NO165728B - Elektroviskoese suspensjoner. - Google Patents
Elektroviskoese suspensjoner. Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- NO165728B NO165728B NO852800A NO852800A NO165728B NO 165728 B NO165728 B NO 165728B NO 852800 A NO852800 A NO 852800A NO 852800 A NO852800 A NO 852800A NO 165728 B NO165728 B NO 165728B
- Authority
- NO
- Norway
- Prior art keywords
- weight
- electroviscous
- silica gel
- functional
- parts
- Prior art date
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- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 11
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 239000000741 silica gel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 229910002027 silica gel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 229920002545 silicone oil Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- -1 polysiloxanes Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 8
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 5
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000002612 dispersion medium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 4
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KKCBUQHMOMHUOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Na2O Inorganic materials [O-2].[Na+].[Na+] KKCBUQHMOMHUOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Inorganic materials [Ca]=O ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 235000013870 dimethyl polysiloxane Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920000435 poly(dimethylsiloxane) Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 3
- CUNWUEBNSZSNRX-RKGWDQTMSA-N (2r,3r,4r,5s)-hexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol;(z)-octadec-9-enoic acid Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO.OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO.CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O.CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O.CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O CUNWUEBNSZSNRX-RKGWDQTMSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical group [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000002431 aminoalkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004205 dimethyl polysiloxane Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001595 flow curve Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229960005078 sorbitan sesquioleate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004580 weight loss Effects 0.000 description 2
- ZORQXIQZAOLNGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-difluorocyclohexane Chemical compound FC1(F)CCCCC1 ZORQXIQZAOLNGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OSDWBNJEKMUWAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Allyl chloride Chemical compound ClCC=C OSDWBNJEKMUWAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004438 BET method Methods 0.000 description 1
- BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silane Chemical compound [SiH4] BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006096 absorbing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000003277 amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004202 aminomethyl group Chemical group [H]N([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012824 chemical production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- BUMGIEFFCMBQDG-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichlorosilicon Chemical compound Cl[Si]Cl BUMGIEFFCMBQDG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LIKFHECYJZWXFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyldichlorosilane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(Cl)Cl LIKFHECYJZWXFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000001183 hydrocarbyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000691 measurement method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 231100000252 nontoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000003000 nontoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- HMMGMWAXVFQUOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane Chemical compound C[Si]1(C)O[Si](C)(C)O[Si](C)(C)O[Si](C)(C)O1 HMMGMWAXVFQUOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005191 phase separation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013049 sediment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000077 silane Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001593 sorbitan monooleate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940035049 sorbitan monooleate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000011069 sorbitan monooleate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000002269 spontaneous effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002604 ultrasonography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001845 yogo sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M171/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by purely physical criteria, e.g. containing as base-material, thickener or additive, ingredients which are characterised exclusively by their numerically specified physical properties, i.e. containing ingredients which are physically well-defined but for which the chemical nature is either unspecified or only very vaguely indicated
- C10M171/001—Electrorheological fluids; smart fluids
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/34—Silicon-containing compounds
- C08K3/36—Silica
-
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- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L83/00—Compositions of macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming in the main chain of the macromolecule a linkage containing silicon with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen or carbon only; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L83/04—Polysiloxanes
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- C10M107/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a macromolecular compound
- C10M107/50—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a macromolecular compound containing silicon
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- C10M113/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the thickening agent being an inorganic material
- C10M113/12—Silica
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- C10M125/26—Compounds containing silicon or boron, e.g. silica, sand
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- C10M155/02—Monomer containing silicon
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- C08G77/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing silicon with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G77/04—Polysiloxanes
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- C08G77/26—Polysiloxanes containing silicon bound to organic groups containing atoms other than carbon, hydrogen and oxygen nitrogen-containing groups
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Description
Foreliggende oppfinnelse vedrører elektroviskøse suspensjoner som inneholder mer enn 25 vekt-# silikagel med et vanninnhold på 1 til 15 vekt-# som dispergert fase og silikonolje som flytende fase, samt et dispergeringsmiddel.
