KR101172130B1 - 현상 롤러, 현상 롤러의 제조 방법, 프로세스 카트리지, 및 전자 사진 장치 - Google Patents

현상 롤러, 현상 롤러의 제조 방법, 프로세스 카트리지, 및 전자 사진 장치 Download PDF

Info

Publication number
KR101172130B1
KR101172130B1 KR1020090087916A KR20090087916A KR101172130B1 KR 101172130 B1 KR101172130 B1 KR 101172130B1 KR 1020090087916 A KR1020090087916 A KR 1020090087916A KR 20090087916 A KR20090087916 A KR 20090087916A KR 101172130 B1 KR101172130 B1 KR 101172130B1
Authority
KR
South Korea
Prior art keywords
surface layer
developing roller
mass
parts
polyol
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Fee Related
Application number
KR1020090087916A
Other languages
English (en)
Korean (ko)
Other versions
KR20100036942A (ko
Inventor
마사히로 구라찌
마사끼 야마다
유지 사꾸라이
미노루 나까무라
Original Assignee
캐논 가부시끼가이샤
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by 캐논 가부시끼가이샤 filed Critical 캐논 가부시끼가이샤
Publication of KR20100036942A publication Critical patent/KR20100036942A/ko
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of KR101172130B1 publication Critical patent/KR101172130B1/ko
Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Images

Classifications

    • GPHYSICS
    • G03PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03GELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G15/00Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
    • G03G15/06Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for developing
    • G03G15/08Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for developing using a solid developer, e.g. powder developer
    • G03G15/0806Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for developing using a solid developer, e.g. powder developer on a donor element, e.g. belt, roller
    • G03G15/0818Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for developing using a solid developer, e.g. powder developer on a donor element, e.g. belt, roller characterised by the structure of the donor member, e.g. surface properties
    • GPHYSICS
    • G03PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03GELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G15/00Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
    • G03G15/06Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for developing
    • G03G15/08Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for developing using a solid developer, e.g. powder developer
    • G03G15/0806Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for developing using a solid developer, e.g. powder developer on a donor element, e.g. belt, roller
    • G03G15/0808Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for developing using a solid developer, e.g. powder developer on a donor element, e.g. belt, roller characterised by the developer supplying means, e.g. structure of developer supply roller
    • GPHYSICS
    • G03PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03GELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G2215/00Apparatus for electrophotographic processes
    • G03G2215/08Details of powder developing device not concerning the development directly
    • G03G2215/0855Materials and manufacturing of the developing device
    • G03G2215/0858Donor member
    • G03G2215/0861Particular composition or materials
    • GPHYSICS
    • G03PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03GELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G2215/00Apparatus for electrophotographic processes
    • G03G2215/08Details of powder developing device not concerning the development directly
    • G03G2215/0855Materials and manufacturing of the developing device
    • G03G2215/0858Donor member
    • G03G2215/0863Manufacturing
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00Metal working
    • Y10T29/49Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49544Roller making
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00Metal working
    • Y10T29/49Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49544Roller making
    • Y10T29/4956Fabricating and shaping roller work contacting surface element
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00Metal working
    • Y10T29/49Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49544Roller making
    • Y10T29/4956Fabricating and shaping roller work contacting surface element
    • Y10T29/49563Fabricating and shaping roller work contacting surface element with coating or casting about a core

Landscapes

  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Dry Development In Electrophotography (AREA)
  • Polyurethanes Or Polyureas (AREA)
  • Paints Or Removers (AREA)
  • Rolls And Other Rotary Bodies (AREA)
KR1020090087916A 2008-09-30 2009-09-17 현상 롤러, 현상 롤러의 제조 방법, 프로세스 카트리지, 및 전자 사진 장치 Expired - Fee Related KR101172130B1 (ko)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP2008252917 2008-09-30
JPJP-P-2008-252917 2008-09-30

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
KR20100036942A KR20100036942A (ko) 2010-04-08
KR101172130B1 true KR101172130B1 (ko) 2012-08-10

Family

ID=41404143

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
KR1020090087916A Expired - Fee Related KR101172130B1 (ko) 2008-09-30 2009-09-17 현상 롤러, 현상 롤러의 제조 방법, 프로세스 카트리지, 및 전자 사진 장치

