate Chemical compound [O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 101150107341 RERE gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 235000011941 Tilia x europaea Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000005903 acid hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010306 acid treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008186 active pharmaceutical agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- ILRRQNADMUWWFW-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium phosphate Chemical compound O1[Al]2OP1(=O)O2 ILRRQNADMUWWFW-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ANBBXQWFNXMHLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum;sodium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Na+].[Al+3] ANBBXQWFNXMHLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052785 arsenic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004061 bleaching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005587 bubbling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Ca+2] AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 235000011116 calcium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019398 chlorine dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910001902 chlorine oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000151 chromium(III) phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- IKZBVTPSNGOVRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-K chromium(iii) phosphate Chemical compound [Cr+3].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O IKZBVTPSNGOVRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000975 co-precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002361 compost Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000021463 dry cake Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960005191 ferric oxide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000010440 gypsum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052602 gypsum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004021 humic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003301 hydrolyzing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910010272 inorganic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011147 inorganic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000014413 iron hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- NCNCGGDMXMBVIA-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(ii) hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Fe+2] NCNCGGDMXMBVIA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004571 lime Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000003097 mucus Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006386 neutralization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- YJBMMHPCGWCCOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octan-3-yl dihydrogen phosphate Chemical compound CCCCCC(CC)OP(O)(O)=O YJBMMHPCGWCCOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000247 postprecipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012286 potassium permanganate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052604 silicate mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001388 sodium aluminate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F9/00—Multistage treatment of water, waste water or sewage
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/26—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by extraction
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F11/00—Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor
- C02F11/004—Sludge detoxification
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
- C02F2101/10—Inorganic compounds
- C02F2101/105—Phosphorus compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
- C02F2101/10—Inorganic compounds
- C02F2101/20—Heavy metals or heavy metal compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2209/00—Controlling or monitoring parameters in water treatment
- C02F2209/06—Controlling or monitoring parameters in water treatment pH
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2301/00—General aspects of water treatment
- C02F2301/08—Multistage treatments, e.g. repetition of the same process step under different conditions
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W10/00—Technologies for wastewater treatment
- Y02W10/40—Valorisation of by-products of wastewater, sewage or sludge processing
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S210/00—Liquid purification or separation
- Y10S210/902—Materials removed
- Y10S210/911—Cumulative poison
- Y10S210/912—Heavy metal
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Removal Of Specific Substances (AREA)
- Treatment Of Sludge (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FI933750A FI97288C (fi) | 1993-08-26 | 1993-08-26 | Jätevesilietteen käsittelymenetelmä |
| PCT/FI1994/000376 WO1995006004A1 (fr) | 1993-08-26 | 1994-08-26 | Procede pour le traitement de boues d'eaux usees contenant au moins un metal |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| NO960733D0 NO960733D0 (no) | 1996-02-23 |
| NO960733L NO960733L (no) | 1996-04-24 |
| NO313004B1 true NO313004B1 (no) | 2002-07-29 |
Family
ID=8538484
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| NO19960733A NO313004B1 (no) | 1993-08-26 | 1996-02-23 | Fremgangsmåte ved behandling av avfallsvannslam inneholdende minst et metall |
Country Status (14)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5720882A (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP0715603B1 (fr) |
| KR (1) | KR100341612B1 (fr) |
| AT (1) | ATE173235T1 (fr) |
| AU (1) | AU7501294A (fr) |
| CA (1) | CA2170240C (fr) |
| CZ (1) | CZ291247B6 (fr) |
| DE (1) | DE69414580T2 (fr) |
| DK (1) | DK0715603T3 (fr) |
| ES (1) | ES2126139T3 (fr) |
| FI (1) | FI97288C (fr) |
| NO (1) | NO313004B1 (fr) |
| PL (1) | PL177487B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO1995006004A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (53)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FI97289C (fi) * | 1993-08-26 | 1996-11-25 | Kemira Oy | Menetelmä ainakin yhden metallin talteenottamiseksi hapolla käsitellystä jätevesilietteestä |
| FI97290C (fi) * | 1994-12-30 | 1996-11-25 | Kemira Chemicals Oy | Menetelmä jätevesilietteen käsittelemiseksi |
| SE511166C2 (sv) * | 1997-03-14 | 1999-08-16 | Kemira Kemi Ab | Förfarande för behandling av slam från avloppsvattenrening |
| US5948263A (en) * | 1997-06-11 | 1999-09-07 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy | Method for separating water soluble organics from a process stream by aqueous biphasic extraction |
| WO2000050343A2 (fr) * | 1999-02-23 | 2000-08-31 | Pm Energi A/S | Traitement des solutions comprenant des metaux, du phosphore et des metaux lourds et obtenues par la dissolution de dechets brules visant la recuperation des metaux et du phosphore |
| US6464875B1 (en) * | 1999-04-23 | 2002-10-15 | Gold Kist, Inc. | Food, animal, vegetable and food preparation byproduct treatment apparatus and process |