Elektroviskøse væsker (EVF - Elektroviskose Fltlssigkeiten) er dispersjoner av finfordelte hydrofile faste stoffer i hydrofobe, elektrisk isolerende oljer hvis viskositet, under innflytelse av et tilstrekkelig sterkt elektrisk felt, meget raskt og reversibelt lar seg forhøye fra flytende til plastisk eller fast tilstand. Til endring av viskositeten kan man benytte både elektriske likestrømsfelter og veksels-strømsfelter. De strømmene som derved flyter gjennom EVF er ekstremt lave. Følgelig kan EVF anvendes over alt hvor overføringen av store krefter skal styres ved hjelp av små elektriske effekter, f.eks. i. koblinger, hydrauliske ventiler, støtdempere, vibratorer eller innretninger til plassering og fastholdelse av materialstykker. Ved en rekke bygningselementer på basis av EVF kommer EVF i umiddelbar berøring med elastomere materialer. Det har vist seg at de fleste av de EVF som er beskrevet i litteraturen, ikke er egnet i slike tilfeller, fordi de inneholder oljer eller oppløsningsmidler som angriper elastomere materialer eller får dem til å svelle opp og i visse tilfeller også oppløser disse. Et annet krav som i praksis stilles er at EVF er flytende og kjemisk bestandig i et temperaturområde fra -50" til 150°C og, i det minste i et temperaturområde fra -30°C til 110'C, viser en tilstrekkelig elektroviskøs effekt. Til sist må man også være sikker på åt EVF forblir stabil over et lengre tidsrom, dvs. at ingen faseseparasjon finner sted og spesielt at det ikke danner seg noe tungt redisper-gerbart sediment.
EVF på basis av silikagel/silikonolje er allerede beskrevet i US-patent nr. 30 47 507. De dispergeringsmidlene som her benyttes, som f.eks. sorbitansesquioleat, men også andre tensider, fører praktisk talt alltid til EVF som, spesielt ved høyere temperaturer, oppviser en for lav elektroreaktivitet og en for høy elektrisk ledningsevne. Ved en for høy elektrisk ledningsevne kreves det, for å aktivisere EVF, for høye strømmer og dermed for høye elektriske effekter, med andre ord oppnår man ikke tilstrekkelig høye elektriske felter i EVF.
Dette er utgangspunktet for foreliggende oppfinnelse. Til grunn for oppfinnelsen lå den oppgave å utvikle EVF som også ved høye temperaturer (inntil 100"C) har en høy elektroreaktivitet og en liten elektrisk ledningsevne.
Denne oppgaven løses ifølge oppfinnelsen med utgangspunkt i en elektroviskøs suspensjon på basis av silikagel og silikonolje, som tilsettes et dispergeringsmiddel som består av aminofunksjonelle, hydroksyfunksjonelle, acetoksyfunksjonelle eller alkoksyfunksjonelle polysiloksaner med en molekylvekt > 800.
Polysiloksanene tilsettes i en konsentrasjon på fra 1 til 30 vekt-5É, fortrinnsvis 5 til 20 vekt-#, beregnet på grunnlag av innholdet av silikagel.
Fortrinnsvis har de aminofunksjonelle polysiloksanene som anvendes som dispergeringsmidler følgende generelle formel:
hvor
10 < n < 1000
m - 0 til 5,
R = H eller alkyl med 1 til 8 C-atomer, og
X er en toverdig rest, som består av C, H og eventuelt 0 og/eller N.
Sammenkoblingen av aminogruppen til silikongruppenmolekylet bevirkes enten av en SIC- eller en SiOC-binding. Dersom man ønsker en SiC-binding, så står X for en toverdig hydrokar-bonrest med 1 til 6, fortrinnsvis 1 til 3 karbonatomer. Spesielt foretrukket som aminofunksjonell rest er amino-metyl- og -Y-aminopropylgruppen. Den toverdige resten X kan ved siden av C og H også inneholde N. Slik kan X f.eks. bety
gruppen CH2-CH2-CH2-NH-CH2-CH2-NH2• Dersom man
ønsker en
SiOC-binding, så er den aminofunksjonelle resten
en aminoalkoksygruppe. På grunn av hydrolysestabiliteten er en sekundær SiOC-binding foretrukket. Spesielt egnet er derved l-amino-2-propoksyresten eller l-amino-3-but- Istedet for aminofunksjonelle polysiloksaner kan også silisiumfunksjonelle polysiloksaner av generell formel
anvendes som dispergeringsmiddel. Her er 10 < n < 1000. Y står for en hydroksy-, en alkoksy- eller karboksygruppe.
