NL2030985B1

NL2030985B1 - Method for planting spring maize in dry land based on straw returning

Info

Publication number: NL2030985B1
Application number: NL2030985A
Authority: NL
Inventors: Mei Xurong; Liu Enke; Zhang Xueli; Dong Wenyi; Liu Qin; Zhong Xiuli; Yan Changrong
Original assignee: Inst Of Environment And Sustainable Development In Agriculture Chinese Academy Of Agricultural Scien
Priority date: 2022-02-17
Filing date: 2022-02-17
Publication date: 2023-03-22
Also published as: NL2030985A

Abstract

Provided is a method for planting spring maize in a dry land based on straw returning, including the following steps: step 1: crushing straws of the preceding crops, and burying the crushed straws in a soil layer, or directly placing the straws of the preceding crops in furrows; step 2: applying a compound fertilizer and slow-release urea or applying a decomposed organic fertilizer to the dry land, step 3: performing ridge-leveling and mulching on the dry land where the crushed crop straws are buried, or performing ridging and mulching on the dry land where the crop straws are directly placed ﬂatwise, and step 4: sowing seeds of spring maize, and performing field management for the crops according to a conventional method. The planting method can not only increase contents of soil organic matters and increase crop yields, but also avoid the problem of air pollution caused by burning straws.

Description

METHOD FOR PLANTING SPRING MAIZE IN DRY LAND BASED ON STRAW

RETURNING

TECHNICAL FIELD

[OI] The present invention relates to a maize planting method, in particular to a method for planting spring maize in a dry land based on straw returning, and belongs to the technical field of crop planting.

BACKGROUND ART

[02] Plastic film mulching plays a role in warming, moisture retention, water retention, disease prevention, insect resistance, salinity and alkalinity prevention, weed suppression and yield improvement. It has been rapidly popularized and applied in the agricultural field, and the covered crops involve food crops, industrial crops, vegetables, fruits, forest trees, flowers and plants, etc. This technique has greatly promoted the development of agricultural production in China. In the planting of spring maize in arid regions of northern

China, plastic films play a more important role not only in improving a water use efficiency and increasing grain yields, but also avoiding soil erosion caused by direct rainwater washing on a soil surface and reducing a loss of soil nutrients. However, while increasing crop yields, the plastic film mulching improves a biomass and increases a demand of crop growth for nutrients. But if nutrients are not supplemented in time, the soil fertility will decline.

[03] It shows that how to maximize the advantages of plastic films in the agricultural field and avoid adverse effects, as well as how to achieve the green, healthy and sustainable development of dry farming, have become one of the important issues for relevant researchers to think about and solve.

[04] Therefore, on the basis of summarizing the scientific research results in the same field, it is the key for agricultural development to improve and innovate original production technologies.

SUMMARY

[05] The present invention is intended to provide a method for planting spring maize in a dry land based on straw returning. The planting method can not only increase contents of soil organic matters and increase crop yields, but also avoid the problem of air pollution caused by burning straws; meanwhile the method can also significantly improve a utilization rate of rainfall.

[06] In order to realize the above purpose, the present invention adopts the following technical solutions:

[07] A method for planting spring maize in a dry land based on straw returning, including the following steps:

[08] step 1: after preceding crops are harvested in the year before spring maize is planted, crushing straws of the preceding crops, and burying the crushed straws in a soil layer, or directly placing the straws of the preceding crops in furrows for degradation;

[09] step 2: applying a compound fertilizer and slow-release urea or applying a decomposed organic fertilizer to the dry land;

[10] step 3: performing ridge-leveling and mulching on the dry land where the crushed crop straws are buried, or performing ridging and mulching on the dry land where the crop straws are directly placed flatwise; and

[11] step 4: in middle-to-late April of the next year after the straws are returned to the field, sowing seeds of spring maize, and performing field management for the crops after sowing according to a conventional method.

[12] Wherein in step 1, a returning amount of the straws is 4,500-7,500 kg/hm?.

[13] Wherein the crushed crop straws are obtained by the following steps: when a water content of the straws is lower than 10%, mechanically crushing the straws into 5-8 cm pieces, then spraying a decomposition microbial agent on the straws, applying a fertilizer on the straws after 10-15 days, and finally burying the straws in the soil layer.

[14] Wherein the crushed crop straws are buried at a depth of <25 cm.

[15] Wherein the decomposition microbial agent is a 2,500-4,000% solution of a straw decomposition EM microbial agent.