| AU2003900241A0 (en) * | 2003-01-21 | 2003-02-06 | Australian Organic Resources Pty Ltd | The extraction and treatment of heavy metals in sewage sludge |
| SE525083C2 (sv) | 2003-04-23 | 2004-11-23 | Kemira Kemi Ab | Sätt att behandla rötslam |
| AU2004257891B2 (en) * | 2003-07-16 | 2010-03-04 | Magnesium Tech Pty Ltd | Waste water treatment |
| AU2003903646A0 (en) * | 2003-07-16 | 2003-07-31 | Bushwater Holdings Pty Ltd | Waste water treatment |
| KR101098796B1 (ko) * | 2003-08-13 | 2011-12-26 | 쇼와 덴코 가부시키가이샤 | 칩형 고체전해 캐패시터 및 이것의 제조방법 |
| CN1309667C (zh) * | 2004-01-20 | 2007-04-11 | 郑恒昌 | 金属表面磷化处理制程的废污泥回收法 |
| KR100715093B1 (ko) * | 2005-12-30 | 2007-05-07 | (주) 빛과환경 | 오염수의 처리와 동반하여, 응집제로서 첨가된 가수분해성금속화합물로부터 유·무기원소-도핑 금속산화물을 회수하는방법 |
| US20080061008A1 (en) * | 2006-09-12 | 2008-03-13 | Kelsey Robert L | Systems and methods for treating metalworking fluids |
| US7651614B2 (en) * | 2007-02-13 | 2010-01-26 | Vrtx Technologies, Llc | Methods for treatment of wastewater |
| US20080257411A1 (en) * | 2007-04-18 | 2008-10-23 | Kelsey Robert L | Systems and methods for preparation of emulsions |
| US20090152212A1 (en) * | 2007-04-18 | 2009-06-18 | Kelsey Robert L | Systems and methods for treatment of groundwater |
| US7651621B2 (en) * | 2007-04-18 | 2010-01-26 | Vrtx Technologies, Llc | Methods for degassing one or more fluids |
| US20080257828A1 (en) * | 2007-04-18 | 2008-10-23 | Kelsey Robert L | Systems and methods for reduction of metal contaminants in fluids |
| CN102268559A (zh) | 2007-05-21 | 2011-12-07 | 奥贝特勘探Vspa有限公司 | 从铝土矿石中提取铝的工艺 |
| WO2008157411A1 (fr) * | 2007-06-14 | 2008-12-24 | Kansas State University Research Foundation | Appareil de précipitation à lit fluidisé |
| DK2176177T3 (da) * | 2007-07-05 | 2012-04-16 | Seaborne Epm Ag | Fremgangsmåde til genvinding af fosfat fra biomasse |
| US8043585B2 (en) * | 2008-01-15 | 2011-10-25 | Vale Inco Limited | Liquid and solid effluent treatment process |
| SE534505C2 (sv) * | 2009-08-31 | 2011-09-13 | Easymining Sweden Ab | Återvinning av aluminium från fosforinnehållande material |
| US10377648B2 (en) | 2009-09-18 | 2019-08-13 | The Texas A&M University System | Selenium removal using aluminum salt at conditioning and reaction stages to activate zero-valent iron (ZVI) in pironox process |
| CA2787032C (fr) | 2009-09-18 | 2021-01-26 | The Texas A&M University System | Composite de fer ferreux/mineral d'oxyde de fer/fer zerovalent pour le traitement de fluide contamine |
| RU2588960C2 (ru) | 2011-03-18 | 2016-07-10 | Орбит Элюминэ Инк. | Способы извлечения редкоземельных элементов из алюминийсодержащих материалов |
| WO2012146324A1 (fr) * | 2011-04-29 | 2012-11-01 | Feralco Ab | Procédé de traitement de boues provenant d'installations de traitement de l'eau et des eaux usées utilisant un traitement chimique |
| RU2013153535A (ru) | 2011-05-04 | 2015-06-10 | Орбит Элюминэ Инк. | Способы извлечения редкоземельных элементов из различных руд |
| CN103842296B (zh) | 2011-06-03 | 2016-08-24 | 奥贝特科技有限公司 | 用于制备赤铁矿的方法 |
| RU2014114938A (ru) | 2011-09-16 | 2015-10-27 | Орбит Элюминэ Инк. | Способы получения оксида алюминия и разнообразных других продуктов |
| FR2980788B1 (fr) | 2011-09-30 | 2014-11-07 | Veolia Water Solutions & Tech | Procede de traitement d'un effluent contenant des metaux |
| AU2013202318B2 (en) | 2012-01-10 | 2015-11-05 | Aem Technologies Inc. | Processes for treating red mud |
| JP2015518414A (ja) | 2012-03-29 | 2015-07-02 | オーバイト アルミナ インコーポレイテッドＯｒｂｉｔｅ Ａｌｕｍｉｎａｅ Ｉｎｃ． | フライアッシュ処理プロセス |
| US9637403B2 (en) | 2012-05-23 | 2017-05-02 | Wetox Limited | Sludge treatment method |