Fortrinnsvis inneholder de nevnte funksjonelle polysiloksanene, som kan anvendes som dispergeringsmidler, 20 til 300 dimetylsiloksanenheter. Dette muliggjør spesielt fremstill ing av dispersjoner med høyt faststoffinnhold ved en relativt lav gmnnviskositet.
Med oppfinnelsen oppnås følgende fordeler:
EVF'ene Ifølge oppfinnelsen viser overraskende både stor elektroreaktivitet og også lav elektrisk ledningsevne, som bare i liten grad avhenger av temperaturen.
De går videre godt sammen med elastomere materialer, spesielt med gummi, er stabile mot avsetning og fysiologisk indif-ferente (ugiftige). Videre er de innenfor et uvanlig stort temperaturområde, varme- og kuldebestandige og oppviser bare en svak temperatur- og trykkavhengighet for viskositeten. Videre har de elektroviskøse suspensjonene ifølge oppfinnelsen gunstige dielektriske egenskaper som bare i liten grad avhenger av temperaturen og frekvensen og en høy elektrisk gjennomslagsfasthet. Som en ytterligere fordel bør det fremheves at fremstillingen av EVF er relativ enkel og følgelig økonomisk gunstig, og handelsvanlige produkter kan benyttes som utgangsmaterialer.
I det følgende skal oppfinnelsen beskrives nærmere ved hjelp av eksempler, hvor diagrammer og tabeller tydeliggjør oppfinnelsen. Figurene viser: fig. 1 avhengigheten av den støtspenningen som måles ved EVF som funksjon av den elektriske feltstyrken ved konstant skjærbelastning,
fig. 2 den elektrisk ledningsevnen av EVF som funksjon av
feltstyrken ved konstant skjærbelastning og
tabellen gjengir de karakteristiske egenskapene for EVF sammenlignet med teknikkens stand. Det angis fremstillings-tekniske retningslinjer for fremstilling av EVF, den kjemiske fremstillingen av dispergeringsmidlene, den måleteknikk som kreves for kontroll av de ønskede fysikalske egenskapene, samt typiske utførelseseksempler for EVF ifølge oppfinnelsen.
Til fremstilling av EVF kan handelsvanlige silikageler anvendes. Om nødvendig kan fuktighetsinnholdet av silikagelen forhøyes eller reduseres. Ved fremstillingen av dispersjonene blandes silikonoljen og en del av, eller hele mengden, dispergeringsmiddel og under stadig omrøring røres silikagelen inn i silikonoljen. Til å begynne med kan silikagelen tilsettes raskt, mens mot slutten av tilsetning-en når viskositeten øker, må silikagelen tilsettes langsomt. Dersom bare en del av dispergeringsmidlet tilsettes til å begynne med, så tilsettes resten av dispergeringsmidlene sammen med silikagelen. For sluttegenskapene av EVF er fremstillingsprosedyren imidlertid ikke kritisk. Heller ikke den blandingsfremgangsmåten som benyttes er kritisk for sluttegenskapene av EVF. F.eks. kan man anvende enkle røreinnretninger, kulemøller eller ultralyd til disperger-ingen. Ved en intens sammenblanding kan dispersjonen imidlertid generelt fremstilles raskere og derved også noe mer finfordelt.
Mengden dispergeringsmiddel som må tilsettes avhenger sterkt av den spesifikke overflaten på silikagelen som anvendes. Som en retningsgivende verdi trengs 1 til 4 mg/m<2>. Den absolutte mengde som er påkrevet avhenger imidlertid også av typen silikagel som anvendes, samt av dispergeringsmidlet.
Handelsvanlige silikageler er f.eks. "Ultrasil", "Durosil", "Extrusil" eller "Vulkasil"-, "Silikasil"- og "Baysikal"-typene. De anvendte silikagelene behøver ikke å være rent S102og kan uten videre inneholde opptil 20 vekt-# AI2O3, Na20 og CaO. Videre kan det også ofte være tilstede noen vektprosent SO3, Cl og Fe203- Glødetapet, dvs. vekttapet ved 1000°C, ligger generelt mellom 10 og 15 vekt-£. Herav er i gjennomsnitt ca. 6 vekt-# fuktighet, dette er ensbetydende med det vekttapet som bestemmes ved tørking ved 105°C. Den spesifikke overflaten, målt etter BET-fremgangsmåten, utgjør generelt mellom 20 og 200 m<2>/g. Den er imidlertid ikke kritisk og kan uten vanskeligheter være noe mindre eller noe større. En for liten spesifikk overflate fører imidlertid lett til uønsket grove dispersjoner, mens en for høy spesifikk overflate kan føre til et for stort dispergerings-middelbehov.