[16] Wherein in step 2, an application amount of the compound fertilizer is 350-550 kg/hm?, and an application amount of the slow-release urea is 450-600 kg/hm?.

[17] Wherein in step 3, mulching is performed between the beginning of September and mid-to-late October of the year before spring maize is planted.

[18] Wherein for the ridge-leveling and mulching, each film is 80-110 cm wide, and a spacing between edges of two neighboring films is 30 cm; for the ridging and mulching, each ridge is 15-30 cm high with a bottom width of 30-50 cm, and each film furrow is 20 cm wide.

[19] Wherein in step 4, the spring maize is planted at a density of 4,500-5,500 plants/mu, with a planting amount of 18-24 kg/hm?, 2 seeds in each hole, and at a sowing depth of 4-5 cm; after sowing, the sowing holes are heavily pressed with shallow covering.

[20] Wherein for the ridge-leveling and mulching, two lines of maize are sowed on the film, with a line spacing of 30-40 cm and a plant spacing of 20-30 cm; for the ridging and mulching, one line of maize is sowed on each ridge, with a plant spacing of 20-30 cm for each line.

[21] The present invention has the following advantages:

[22] (1) by straw returning, the method increases a content of soil organic matters, improves a soil structure, promotes microbial activity and the development of a crop root system, increases crop yields, and also reduces air pollution caused by burning straws;

[23] (2) by mulching films in autumn, the ineffective loss of farmland moisture in winter and spring is reduced, thereby providing a good water environment for the spring sowing and later growth of maize crops;

[24] (3) the combination of straw returning with film mulching in autumn not only plays a positive role of the films, but also avoids a problem that simply using films results in a reduced content of soil organic matters; and

[25] (4) planting in ridges and furrows improves the efficiency of rainfall collection and increases a ground surface area for receiving solar radiation, and it is beneficial for rising a soil temperature.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[26] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram for planting spring maize after the preceding crop straws are crushed and returned to the field and ridge-leveling and mulching are performed in autumn;

[27] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram for planting spring maize after the preceding crop straws are directly placed flatwise and returned to the field and ridging and mulching are performed in autumn.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

[28] The present invention is introduced below in detail in combination with the accompanying drawings and the specific embodiments.

[29] Example 1: planting spring maize by ridge-leveling and mulching

[30] Site: Fumeng County, Liaoning Province (the county has a maximum altitude of 831.4 m, a minimum altitude of 45.8 m, an average annual temperature of 7.2°C, a frost-free period of about 150 days, an average annual precipitation of about S00 mm, and a precipitation from May to September up to 425 mm, accounting for 85% of an annual precipitation).

[31] Maize varieties: "Liaodan 1211" suitable for local resources and "Zhengdan 958" with wide adaptability.

[32] Step 1: straws were returned to the field

[33] After preceding crops were harvested in the year before spring maize was planted, straws of the preceding crops were crushed and buried in a soil layer, and specific steps were as follows:

[34] when a water content of the straws was lower than 10%, the straws were mechanically crushed into 5-8 cm pieces, then a decomposition microbial agent was sprayed on the straws (in the present embodiment, a 2,500* solution of a golden straw decomposition EM microbial agent was used, and it could be appropriately increased to a 4,000x solution), a fertilizer was applied on the straws after 10 days (it could be appropriately prolonged to 15 days), and finally the straws were buried in the soil layer at a depth of <25cm.

[35] By straw returning, the method can increase a content of soil organic matters, improve a soil structure, promote microbial activity and the development of a crop root system, and also reduce air pollution caused by burning straws. 5 [86] An amount of the straws returned to the field was 4,500 kg/hm?, based on which production-marketing integration can be realized and labor can be saved.

[37] The straws were crushed and then sprayed with the decomposition microbial agent, so that it not only helps to perform the deep burial of straws and accelerate the decomposition of straws, but also can kill the pathogenic bacteria parasitized on the straws.

[38] Step 2: the dry land was fertilized

[39] After the straws were treated, according to a principle of balanced fertilization, a compound fertilizer and slow-release urea were applied to the dry land buried with the crushed straws, wherein an application amount of the compound fertilizer was 350 kg/hm?, and an application amount of the slow-release urea was 450 kg/hm?. A depth of 25-35 cm was suitable for subsoiling for a purpose of deeply burying the straws into the soil layer, and the land was finely leveled and suppressed after subsoiling.

[40] Of course, if conditions permit, it is also a good choice to apply a decomposed organic fertilizer.

