KR101650798B1 - 가변형 브래그 스택 - Google Patents
가변형 브래그 스택 Download PDFInfo
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- KR101650798B1 KR101650798B1 KR1020107029846A KR20107029846A KR101650798B1 KR 101650798 B1 KR101650798 B1 KR 101650798B1 KR 1020107029846 A KR1020107029846 A KR 1020107029846A KR 20107029846 A KR20107029846 A KR 20107029846A KR 101650798 B1 KR101650798 B1 KR 101650798B1
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Abstract
Description
일부의 예에서, 상기 반응성 재료에서의 변화는 팽창 또는 수축이다.
일부의 예에서, 상기 제1 재료 및 상기 제2 재료 중 하나 이상은 나노입자 층 또는 마이크로입자 층으로 구성된다.
일부의 예에서, 상기 나노입자 또는 상기 마이크로입자는, 상기 반응성 재료와의 접착력을 증가시키기도록 되어 있다.
일부의 예에서, 상기 나노입자 또는 상기 마이크로입자의 단면 치수가 약 0.1㎚~약 1㎛의 범위 내에 있다.
일부의 예에서, 상기 단면 치수가 약 5㎚~약 30㎚의 범위 내에 있다.
일부의 예에서, 상기 제1 재료 및 상기 제2 재료 중 하나 이상은 절연체, 폴리머, 금속, 반도체 및 그 조합으로 이루어지는 군으로부터 선택된다
일부의 예에서, 상기 제1 재료 및 상기 제2 재료 중 하나 이상은, 금속 나노입자, 폴리머 나노입자, 무기 나노입자, 반도체 나노입자, 실리카, 티타늄 산화물, 폴리머, 그라파이트, 다이아몬드, 비정질 형태의 탄소, C60, 풀러렌(fullerenes), 그라핀, 탄소 나노튜브, 실리콘, 실리콘 카바이드, 게르마늄, 단순 및 복합 이중 및 삼중 산화 금속(simple and complex binary and ternary metal oxides), 금속 칼코겐 화합물(metal chalcogenides), 금속 붕소화물, 금속 인화물, 금속 규소화물, 금속 질화물, 철 산화물, 주석 산화물, 안티몬이 도핑된 주석 산화물, 아연 산화물, 및 이들의 조합으로 이루어진 군으로부터 선택된 나노입자 또는 마이크로입자이다.
일부의 예에서, 상기 제1 재료 및 상기 제2 재료 중 하나 이상은, 구, 타원체, 막대형(rod), 튜브, 와이어, 다면체를 포함한 구, 큐브, 시트, 집합 형상, 및 다면체로 구성되는 군으로부터 선택된 형태를 실질적으로 가지는 나노입자 또는 마이크로입자로 구성된다.
일부의 예에서, 상기 제1 재료 및 상기 제2 재료 중 하나 이상은 서로 다른 재료의 코어와 쉘을 가진 나노입자 또는 마이크로 입자로 구성된다.
일부의 예에서, 상기 코어 및 상기 쉘의 재료 쌍은, 금-실리카, 은-실리카, 금-티타니아(titania), 은-티타니아, 카드뮴 셀렌화물(selenide)-카드뮴 황화물(sulphide), 및 카드뮴 셀렌화물-아연 셀렌화물로 이루어진 군으로부터 선택된다.
일부의 예에서, 상기 외부 자극은, 기계적 자극, 화학적 자극, 전기적 자극, 열적 자극, 광 자극, 자기 자극 및 이들의 조합으로 이루어진 군으로부터 선택된다. 예를 들어, 상기 외부 자극은 전기적 자극이고, 상기 반응성 재료는 상기 전기적 자극에 대해 산화환원 반응을 하는 반응하는 메탈로폴리머(metallopolymer)이다. 예를 들어, 상기 외부 자극은 자기 자극이고, 상기 반응성 재료는 자기적으로 반응하는 재료이다. 예를 들어, 상기 외부 자극은 기계적 자극이고, 상기 반응성 재료는 기계적으로 확장/압축 가능한 재료이다. 예를 들어, 상기 외부 자극은 전기적 자극이고, 상기 반응성 재료는 상기 전기적 자극에 반응하여 치수의 변화를 나타내는 압전 재료이다.