Silikonoljer som egner seg som dispersjonsmedier er polydi-metylsiloksaner og polymere metylfenylsiloksaner. De egnede oljene har ved romtemperatur en viskositet på 3 til 300 mm<2>/s. Generelt er imidlertid lavviskøse oljer å foretrekke (3 til 20 mm2/s), fordi man herved oppnår en lavere grunn-viskositet i EVF, slik at det ved den elektroviskøse effekten kan oppnås store viskositetsendringer.
Fremstillingen av de aminomodifiserte polysiloksanene som anvendes som dispersjonsmedium er i prinsippet kjent for fagmannen, men varierer imidlertid alt etter hvilken type sammenbinding man ønsker. Forbindelser av typen
hvor n og m har den ovenfor angitte betydning og X = CH2, fremstilles fra de tilsvarende halogenderivatene (Cl eller Br) og det tilsvarende aminet ifølge:
Den Cl-holdige forbindelsen fremstilles ved ko-hydrolyse av ønskede mengder C1CH2(CH3)2SiCl, C1CH2(CH3)SiCl2og (CH3)2SiCl2. Naturligvis kan man istedet for Cl også anvende Br.
Forbindelser av den ovenfor nevnte typen hvor X er en alkylrest med 2 til 6 C-atomer kan eksempelvis fremstilles ved platinakatalysert addisjon av et egnet olefin til SiH-holdige forbindelser. Følgelig reagerer eksempelvis allylklorid med en silikonolje av formelen
til en ■y-klorfunksjonell silikonolje som analogt den ovenfor for X = CH2omtalte reaksjonen kan omsettes til den ønskede aminofunksjonelle oljen. Alternative fremgangsmåter er også prinsipielt kjente for fagmannen. Forbindelser av den ovenfor nevnte dispersjonsmediumtypen, hvor X står for en aminoalkoksygruppe, kan fremstilles ved omsetning av silisiumfunksjonelle oljer som eksempelvis inneholder SiCl, SiOCH2H5, eller SiH-grupper med med aminoalkanoler, eventuelt under tilsats av egnede katalysatorer. Spesielt egnet i denne forbindelse er 1-propanolamin. I tilfelle med aminoalkoksyfunksjonelle systemer kan m (med fordel) anta verdien 0. Spesielt foretrukket som dispersjonsmedium er en aminoalkoksyfunk-sjonell polysiloksan av formelen: hvor n antar en verdi mellom 15 og 100, fortrinnsvis mellom 30 og 70. Det er videre mulig først å fremstille silanet
og deretter ved en basisk katalysert likevektsreaksjon under tilsats av oktametylcyklotetrasiloksan å gjennomføre en kj edeoppbygning.
De slik fremstilte EVF'ene ble undersøkt i et modifisert rotasjonsviskosimeter, som allerede beskrevet av W.M. Winslow i J. Appl. Phys. 20 (1949) side 1137-1140. Elektrodeflaten av den indre roterende sylinderen med et tverrsnitt på 50 mm utgjør ca. 78 cm^, spaltbredden mellom elektroden er 0,58 mm. Ved de dynamiske målingene kan skjærbelastningen innstilles til maksimalt 2330 s -<1>. Måleområdet av viskosimeteret for støtspenningen utgjør maksimalt 750 Pa. Både statiske og dynamiske målinger kan foretas. Aktivering av EVF kan foregå både med likespenning og med vekselsspenning.
Ved aktivering med likespenning kan det ved noen væsker, ved siden av den spontane forhøyelsen av viskositeten eller flytegrensen ved innkobling av feltet, også finne sted langsomme utfellingsforløp av de faste delene på elektrode-overflaten, dette forfalsker måleresultatet, spesielt ved små skjærbelastninger, f.eks. ved statiske målinger. Derfor ble undersøkelsen av EVF fortrinnsvis utført med vekselsspenning og ved dynamisk skjærbelastning. På denne måten oppnår man godt reproduserbare flytekurver.