[41] Generally, as long as a sufficient amount of special base fertilizer is applied, it is unnecessary to perform later topdressing.

[42] Step 3: ridge-leveling and mulching were performed

[43] Between the beginning of September and mid-to-late October of the year before spring maize was planted, ridge-leveling and mulching were performed on the dry land where crushed crop straws were buried, and the specific steps were as follows, as shown in

FIG. I:

[44] After the land was subsoiled, ridge-leveling and mulching were performed along the trend of the field; each film was 80-110 cm wide, with a spacing of 30 cm between edges of two neighboring films.

[45] In the present embodiment, the film used is a black film which is not thinner than

0.008mm (generally 0.008-0.010 mm) and meets the national production standard.

[46] Step 4: the seeds were sowed

[47] In the mid-to-late April (April 20) of the year after the straws were returned to the field, seeds of spring maize were sowed, at a density of 5,000 plants/mu, with a planting amount of 20 kg/hm?, the seeds were hole-sowed on the ridges using a hill planter, with 2 seeds in each hole, and at a sowing depth of 4-5 cm; after sowing, the sowing holes were heavily pressed with shallow covering to make the seeds in close adhesion with the soil, so as to prevent the sowing holes from more evaporation of water and soil hardening to accordingly result in reduced rate of emergence. Based on the conditions of ridge-leveling and mulching, refer to FIG. 1:

[48] Two lines of maize were sowed on the film, with a line spacing of 30-40 cm and a plant spacing of 20-30 cm.

[49] Planting in ridges and furrows can improve the efficiency of rainfall collection and increase a ground surface area for receiving solar radiation, and it is beneficial for rising a soil temperature.

[50] After sowing, field management for the crops was performed according to a conventional method; after sowing and before the emergence of seedlings, the dry land was sprayed with acetochlor emulsifiable concentrates with an amount of 1,620-1,890g/hm? for the purpose of preventing and controlling annual grassy weeds and some broad-leaved weeds, at 8-10 days after sowing, maize seedlings were replanted or transplanted in the places with missing seedlings every 4 days, and water was replenished at the replanting or transplanting places; after the seeds of spring maize emerged and the seedlings had grown to 3-5 leaves, a diseased and weak seedling was removed from each hole where two seedlings emerged, and strong seedlings that grow neatly and consistently were retained; in order to prevent the maize crops from prematurity, topdressing or spraying of foliar fertilizers was performed on the seedlings in the growing process, in the mid-to-late stage of maize growth, the prevention and control of corn borer, northern leaf blight, southern leaf blight and other diseases and insect pests were carried out.

[51] Test results: the yield of spring maize was increased by about 30%, the water use efficiency was increased by about 50%, and the content of soil organic matters was increased.

[52] Example 2: planting spring maize by ridging and mulching [S3] Site: Fumeng County, Liaoning Province (the county has a maximum altitude of 831.4 m, a minimum altitude of 45.8 m, an average annual temperature of 7.2°C, a frost-free period of about 150 days, an average annual precipitation of about 500 mm, and a precipitation from May to September up to 425 mm accounting for 85% of an annual precipitation).

[54] Maize varieties: "Liaodan 1211" suitable for local resources and "Zhengdan 958" with wide adaptability.

[55] Step 1: straws were returned to the field

[56] After preceding crops were harvested in the year before spring maize was planted, straws of the preceding crops were directly placed in furrows for degradation, with an amount of the straws returned to the field was 7,500 kg/hm?;

[57] Step 2: the dry land was fertilized

[58] A compound fertilizer and slow-release urea were applied to the dry land where the straws, were directly placed, wherein an application amount of the compound fertilizer was 550 kg/hm?, and an application amount of the slow-release urea was 600 kg/hm?.

[59] Of course, if conditions permit, it is also a good choice to apply a decomposed organic fertilizer.

[60] Step 3: ridging and mulching were performed

[61] Between the beginning of September and mid-to-late October of the year before spring maize was planted, ridging and mulching were performed on the dry land where the straws were directly placed, the method is simple and easy, and the specific steps were as follows, as shown in FIG. 2:

[62] A furrow opener and a ridger were used for ridging, wherein each ridge was 15-30 cm high with a bottom width of 30-50 cm, and each film furrow was 20 cm wide; films were mulched after ridging.

[63] In the present embodiment, the film used is a black film which is not thinner than

0.008 mm and meets the national production standard.

[64] After film mulching, pay attention to prevent the films from being trod by livestockS before sowing.