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US8182405B2 (enExample)
EP (1) EP2169476B1 (enExample)
JP (1) JP5599024B2 (enExample)
KR (1) KR101172130B1 (enExample)
CN (1) CN101718962B (enExample)

Families Citing this family (35)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN102549506B (zh) * 2009-10-15 2014-10-29 佳能株式会社 充电构件和电子照相设备
JP4739463B1 (ja) * 2009-12-21 2011-08-03 キヤノン株式会社 電子写真用ローラの製造方法
JP4818476B1 (ja) * 2010-04-23 2011-11-16 キヤノン株式会社 現像剤担持体、それを用いた現像装置
CN102254503B (zh) 2010-05-19 2013-06-12 北京京东方光电科技有限公司 移位寄存器单元、显示器用栅极驱动装置及液晶显示器
CN103109241B (zh) * 2010-07-20 2015-07-08 佳能株式会社 充电构件、处理盒和电子照相设备
CN102344541B (zh) * 2010-07-29 2016-08-03 科思创聚合物(中国)有限公司 具有改进耐磨性能的聚氨酯及其制备方法和用途
JP5700972B2 (ja) * 2010-08-05 2015-04-15 キヤノン株式会社 現像ローラ、現像装置および電子写真装置
WO2012090385A1 (ja) * 2010-12-28 2012-07-05 キヤノン株式会社 現像ローラ、プロセスカートリッジ及び電子写真装置
WO2012105615A1 (ja) * 2011-02-01 2012-08-09 株式会社ブリヂストン 現像ローラ
CN103649848B (zh) * 2011-07-15 2017-03-01 佳能株式会社 显影剂承载构件、电子照相处理盒和电子照相图像形成设备
US9684267B2 (en) 2011-08-24 2017-06-20 Hewlett-Packard Indigo B.V. Roller coating
CN103858059A (zh) * 2011-10-14 2014-06-11 佳能株式会社 电子照相用构件、处理盒和电子照相设备
JP5972148B2 (ja) * 2011-12-09 2016-08-17 キヤノン株式会社 現像部材および電子写真装置
JP5723354B2 (ja) * 2011-12-28 2015-05-27 キヤノン株式会社 現像部材、プロセスカートリッジおよび電子写真用画像形成装置
JP6023604B2 (ja) * 2012-02-17 2016-11-09 キヤノン株式会社 現像部材、プロセスカートリッジおよび電子写真装置
JP6104068B2 (ja) * 2012-06-27 2017-03-29 キヤノン株式会社 現像部材、プロセスカートリッジおよび電子写真装置
JP5230838B1 (ja) * 2012-06-27 2013-07-10 キヤノン株式会社 現像装置、および電子写真画像形成装置
JP5631447B2 (ja) 2012-06-27 2014-11-26 キヤノン株式会社 電子写真用部材、プロセスカートリッジおよび電子写真装置
JP5600719B2 (ja) * 2012-06-27 2014-10-01 キヤノン株式会社 現像部材、プロセスカートリッジおよび電子写真装置
JP6113014B2 (ja) * 2012-07-31 2017-04-12 キヤノン株式会社 電子写真用部材、電子写真用部材の製造方法および電子写真装置
US9098013B2 (en) * 2013-04-26 2015-08-04 Ricoh Company, Ltd. Developing roller, developing device, process cartridge, and image forming apparatus
US9442416B2 (en) * 2013-12-26 2016-09-13 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Image-forming apparatus, image-forming method, developing apparatus, and developing method
CN103740258A (zh) * 2013-12-27 2014-04-23 珠海市科力莱科技有限公司 一种显影辊表面涂层
JP6159679B2 (ja) * 2014-04-14 2017-07-05 京セラドキュメントソリューションズ株式会社 現像装置、およびこれを備えた画像形成装置
US9811009B2 (en) * 2014-05-16 2017-11-07 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Electrophotographic member, process cartridge and electrophotographic apparatus
JP6204303B2 (ja) * 2014-08-18 2017-09-27 京セラドキュメントソリューションズ株式会社 現像装置、およびこれを備えた画像形成装置
JP6365212B2 (ja) * 2014-10-14 2018-08-01 京セラドキュメントソリューションズ株式会社 現像装置の製造方法
JP6256288B2 (ja) * 2014-10-14 2018-01-10 京セラドキュメントソリューションズ株式会社 画像形成装置
CN107077087B (zh) * 2014-11-05 2020-02-28 株式会社理光 显影辊、处理卡盒、成像设备和成像方法
US20160363881A1 (en) * 2015-06-12 2016-12-15 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Electro-conductive member, process cartridge and electrophotographic apparatus
KR102166470B1 (ko) * 2017-05-16 2020-10-16 주식회사 엘지화학 수지 조성물
JP2019012200A (ja) * 2017-06-30 2019-01-24 住友ゴム工業株式会社 現像ローラおよびその製造方法
US10884352B2 (en) * 2018-03-30 2021-01-05 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Electrophotographic member, process cartridge and electrophotographic apparatus
JP7025712B2 (ja) * 2018-04-16 2022-02-25 住友ゴム工業株式会社 帯電ローラおよびその製造方法
JP7171396B2 (ja) * 2018-11-30 2022-11-15 キヤノン株式会社 現像剤担持体、プロセスカートリッジおよび電子写真画像形成装置