Til bestemmelse av elektroreaktiviteten innstiller man en konstant skjærbelastning 0 < D < 2330 s-<1>og måler støtspen-ningen^i avhengighet av den elektriske feltstyrken E. Med måleapparaturen kan man oppnå vekselfelt inntil en maksimal effektiv feltstyrke på 2370 kV/m ved en maksimal effektiv strøm på 4 mA og en frekvens på 50 Hz. Derved får man flytekurver svarende til fig. 1. Man ser at støtspenningen t ved små feltstyrker først øker parabelformig og ved større feltstyrker lineært. Stigningen S av den lineære delen av kurven kan bestemmes fra fig. 1 og angis i kPa.m/kV. Fra skjæringspunktet mellom den rette linjen S og den rette linjen i = tq (støtspenning uten elektrisk felt) bestemmes terkselverdien Eq for den elektriske feltstyrken og angis i kV/m. For økningen av støtspenningen t(E)-itoi elektrisk felt E > Eq gjelder:
Man kan gjenta målingene med forskjellige skjærbelastninger D. De verdiene som derved bestemmes for Eq og S ligger i et område på +5* til +1056 fra middelverdien.
Den elektriske ledningsevnen k bestemmes fra den effektive strømtettheten I og den effektive feltstyrken E. Ved konstant skjærbelastning D øker ledningsevnen ved høyere feltstyrker E>Eq lineært med den elektriske feltstyrken (se fig. 2). Fra fig. 2 fremgår stigningen L av den elektriske ledningsevnen k med feltstyrken E i nS/kV og skjæringspunktet Køfor den inntegnede rette linjen L med ordinaten (E=»0) i nS/m. Kg kan også anta negative verdier. For E>Eq kan dermed ledningsevnen k beregnes ifølge ligningen
k(E) - L"E + Kq
I utførelseseksemplene som beskrives i det følgende, tilsvarer sammensetningene nr. 1 til nr. 4 teknikkens stand. I eksemplene 5 til 11 dreier det seg om EVF ifølge oppfinnelsen.
Utførelseseksempler
Silikagel 1; ca. 80 vekt-* Si02
ca. 6 vekt-* CaO
ca. 3 vekt-* Na20
< 0,4 vekt-* A12C>3
Glødetap ifølge DIN 55921/2: ca. 7 vekt-*
Tørketap ifølge DIN 55921/2: ca. 6 vekt-*
BET-overflate: ca. 35 m<2>/g
Silikonolje: Polydimetylsiloksan
Viskositet ved 25'C: 5 mm<2>S-<1>
Tetthet ved 25°C: 0,9 g/cm<3>
Dielektrisitetstall Er ifølge DIN 53483
ved 0°C og 50 Hz: 2,8
Tapsfaktor tan S ifølge DIN 53483
ved CC og 50 Hz: 2'10-<4>
Utførelseseksempel
Silikagel: ca. 80 vekt.* Si02
ca. 6 vekt-* CaO
ca. 3 vekt-* Na20
< 0,4 vekt-* A1203
Glødetap ifølge DIN 55921/2: ca. 7 vekt-* Tørketap ifølge DIN 55921/2: ca. 6 vekt-* BET-overflate: ca. 35 m<2>/g
Silikonol. le: Polydimetylsiloksan Viskositet ved 25°C:5mm<2>s-<1>Tetthet ved 25°C: 0,9 g/cm<3>
Dielektrisitetstall Er ifølge DIN 53483 ved 0'C og 50 Hz: 2,8
Tapsfaktor tan S ifølge DIN 53483
ved 0<*>C og 50 Hz: 2-10-<4>
Eksempel nr. 1
40 vektdeler silikagel 1 60 vektdeler silikonolje 4 vektdeler sorbitan-monooleat
Eksempel nr. 2
40 vektdeler silikagel 1 60 vektdeler silikonolje 4 vektdeler sorbitansesquioleat
Eksempel nr. 3
40 vektdeler silikagel 1 60 vektdeler silikonolje 4 vektdeler glyserol- mono- og dioleat ("Atmos 300")
Eksempel nr. 4
40 vektdeler silikagel 1 60 vektdeler silikonolje 6 vektdeler 2-hepta-decenyl - 4 - e ty 1 - 2 - oksazolin-4-metanol
Eksempel nr. 5
40 vektdeler silikagel 1 60 vektdeler silikonolje 2 vektdeler M<*>2D16
Eksempel nr. 6
40 vektdeler silikagel 1 60 vektdeler silikonolje 4 vektdeler M<M>2D28
Eksempel nr. 7
40 vektdeler silikagel 1 60 vektdeler silikonolje 2 vektdeler M<*>2D'2D69
Eksempel nr. 8
50 vektdeler silikagel 1 50 vektdeler silikonolje 2,5 vektdeler W<2>D120
Eksempel nr. 9
40 vektdeler silikagel i 60 vektdeler silikonolje 4 vektdeler H0-D200~<H>
Eksempel nr. 10
40 vektdeler silikagel 1 60 vektdeler silikonolje 4 vektdeler
Claims (5)
1.