일부의 예에서, 상기 반응성 재료는 폴리머이다. 예를 들어, 상기 폴리머는, 폴리페로세닐실란(polyferrocenylsilanes), 폴리티오펜(polythiophenes), 폴리피롤(polypyrroles), 폴리아닐린(polyanilines), 폴리페닐렌 비닐렌(polyphenylene vinylenes), 폴리아세틸렌(polyacetylenes), 폴리플루오렌(polyfluorenes), 폴리페닐렌비닐리덴(polyphenylenevinylidenes), 폴리아세틸렌(polyacetylenes), 전도성 폴리머(conducting polymer), 공액 폴리머(conjugated polymers), 메탈로폴리머, 상술한 폴리머 타입이 결합된 코폴리머(copolymer), 폴리비닐리덴 디플루오라이드(polyvinylidene difluoride), 및 이들의 조합으로 구성되는 군으로부터 선택된다. 예를 들어, 상기 폴리티오펜은 폴리스티렌술포네이트(polystyrenesulfonate)를 가진 폴리에틸렌디옥시티오펜(polyethylenedioxythiophene) 복합체이다.
일부의 예에서, 상기 폴리머는, 공유 결합(covalent bond), 화학적 결합, 물리적 결합, 분산 상호작용, 반 데르 발스(Van Der Waals) 상호작용, 나노입자 상호작용, 표면 상호작용, 수소 결합(hydrogen bond), 배위 결합(coordination bond), 정전 상호작용, 소수성 상호작용(hydrophobic interactions), 플루오로포빅 상호작용(fluorophobic interactions), 상분리된(phase-separated) 도메인, 및 이들의 조합으로 이루어진 군으로부터 선택된 가교 결합(cross link)을 포함한다. 예를 들어, 상기 폴리머는 전기적으로 도전성이거나 전기적으로 절연성인 가교 결합을 포함한다.
일부의 예에서, 상기 폴리머는 전체에 걸쳐 미리 선택된 수치의 밀도 및 분포의 가교 결합을 가진다.
일부의 예에서, 상기 폴리머는 미리 선택된 공극률(porosity)을 가진다.
일부의 예에서, 상기 폴리머는 전기중합성(electropolymerizable) 재료이다.
일부의 예에서, 상기 폴리머는 산화환원 활성 그룹(redox active group)으로 이루어진다.
일부의 예에서, 상기 제1 재료 및 상기 제2 재료 중 하나 이상은 빈 공간(void)을 포함한다.
일부의 예에서, 상기 교대하는 층들은 기판 위에 배치되어 있다. 예를 들어, 상기 기판은, 금속, 절연체, 반도체, 반금속(semimetal), 폴리머 및 이들의 조합으로 이루어진 군으로부터 선택된 재료로 만들어진다. 예를 들어, 상기 기판은, 상기 교대하는 층들 중 상기 기판에 가장 가까운 층과의 접착력뿐 아니라 상기 반응성 재료와의 접착력도 증가시키도록 되어 있다.
일부의 예에서, 상기 교대하는 층들은 프리스탠딩(free-standing) 구조이다.
일부의 예에서, 상기 제1 재료 및 상기 제2 재료 중 하나 이상은 둘 이상의 상이한 재료의 혼합체이다.
일부의 예에서, 상기 혼합체는 자기적으로 반응하는 재료와 가역 압축성의 재료로 이루어진다.
일부의 예에서, 상기 반사 파장은, 가시 스펙트럼, 자외 스펙트럼, 적외 스펙트럼 또는 이들의 조합으로 이루어지는 범위 내에 있다.