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2001200831A (ja) 2000-01-17 2001-07-27 Bando Chem Ind Ltd 電子写真装置用導電性ローラ
JP2005062266A (ja) 2003-08-19 2005-03-10 Bando Chem Ind Ltd 電子写真装置用導電性ローラの製造方法
JP2007108320A (ja) 2005-10-12 2007-04-26 Canon Inc 現像ローラ及びその製造方法、プロセスカートリッジおよび画像形成装置
JP2008009215A (ja) 2006-06-30 2008-01-17 Bridgestone Corp 導電性ローラ及びそれを備えた画像形成装置

Family Cites Families (26)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH05140243A (ja) * 1991-11-20 1993-06-08 Sumitomo Chem Co Ltd ビニル系重合体−ポリウレタン複合体の製造法
US5434653A (en) * 1993-03-29 1995-07-18 Bridgestone Corporation Developing roller and apparatus
JP3555707B2 (ja) 1994-12-02 2004-08-18 株式会社ブリヂストン ローラ
JP3424781B2 (ja) 1995-06-30 2003-07-07 北辰工業株式会社 ポリウレタンローラ
US5903808A (en) * 1995-10-02 1999-05-11 Bridgestone Corporation Developing roller and developing apparatus
US5707743A (en) * 1996-04-09 1998-01-13 Lexmark International, Inc. Polyurethane roller with high surface resistance
JP3491479B2 (ja) * 1997-02-12 2004-01-26 富士ゼロックス株式会社 帯電部材
CN1204464C (zh) * 1997-05-14 2005-06-01 莱克斯马克国际公司 用于静电复制术的环形显影滚筒
JP2000112212A (ja) 1998-09-30 2000-04-21 Ricoh Co Ltd 現像装置及び現像剤の搬送方法
US6393243B1 (en) * 2000-05-23 2002-05-21 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Developing roller and developing device using the same
JP4525960B2 (ja) * 2002-08-01 2010-08-18 住友ゴム工業株式会社 導電性ウレタン組成物及び該組成物を用いた導電性ローラ
JP4262044B2 (ja) * 2003-10-10 2009-05-13 キヤノン株式会社 現像ローラ、電子写真プロセスカートリッジ及び電子写真画像形成装置
JP3826125B2 (ja) * 2003-10-14 2006-09-27 キヤノン株式会社 現像ローラ、電子写真プロセスカートリッジ及び電子写真画像形成装置
US7347808B2 (en) * 2004-01-13 2008-03-25 Lexmark International, Inc. Polyurethane rolls and methods of manufacturing
JP2006301512A (ja) * 2005-04-25 2006-11-02 Bando Chem Ind Ltd 電子写真装置用現像部材
US7727134B2 (en) * 2005-11-10 2010-06-01 Canon Kabushiki Tokyo Developing roller, process for its production, developing assembly and image forming apparatus
JP5204953B2 (ja) * 2005-11-11 2013-06-05 株式会社ブリヂストン 現像ローラ及びそれを備えた画像形成装置
JP5025983B2 (ja) * 2006-04-14 2012-09-12 株式会社ブリヂストン 現像ローラおよびそれを備えた画像形成装置
CN100535787C (zh) * 2006-09-29 2009-09-02 佳能株式会社 显影构件和电子照相成像设备
KR101049326B1 (ko) * 2006-10-06 2011-07-13 캐논 가부시끼가이샤 현상 롤러, 그것을 사용한 현상 장치 및 화상 형성 장치
US20080146427A1 (en) * 2006-11-16 2008-06-19 Bridgestone Corporation Electrical conductive roller and imaging apparatus comprising the same
US8398532B2 (en) 2007-03-07 2013-03-19 Lexmark International, Inc. Developer rolls having a tuned resistivity
JP5366425B2 (ja) * 2007-04-20 2013-12-11 キヤノン株式会社 現像ローラ、現像ローラの製造方法、プロセスカートリッジ及び画像形成装置
JP5196956B2 (ja) * 2007-10-31 2013-05-15 キヤノン株式会社 現像ローラ、現像ローラの製造方法、プロセスカートリッジおよび電子写真装置
KR101188052B1 (ko) * 2008-02-07 2012-10-04 캐논 가부시끼가이샤 전자 사진용 현상 부재, 그 제조 방법, 전자 사진용 프로세스 카트리지 및 전자 사진용 화상 형성 장치
EP2287675B1 (en) * 2008-05-30 2014-10-01 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Development roller, method for manufacturing thereof, process cartridge, and electrophotographic image forming device