Elektroviskøse suspensjoner, som inneholder mer enn 25 vekt-* silikagel med et vanninnhold på 1 til 15 vekt-* som dispergert fase og silikonolje som flytende fase, samt et dispergeringsmiddel,karakterisert vedat dispergeringsmidlet består av aminofunksjonelle eller hydroksyfunksjonelle eller acetoksyfunksjonelle eller alkoksyfunksjonelle polysiloksaner med en molekylvekt > 800.
2.
Elektroviskøse suspensjoner ifølge krav 1,karakterisert vedat polysiloksanet tilsettes i en konsentrasjon på 1 til 30 vekt-*, fortrinnsvis 5 til 20 vekt-*, beregnet på grunnlag av silikagel-innholdet.
3.
Elektroviskøse suspensjoner ifølge krav 1 til 2,karakterisert vedat de aminofunksjonelle polysiloksanene har følgende struktur:
hvor 10 < n < 1000, m ■=■ 0 til 5,
R = H eller alkyl med 1 til 8 C-atomer
og X er en toverdig rest som består av C, H og eventuelt 0 og/eller N.
4.
Elektroviskøs suspensjon ifølge krav 3,karakterisert vedat de aminofunksjonelle polysiloksanene har følgende struktur:
hvor
hvor m - 0 til 3 og 10 < n < 1000.
5.
Elektroviskøse suspensjoner ifølge krav 1 til 2,karakterisert vedat polysiloksanene har følgende struktur:
med 10 < n < 1000
hvor Y er en hydroksy-, en alkoksy- eller karboksygruppe.
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FR2712600B1 (fr) * | 1993-11-18 | 1996-01-12 | Rhone Poulenc Chimie | Fluide électrorhéologique anhydre. |
US5925288A (en) * | 1994-01-31 | 1999-07-20 | Tonen Corporation | Electrorheological fluid containing silica particles esterified by an alcohol-modified silicone oil |
US5412006A (en) * | 1994-03-14 | 1995-05-02 | Dow Corning Corporation | Electrorheological cels and a method for the preparation thereof |
US5552076A (en) * | 1994-06-08 | 1996-09-03 | The Regents Of The University Of Michigan | Anhydrous amorphous ceramics as the particulate phase in electrorheological fluids |
US5607996A (en) * | 1994-10-05 | 1997-03-04 | Ford Motor Company | Electrorheological elastomers useful as variable stiffness articles |
JPH09255982A (ja) * | 1996-03-26 | 1997-09-30 | Nippon Oil Co Ltd | 電気粘性流体 |
US6029783A (en) * | 1998-04-16 | 2000-02-29 | Wirthlin; Alvin R. | Variable resistance device using electroactive fluid |
US20020171067A1 (en) * | 2001-05-04 | 2002-11-21 | Jolly Mark R. | Field responsive shear thickening fluid |
KR100477325B1 (ko) * | 2002-07-31 | 2005-03-21 | 국방과학연구소 | 건조된 수용성 전분 및 첨가제를 포함하는 전기변성유체 |
JP3922370B2 (ja) | 2003-01-30 | 2007-05-30 | 信越化学工業株式会社 | ダイラタンシー性流体組成物 |
KR20120055351A (ko) * | 2010-11-23 | 2012-05-31 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 뉴토니안 유체 특성을 갖는 전기유변유체 |
DE102011018177A1 (de) | 2011-04-19 | 2012-10-25 | Raino Petricevic | Paste und deren Verwendung |
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US2928858A (en) * | 1956-10-12 | 1960-03-15 | Union Carbide Corp | Organosilicon acylamino compounds and process for producing the same |
US3047507A (en) * | 1960-04-04 | 1962-07-31 | Wefco Inc | Field responsive force transmitting compositions |
FR1480184A (no) * | 1965-04-09 | 1967-08-03 | ||
NL132928C (no) * | 1966-04-14 | |||
US3984339A (en) * | 1973-10-05 | 1976-10-05 | Fmc Corporation | Hydraulic oil composition |