| RU2597096C2 (ru) | 2012-07-12 | 2016-09-10 | Орбит Алюминэ Инк. | Способы получения оксида титана и различных других продуктов |
| US9353425B2 (en) | 2012-09-26 | 2016-05-31 | Orbite Technologies Inc. | Processes for preparing alumina and magnesium chloride by HCl leaching of various materials |
| US9534274B2 (en) | 2012-11-14 | 2017-01-03 | Orbite Technologies Inc. | Methods for purifying aluminium ions |
| SE537780C2 (sv) * | 2013-05-02 | 2015-10-13 | Easymining Sweden Ab | Produktion av fosfatföreningar från material innehållande fosfor och åtminstone ett av järn och aluminium |
| CN103613695B (zh) * | 2013-11-15 | 2015-10-21 | 天津科鉴基础工程检测有限公司 | 一种低碳可回收凝胶固结废泥浆的制备方法和应用 |
| DE102014112108B3 (de) * | 2014-08-25 | 2015-06-18 | Ava-Co2 Schweiz Ag | Verfahren zur Rückgewinnung von in Abwässern gelöstem Phosphor |
| WO2016100908A1 (fr) | 2014-12-19 | 2016-06-23 | The Texas A&M University System | Système de traitement au fer à valence zéro hybride activé et procédés de génération et d'utilisation de celui-ci |
| CN104874581B (zh) * | 2015-04-28 | 2017-06-13 | 江苏理工学院 | 含锌磷化废渣的稳定固化方法 |
| KR101571673B1 (ko) * | 2015-04-28 | 2015-11-25 | 명지대학교 산학협력단 | 고순도 스트루바이트의 결정화 방법 및 이를 이용한 폐수 처리 방법 |
| KR101980478B1 (ko) * | 2018-01-19 | 2019-05-21 | 신태욱 | 활성백토의 산성 폐수를 이용한 무기응집제의 제조방법 |
| CN108862224B (zh) * | 2018-06-27 | 2021-11-12 | 武汉工程大学 | 一种湿法磷酸氨化料浆渣制备磷酸铁的方法 |
| CN111377558A (zh) * | 2020-03-17 | 2020-07-07 | 航天凯天环保科技股份有限公司 | 一种同步处理Fenton铁泥并获得FePO4的资源化利用方法 |
| CN112960829B (zh) * | 2021-02-20 | 2022-08-23 | 成都明天高新产业有限责任公司 | 一种印制电路板生产含铜废水处理工艺 |
| CN113060906A (zh) * | 2021-03-29 | 2021-07-02 | 关向辉 | 一种乳化液的资源化处置新方法 |
| CN113072272A (zh) * | 2021-04-19 | 2021-07-06 | 北京石油化工学院 | 一种市政污泥中重金属脱除与磷回收利用方法 |
| CN113683235B (zh) * | 2021-09-22 | 2023-02-28 | 浙江吉泰新材料股份有限公司 | 一种含磷硫的强酸性废水资源化利用方法 |
| CN114405980A (zh) * | 2022-01-07 | 2022-04-29 | 中原环保股份有限公司 | 一种市政污泥焚烧渣全面资源化利用的方法 |
| DE102022109322A1 (de) | 2022-04-14 | 2023-10-19 | Joachim Clemens | Verfahren zur Gewinnung eines phosphathaltigen Produkts |
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| JPS5246303A (en) * | 1975-10-13 | 1977-04-13 | Furukawa Electric Co Ltd:The | Process for recovering cu< zn< ni, co |
| SE405078B (sv) * | 1977-04-15 | 1978-11-20 | Svenska Rayon Ab | Forfarande for att eliminera ytaktiva emnens inverkan pa separationsegenskaperna i vetskeextraktionssystem |
| US4284515A (en) * | 1979-12-10 | 1981-08-18 | Stauffer Chemical Company | Process for decreasing elemental phosphorus levels in an aqueous medium |
| DE3005635A1 (de) * | 1980-02-15 | 1981-08-20 | Dambach-Industrieanlagen Gmbh, 7560 Gaggenau | Verfahren zum entfernen von metallen aus klaerschlamm |
| US4343706A (en) * | 1980-08-04 | 1982-08-10 | Purdue Research Foundation | Method of removing heavy metals from industrial waste streams |
| US4348228A (en) * | 1980-09-09 | 1982-09-07 | World Resources Company | Yield of metal values from incinerated sludges |
| AT370449B (de) * | 1981-02-10 | 1983-03-25 | Ruthner Industrieanlagen Ag | Verfahren zum aufbereiten verbrauchter, eisenionen enthaltender behandlungsfluessigkeiten oder laugungsfluessigkeiten fuer metallhaeltige werkstoffe oder erze durch fluessig-fluessigextraktion |
| DE3127900A1 (de) * | 1981-07-15 | 1983-02-03 | Hoechst Ag, 6000 Frankfurt | Verfahren zur extraktion von schwermetallionen aus waessrigen loesungen |
| HU185194B (en) * | 1982-01-14 | 1984-12-28 | Mta Mueszaki Kemiai Kutato Int | Method for detoxication mixing tannery sewage sludges |
| DE3270826D1 (en) * | 1982-01-19 | 1986-06-05 | Deconta Ag | Process for the decontamination of natural and technical sludges |