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2001200831A (ja) 2000-01-17 2001-07-27 Bando Chem Ind Ltd 電子写真装置用導電性ローラ
JP2005062266A (ja) 2003-08-19 2005-03-10 Bando Chem Ind Ltd 電子写真装置用導電性ローラの製造方法
JP2007108320A (ja) 2005-10-12 2007-04-26 Canon Inc 現像ローラ及びその製造方法、プロセスカートリッジおよび画像形成装置
JP2008009215A (ja) 2006-06-30 2008-01-17 Bridgestone Corp 導電性ローラ及びそれを備えた画像形成装置

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CN101718962A (zh) 2010-06-02
US20100080611A1 (en) 2010-04-01
US8182405B2 (en) 2012-05-22
KR20100036942A (ko) 2010-04-08
CN101718962B (zh) 2011-10-05
JP5599024B2 (ja) 2014-10-01
JP2010107968A (ja) 2010-05-13
EP2169476B1 (en) 2014-11-12
EP2169476A1 (en) 2010-03-31

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
KR101172130B1 (ko) 현상 롤러, 현상 롤러의 제조 방법, 프로세스 카트리지, 및 전자 사진 장치
CN101802722B (zh) 电子照相显影构件、其生产方法、电子照相处理盒和电子照相图像形成设备
EP3531211B1 (en) Developing member, electrophotographic process cartridge, and electrophotographic image forming apparatus
JP6023604B2 (ja) 現像部材、プロセスカートリッジおよび電子写真装置
US12259674B2 (en) Electroconductive member, process cartridge, and electrophotographic image formation device
US8774677B2 (en) Developing member, process cartridge and electrophotographic image forming apparatus
CN114585975B (zh) 电子照相导电性构件、处理盒和电子照相图像形成设备
KR101364426B1 (ko) 전자 사진용 롤러의 제조 방법
JP5196956B2 (ja) 現像ローラ、現像ローラの製造方法、プロセスカートリッジおよび電子写真装置
JP3907632B2 (ja) 現像ローラ、プロセスカートリッジおよび電子写真装置
JP5700972B2 (ja) 現像ローラ、現像装置および電子写真装置
JP4324009B2 (ja) 電子写真装置用の現像ローラおよびその製造方法、プロセスカートリッジおよび電子写真装置
JP5361342B2 (ja) 現像ローラ、現像ローラの製造方法、プロセスカートリッジ及び電子写真用画像形成装置
JP4208765B2 (ja) 現像ローラ、プロセスカートリッジ及び画像形成装置
JP5054934B2 (ja) 現像ローラー、電子写真装置用プロセスカートリッジ及び電子写真装置
JP2008020903A (ja) 現像ローラー、電子写真用プロセスカートリッジ及び電子写真画像形成装置
JP4865318B2 (ja) 現像ローラ、その製造方法、プロセスカートリッジ及び画像形成装置
JP2007225996A (ja) 現像ローラ、プロセスカートリッジ、電子写真装置
JP4596905B2 (ja) 現像ローラ、プロセスカートリッジ及び電子写真装置
JP2011253153A (ja) 現像ローラ
JP2020190722A (ja) 現像ローラ、プロセスカートリッジおよび電子写真画像形成装置
JP2011128502A (ja) 現像ローラ及びその製造方法、プロセスカートリッジ並びに電子写真画像形成装置