US3872038A (en) * | 1973-12-03 | 1975-03-18 | Stauffer Chemical Co | Aqueous based release composition |
US3900416A (en) * | 1973-12-20 | 1975-08-19 | Dow Corning | Electrical devices containing nitroarylsiloxane dielectric fluid |
GB1501635A (en) * | 1974-07-09 | 1978-02-22 | Secr Defence | Electric field responsive fluids |
DE2500020A1 (de) * | 1975-01-02 | 1976-07-15 | Bayer Ag | Verfahren zur herstellung von organopolysiloxanen mit sich tief 2-nhr- endgruppen |
US3970573A (en) * | 1975-08-25 | 1976-07-20 | Westhaver James W | Electroviscous fluids |
JPS5538808A (en) * | 1978-09-11 | 1980-03-18 | Toray Silicone Co Ltd | Non-flowable organopolysiloxane composition |
JPS56157495A (en) * | 1980-05-09 | 1981-12-04 | Toshiba Silicone Co Ltd | Protection method of silver contact point |
DE3265609D1 (en) * | 1981-06-19 | 1985-09-26 | Nat Res Dev | Electroviscous fluids |
DE3235256A1 (de) * | 1982-09-23 | 1984-03-29 | Wacker Chemie Gmbh | In wasser leicht verteilbare antischaummittel |
-
1984
- 1984-07-26 DE DE19843427499 patent/DE3427499A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
1985
- 1985-06-28 CA CA000486134A patent/CA1255091A/en not_active Expired
- 1985-07-09 US US06/753,216 patent/US4645614A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1985-07-11 NO NO852800A patent/NO165728C/no unknown
- 1985-07-15 DE DE8585108805T patent/DE3563856D1/de not_active Expired
- 1985-07-15 AT AT85108805T patent/ATE35824T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1985-07-15 EP EP85108805A patent/EP0170939B1/de not_active Expired
- 1985-07-23 AU AU45284/85A patent/AU575416B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1985-07-24 DK DK338085A patent/DK162106C/da not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1985-07-24 ES ES545527A patent/ES8704536A1/es not_active Expired
- 1985-07-24 FI FI852892A patent/FI78500C/fi not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1985-07-25 ZA ZA855611A patent/ZA855611B/xx unknown
- 1985-07-25 KR KR1019850005321A patent/KR920001052B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1985-07-25 BR BR8503538A patent/BR8503538A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1985-07-26 JP JP60164241A patent/JPS6144998A/ja active Granted
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DK338085D0 (da) | 1985-07-24 |
DE3563856D1 (en) | 1988-08-25 |
ZA855611B (en) | 1986-03-26 |
CA1255091A (en) | 1989-06-06 |
BR8503538A (pt) | 1986-04-22 |
FI78500C (fi) | 1989-08-10 |
ATE35824T1 (de) | 1988-08-15 |
DE3427499A1 (de) | 1986-02-13 |
NO165728C (no) | 1991-03-27 |
EP0170939A1 (de) | 1986-02-12 |
ES8704536A1 (es) | 1987-04-01 |
KR860001180A (ko) | 1986-02-24 |
DK338085A (da) | 1986-01-27 |
ES545527A0 (es) | 1987-04-01 |
DK162106B (da) | 1991-09-16 |
AU575416B2 (en) | 1988-07-28 |
FI78500B (fi) | 1989-04-28 |
DK162106C (da) | 1992-02-17 |
FI852892L (fi) | 1986-01-27 |
JPH0339560B2 (no) | 1991-06-14 |
US4645614A (en) | 1987-02-24 |
JPS6144998A (ja) | 1986-03-04 |
FI852892A0 (fi) | 1985-07-24 |
AU4528485A (en) | 1986-01-30 |
EP0170939B1 (de) | 1988-07-20 |
KR920001052B1 (ko) | 1992-02-01 |
NO852800L (no) | 1986-01-27 |
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