일부의 예에서, 상기 교대하는 층들과 상기 반응성 재료는 가요성이다.
본 발명의 다른 측면에서는, 서로 이격되어 있는, 전기적으로 도전성인 작업 전극 및 전기적으로 도전성인 카운터 전극; 상기 제1항 내지 제35항 중 어느 한 항에 따른 가변형 광 결정 장치로서, 상기 제1 도전성 전극 및 상기 제2 도전성 전극 중 하나 이상과 접촉하고 있고, 상기 작업 전극 및 상기 카운터 전극 사이에 배치된 상기 가변형 광 결정 장치; 및 상기 작업 전극과 상기 카운터 전극, 그리고 상기 가변형 광 결정 장치와 모두 전기적으로 소통하고, 상기 작업 전극 및 상기 카운터 전극의 사이에 제공된 도전성 용액을 포함하고, 상기 가변형 광 결정 장치에 전기적 자극을 주기 위해 상기 작업 전극과 상기 카운터 전극 사이에 전기적 포텐셜을 가하기 위한 전원에 연결되도록 구성되어 있는 가변형 광 결정 전기화학적 셀이 제공된다.
일부의 예에서, 상기 작업 전극 및 상기 카운터 전극 중 하나 이상은, 도전성 산화물, 도전성 세라믹, 금속, 카본, 도전성 폴리머, 산화환원 활성 폴리머(redox-active polymers), 나노입자 및 이들의 조합으로 이루어진 군으로부터 선택된다.
일부의 예에서, 상기 작업 전극 및 상기 카운터 전극은 가요성이다.
일부의 예에서, 상기 작업 전극 및 상기 카운터 전극 중 하나 이상은 기판 위에 배치되어 있다. 예를 들어, 상기 기판은, 직물(fabric), 종이, 금속, 폴리머, 유리, 세라믹, 무기 재료 및 이들의 조합으로 이루어진 군으로부터 선택된 재료로 만들어진다. 예를 들어, 상기 기판은 가요성이다.
일부의 예에서, 상기 작업 전극 및 상기 카운터 전극 중 하나 이상은 전하 저장(charge-storage) 재료를 가진다. 예를 들어, 상기 용액은 전하 저장 재료를 가진다. 예를 들어, 상기 전하 저장 재료는, 도전성 산화물, 도전성 세라믹, 금속, 카본, 도전성 폴리머, 산화환원 활성 폴리머, 나노입자, 산화환원 활성 소분자 및 이들의 조합으로 이루어진 군으로부터 선택된다.
일부의 예에서, 상기 가변형 광 결정 장치가 상기 작업 전극 및 상기 카운터 전극 중 하나 이상과 접촉하고 있다.
일부의 예에서, 상기 작업 전극 및 상기 카운터 전극 사이에 스페이서(spacer)를 더 포함한다. 예를 들어, 상기 스페이서는, 열가소성 폴리머 막, 접착제가 코팅된 플라스틱 막, 접착제, 에폭시, 및 접착제나 에폭시에 혼합되어 들어간 스페이서 구슬(beads)로 이루어진 군으로부터 선택된 비도전성 재료이다.
일부의 예에서, 상기 전원을 더 포함한다.
본 발명의 다른 측면에서, 가변형 광 결정 장치를 제조하는 제조 방법으로서, 기판을 제공하는 단계; 제1 재료 및 제2 재료의 교대하는 층들을 상기 기판 상에 형성하는 단계; 및 반응성 재료를 상기 교대하는 층들에 삽입하는 단계를 포함하고, 상기 교대하는 층들은 제1 반사 파장을 일으키는 굴절률의 주기적 차를 가지며, 상기 반응성 재료는 외부 자극에 반응하여 변화함으로써 상기 가변형 광 결정 장치의 반사 파장을 상기 제1 반사 파장에서 제2 반사 파장으로 변경되도록 하는 제조 방법이 제공된다.