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PA0109 Patent application

St.27 status event code: A-0-1-A10-A12-nap-PA0109

E13-X000 Pre-grant limitation requested

St.27 status event code: A-2-3-E10-E13-lim-X000

P11-X000 Amendment of application requested

St.27 status event code: A-2-2-P10-P11-nap-X000

P13-X000 Application amended

St.27 status event code: A-2-2-P10-P13-nap-X000

PG1501 Laying open of application

St.27 status event code: A-1-1-Q10-Q12-nap-PG1501

A201 Request for examination
PA0201 Request for examination

St.27 status event code: A-1-2-D10-D11-exm-PA0201

D13-X000 Search requested

St.27 status event code: A-1-2-D10-D13-srh-X000

D14-X000 Search report completed

St.27 status event code: A-1-2-D10-D14-srh-X000

E902 Notification of reason for refusal
PE0902 Notice of grounds for rejection

St.27 status event code: A-1-2-D10-D21-exm-PE0902

P11-X000 Amendment of application requested

St.27 status event code: A-2-2-P10-P11-nap-X000

P13-X000 Application amended

St.27 status event code: A-2-2-P10-P13-nap-X000

E701 Decision to grant or registration of patent right
PE0701 Decision of registration

St.27 status event code: A-1-2-D10-D22-exm-PE0701

GRNT Written decision to grant
PR0701 Registration of establishment

St.27 status event code: A-2-4-F10-F11-exm-PR0701

PR1002 Payment of registration fee

St.27 status event code: A-2-2-U10-U11-oth-PR1002

Fee payment year number: 1

PG1601 Publication of registration

St.27 status event code: A-4-4-Q10-Q13-nap-PG1601

FPAY Annual fee payment

Payment date: 20150727

Year of fee payment: 4

PR1001 Payment of annual fee

St.27 status event code: A-4-4-U10-U11-oth-PR1001

Fee payment year number: 4

FPAY Annual fee payment

Payment date: 20160725

Year of fee payment: 5

PR1001 Payment of annual fee

St.27 status event code: A-4-4-U10-U11-oth-PR1001

Fee payment year number: 5

P22-X000 Classification modified

St.27 status event code: A-4-4-P10-P22-nap-X000

FPAY Annual fee payment

Payment date: 20170725

Year of fee payment: 6

PR1001 Payment of annual fee

St.27 status event code: A-4-4-U10-U11-oth-PR1001

Fee payment year number: 6

FPAY Annual fee payment

Payment date: 20180725

Year of fee payment: 7

PR1001 Payment of annual fee

St.27 status event code: A-4-4-U10-U11-oth-PR1001

Fee payment year number: 7

PC1903 Unpaid annual fee

St.27 status event code: A-4-4-U10-U13-oth-PC1903

Not in force date: 20190802

Payment event data comment text: Termination Category : DEFAULT_OF_REGISTRATION_FEE

PC1903 Unpaid annual fee

St.27 status event code: N-4-6-H10-H13-oth-PC1903

Ip right cessation event data comment text: Termination Category : DEFAULT_OF_REGISTRATION_FEE

Not in force date: 20190802