| US4539119A (en) * | 1983-07-26 | 1985-09-03 | Cann Everett D | Process for the treatment of waste and contaminated waters with improved recovery of aluminum and iron flocculating agents |
| SE452307B (sv) * | 1983-09-12 | 1987-11-23 | Boliden Ab | Forfarande for rening av fororenade vattenlosningar innehallande arsenik och/eller fosfor |
| US4956154A (en) * | 1988-03-09 | 1990-09-11 | Unc Reclamation | Selective removal of chromium, nickel, cobalt, copper and lead cations from aqueous effluent solutions |
| US4954168A (en) * | 1989-05-15 | 1990-09-04 | Amax Inc. | Reclaiming of aluminum-chromium waste materials from etching operations |
| JP2650065B2 (ja) * | 1989-08-21 | 1997-09-03 | ペルメレック電極株式会社 | 硫酸の回収方法 |
| US5102556A (en) * | 1990-03-30 | 1992-04-07 | Union Oil Company Of California | Method for rendering ferric hydroxide sludges recyclable |
| DE4024769C1 (en) * | 1990-08-02 | 1992-02-06 | Noell Gmbh, 8700 Wuerzburg, De | Treatment of sludge contg. toxic heavy metals - comprises treating with excess hydrochloric acid, concentrating by thermal evapn. and distilling |
| US5051191A (en) * | 1990-10-31 | 1991-09-24 | Green Environmental Systems Ltd. | Method to detoxify sewage sludge |
| EP0530396A1 (fr) * | 1991-09-04 | 1993-03-10 | INDUSTRIE AUTOMATION SONDERTECHNIK GmbH & CO KOMMANDITGESELLSCHAFT | Procédé pour la précipitation de phosphates avec de l'hydroxyde de fer |
-
1993
- 1993-08-26 FI FI933750A patent/FI97288C/fi active
-
1994
- 1994-08-26 CA CA 2170240 patent/CA2170240C/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-08-26 AU AU75012/94A patent/AU7501294A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1994-08-26 AT AT94924899T patent/ATE173235T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1994-08-26 PL PL94313139A patent/PL177487B1/pl not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1994-08-26 US US08/601,054 patent/US5720882A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-08-26 KR KR1019960700952A patent/KR100341612B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1994-08-26 ES ES94924899T patent/ES2126139T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-08-26 CZ CZ1996550A patent/CZ291247B6/cs not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1994-08-26 WO PCT/FI1994/000376 patent/WO1995006004A1/fr active IP Right Grant
- 1994-08-26 DE DE1994614580 patent/DE69414580T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-08-26 DK DK94924899T patent/DK0715603T3/da active
- 1994-08-26 EP EP94924899A patent/EP0715603B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1996
- 1996-02-23 NO NO19960733A patent/NO313004B1/no not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FI97288B (fi) | 1996-08-15 |
| NO960733L (no) | 1996-04-24 |
| DK0715603T3 (da) | 1999-07-26 |
| ATE173235T1 (de) | 1998-11-15 |
| KR100341612B1 (ko) | 2002-11-29 |
| AU7501294A (en) | 1995-03-21 |
| PL313139A1 (en) | 1996-06-10 |
| DE69414580D1 (de) | 1998-12-17 |
| CZ291247B6 (cs) | 2003-01-15 |
| ES2126139T3 (es) | 1999-03-16 |
| CZ55096A3 (en) | 1996-07-17 |
| US5720882A (en) | 1998-02-24 |
| FI933750A (fi) | 1995-02-27 |
| DE69414580T2 (de) | 1999-04-08 |
| NO960733D0 (no) | 1996-02-23 |
| KR960703807A (ko) | 1996-08-31 |
| CA2170240C (fr) | 2002-05-28 |
| PL177487B1 (pl) | 1999-11-30 |
| CA2170240A1 (fr) | 1996-03-02 |
| WO1995006004A1 (fr) | 1995-03-02 |
| FI97288C (fi) | 1996-11-25 |
| EP0715603A1 (fr) | 1996-06-12 |
| EP0715603B1 (fr) | 1998-11-11 |
| FI933750A0 (fi) | 1993-08-26 |
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