일부의 예에서, 상기 삽입하는 단계는 상기 형성하는 단계의 일부이고, 상기 제1 재료 및 상기 제2 재료 중 하나 이상은 혼합 재료이고, 상기 반응성 재료는 상기 혼합 재료 내에 삽입된다.
일부의 예에서, 상기 반응성 재료는 폴리머 재료이고, 상기 삽입하는 단계는 상기 폴리머 재료의 전구체 혼합물을 상기 교대하는 층들에 침투(infiltration)시키고 상기 전구체 혼합물을 가교(crosslinking)시키는 과정을 포함한다.
일부의 예에서, 상기 반응성 재료는 전기중합성 재료이고, 상기 삽입하는 단계는 상기 전기중합성 재료의 전구체 혼합물을 상기 교대하는 층들에 침투시키고 전기중합화(electropolymerize)하여 상기 반응성 재료를 형성한다.
일부의 예에서, 상기 제1 재료 및 상기 제2 재료 중 하나 이상은 나노입자 또는 마이크로입자로 이루어지고, 상기 형성하는 단계는, 상기 나노입자 또는 상기 마이크로입자의, 스핀 코팅(spin coating), 딥 코팅(dip coating), 드로우바(drawbar), 슬롯 다이-코팅(slot die coating), 커튼-코팅(curtain coating), 가르니에-코팅(garnier-coating), 롤-코팅(roll coating), 스크린 프린팅(screen printing), 에어졸 증착(aerosol deposition), 진공 증착, 또는 플레임 열분해(flame pyrolysis)에 의해 나노입자 층 또는 마이크로입자 층을 형성하는 과정을 포함한다.
일부의 예에서, 상기 방법은 상기 나노입자 층 또는 상기 마이크로입자 층을 열처리하는 단계를 더 포함한다.
일부의 예에서, 상기 방법은 상기 교대하는 층들 중 하나 이상의 층을 선택적으로 제거하기 위해 상기 교대하는 층들을 에칭하는 단계를 더 포함한다. 예를 들어, 상기 에칭은, 화학적 처리, 플라즈마 처리, 가스 처리, 열 처리 및 이들의 조합 중 하나를 사용하여 행해진다.
도 2는 폴리페로세닐실란의 분자 구조를 도시한다.
도 3은 가변형 DBR을 제조하는 방법을 나타내는 흐름도이다.
도 4는 가변형 DBR을 가지는 전기화학 셀에 대한 개략도이다.
도 5는 전기적 가변형 DBR을 일체화해서 전기화학 셀을 제조하는 방법을 나타내는 흐름도이다.
도 6a는 예시적 DBR의 크기를 가변시키는 스캐닝 전자 현미경 사진(SEM)을 나타낸다.
도 6b는 일부의 예시적인 DBR의 SEM을 나타낸다.
도 7은 다양한 수의 층을 가지는 DBR의 준정규 반사율을 나타낸다.
도 8은 가변형 DBR의 변경을 나타낸다.
도 9는 3원색을 반사하는 가변형 DBR을 나타낸다.
도 10은 비3원색을 반사하는 가변형 DBR을 나타낸다.
도 11a는 예시적인 DBR의 반사 스펙트럼을 나타낸다.
도 11b는 도 11a의 DBR의 SEM을 나타낸다.
도 11c는 도 11a의 DBR의 분석을 나타내는 표이다.
도 12a는 예시적인 DBR의 반사에서의 PFS 겔 침입의 효과를 나타낸다.
도 12b는 예시적인 DBR의 스펙트럼 및 이미지를 나타낸다.
도 13은 전기적 가변형 DBR을 일체화하는 전기화학 셀의 가역성을 나타내는 그래프이다.
도 14a는 예시적인 DBR의 반사 스펙트럼을 나타낸다.
도 14b는 도 14a의 예를 위해 사용되는 예시적인 전기화학 셀을 개략적으로 나타낸다.
도 15는 전기중합 프로세스의 예를 나타낸다.