[65] Step 4: the seeds were sowed |66] Inthe mid-to-late April of the year after the straws were returned to the field, seeds of spring maize were sowed, at a density of 5,500 plants/mu, with a planting amount of 18 kg/hm?, 2 seeds in each hole, and at a sowing depth of 4-5 cm; after sowing, the sowing holes were heavily pressed with shallow covering; based on the conditions of ridging and mulching, refer to FIG. 2:

[67] one line of maize was sowed on each ridge, with a plant spacing of 20-30 cm for each line.

[68] After sowing, field management for the crops was performed according to a conventional method; after sowing and before the emergence of seedlings, the dry land was sprayed with acetochlor emulsifiable concentrates with an amount of 1,620-1,890g/hm? for the purpose of preventing and controlling annual grassy weeds and some broad-leaved weeds; at 8-10 days after sowing, maize seedlings were replanted or transplanted in the places with missing seedlings every 4 days, and water was replenished at the replanting or transplanting places; after the seeds of spring maize emerged and the seedlings had grown to 3-5 leaves, a diseased and weak seedling was removed from each hole where two seedlings emerged, and strong seedlings that grow neatly and consistently were retained; in order to prevent the maize crops from prematurity, topdressing or spraying of foliar fertilizers was performed on the seedlings in the growing process; in the mid-to-late stage of maize growth, the prevention and control of corn borer, northern leaf blight, southern leaf blight and other diseases and insect pests were carried out.

[69] Test results: the yield of spring maize 1s increased by about 30%, the water use efficiency is increased by about 50%, and the content of soil organic matters is increased.

[70] Besides, related test were also conducted in the east of Northeast China (the selected varieties of spring maize seeds are “Jidan 631", "Liaodan 568", "Xianyu 335" and "Jidan 271") and the north of Northeast China (the selected varieties of spring maize seeds are "Jidan 517", "Longdan 51", "Dongnong" 253" and "Syngenta 408"). The results are basically that the yield of spring maize is increased by about 30%, the water use efficiency is increased by about 50%, and the content of soil organic matters is increased.

[71] It shows that the planting method of the present invention can not only increase contents of soil organic matters and increase crop yields, but also avoid the problem of air pollution caused by burning straws; meanwhile the method can also significantly improve a utilization rate of rainfall.

[72] It shall be indicated that the above embodiments should not limit the present invention in any form; any technical solution obtained by means of equivalent alternation or equivalent variation should fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

Conclusions l. A method of planting spring corn in a dry land on a straw return basis, the method comprising the steps of: step 1: after previous crops have been harvested in the year before spring corn is planted, crushing straw from the previous crops, and burying the crushed straws in a layer of soil, or placing the straws of the preceding crops directly in furrows for degradation; step 2: performing wrinkle leveling and covering with bark chips on the dry land where the crushed crop straws are buried, or performing wrinkle forming and covering with bark chips on the dry land where the crop straws are immediately placed flat; and step 3: in mid to late April of the following year after the straws have returned to the field, sowing seeds of spring corn and conducting field management for the post-sowing crops according to a conventional practice.

A method according to claim 1, wherein in step 1 a return amount of the straws is 4,500 - 7,500 kg/hm? is.

A method according to claim 2, wherein the crushed crop straws are obtained by means of the following steps: mechanically crushing the straws into pieces of 5-8 cm, then spraying a microbial decomposing agent on the straws, applying a fertilizer after 10 — 15 days and finally burying the straw in the soil layer.

A method according to claim 3, wherein the crushed crop straws are buried at a depth of < 25 cm.

5. Method according to claim 1, wherein in step 2 an application amount of the fertilizer compound is 350 - 550 kg/hm? is an application rate of the slow release urea 450-600 kg/hm? is.

The method of claim 1, wherein in step covering with bark chips is performed between early September and mid to late October of the year before spring corn is planted.

7. Method according to claim 5, wherein for the fold leveling and covering with bark chips each foil is 80-110 cm wide, and a distance between edges of two adjacent foils is 30 cm; where for forming pleats and covering with bark chips, each pleat is 15 - 30 cm high with a bottom width of 30 - 50 cm, and each foil front is 20 cm wide.

8. Method according to claim 7, in which two rows of maize are sown on the foil for leveling the folds and covering with bark chips, with a row spacing of 30-40 cm and a plant spacing of 20-30 cm; for forming pleats and covering with bark chips, one row of maize is sown on each pleat, with a planting distance of 20 — 30 cm for each row.