도 16는 자기적 응답 DBR 및 그 반사 스펙트럼의 예를 나타낸다.
Claims (63)
- 가변형 광 결정 전기화학적 셀로서,
서로 이격되어 있는, 전기적으로 도전성인 작업 전극 및 전기적으로 도전성인 카운터 전극;
상기 작업 전극 및 상기 카운터 전극 사이에 배치되고, 상기 작업 전극 및 상기 카운터 전극 중 적어도 하나와 접속되어 있는, 1차원 가변형 광 결정 장치; 및
상기 작업 전극과 상기 카운터 전극, 그리고 상기 가변형 광 결정 장치와 모두 전기적으로 소통하고, 상기 작업 전극 및 상기 카운터 전극의 사이에 제공된 도전성 용액
을 포함하되,
상기 전기화학적 셀은, 상기 가변형 광 결정 장치에 전기적 자극을 주기 위해 상기 작업 전극과 상기 카운터 전극 사이에 전기적 포텐셜을 가하기 위한 전원에 연결되도록 구성되어 있으며,
상기 가변형 광 결정 장치는,
제1 굴절률을 가지는 제1 재료의 층과 제2 굴절률을 가지는 제2 재료의 층을 포함하고, 상기 제1 재료의 층은 제2 재료의 층 상에 있고,
상기 제1 재료의 층과 제2 재료의 층의 굴절률의 차이가 제1 반사 파장을 일으키고, 상기 제1 재료의 층과 제2 재료의 층 중 적어도 하나는 외부 자극에 반응하는 반응성 재료를 포함하고,
상기 외부 자극에 반응하여, 상기 반응성 재료가 변화하여 상기 제1 재료의 층 및 제2 재료의 층 중 적어도 하나의 팽창 또는 수축, 및 제2 반사 파장이 발생하며,
상기 외부 자극은, 기계적 자극, 화학적 자극, 전기적 자극, 열적 자극, 광 자극, 자기 자극 및 이것들의 조합으로 이루어진 군으로부터 선택되는,
가변형 광 결정 전기화학적 셀. - 제1항에 있어서,
상기 제1 재료의 층과 제2 재료의 층은 교대로 배치된 층들인, 가변형 광 결정 전기화학적 셀. - 제1항 또는 제2항에 있어서,
상기 작업 전극 및 상기 카운터 전극, 또는 상기 용액 중 하나 이상은 전하 저장(charge-storage) 재료를 가지는, 가변형 광 결정 전기화학적 셀. - 제3항에 있어서,
상기 전하 저장 재료는, 도전성 산화물, 도전성 세라믹, 금속, 카본, 도전성 폴리머, 산화환원 활성 폴리머, 나노입자, 산화환원 활성 소분자 및 이들의 조합으로 이루어진 군으로부터 선택되는, 가변형 광 결정 전기화학적 셀. - 제1항 또는 제2항에 있어서,
상기 작업 전극 및 상기 카운터 전극 사이에 스페이서(spacer)를 더 포함하는, 가변형 광 결정 전기화학적 셀. - 제5항에 있어서,
상기 스페이서는, 열가소성 폴리머 막, 접착제가 코팅된 플라스틱 막, 접착제, 에폭시, 및 접착제나 에폭시에 혼합되어 들어간 스페이서 구슬(beads)로 이루어진 군으로부터 선택된 비도전성 재료인, 가변형 광 결정 전기화학적 셀.
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US8861072B2 (en) | 2014-10-14 |
US20140126037A1 (en) | 2014-05-08 |
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EP2291708A1 (en) | 2011-03-09 |
CA2726342C (en) | 2018-04-10 |
US9310630B2 (en) | 2016-04-12 |
KR20110050596A (ko) | 2011-05-16 |
EP2291708B1 (en) | 2020-03-04 |
CN102124405A (zh) | 2011-07-13 |
CA2726342A1 (en) | 2009-12-03 |
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