JPWO2019088087A1 - 有機硫黄系電極活物質の製造方法 - Google Patents
有機硫黄系電極活物質の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JPWO2019088087A1 JPWO2019088087A1 JP2019550405A JP2019550405A JPWO2019088087A1 JP WO2019088087 A1 JPWO2019088087 A1 JP WO2019088087A1 JP 2019550405 A JP2019550405 A JP 2019550405A JP 2019550405 A JP2019550405 A JP 2019550405A JP WO2019088087 A1 JPWO2019088087 A1 JP WO2019088087A1
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- 150000007514 bases Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 42
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 31
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Abstract
Description
〔有機硫黄系電極活物質〕
本発明において有機硫黄系電極活物質とは、硫黄−炭素結合を有し、リチウムイオンを吸蔵及び放出することができ、二次電池の電極活物質として使用可能な、硫黄を含む化合物をいう。なお、有機硫黄系電極活物質の硫黄の含量は、硫黄及び酸素が分析可能なCHN分析装置を用いて得られた分析結果から算出できる。
また、原料としてチオフェン構造を有するポリマー化合物を用いる場合、加熱処理工程で用いるチオフェン構造を有するポリマー化合物と単体硫黄の割合は、チオフェン構造を有するポリマー化合物100質量部に対し単体硫黄100質量部〜1000質量部が好ましく、150質量部〜800質量部が更に好ましい。加熱処理の温度は300℃〜600℃が好ましく、350℃〜500℃が更に好ましい。未反応の単体硫黄は二次電池のサイクル特性を低下させる要因となるため、例えば、加熱や溶媒洗浄等によりポリチエノアセン化合物から除去することが好ましい。ポリチエノアセン化合物の硫黄含量は、大きな充放電容量が得られることから、30〜80質量%が好ましく、40〜70質量%が更に好ましい。
本発明の有機硫黄系電極活物質の製造方法は、有機硫黄系化合物を塩基性化合物で処理する工程を有する。
塩基性化合物としては、有機塩基性化合物及び無機塩基性化合物が挙げられる。有機塩基性化合物としては、メチルアミン、エチルアミン、プロピルアミン、イソプロピルアミン、ブチルアミン、t−ブチルアミン、i−ブチルアミン、ジメチルアミン、ジエチルアミン、ジプロピルアミン、ジイソプロピルアミン、ジブチルアミン、トリメチルアミン、トリエチルアミン、トリプロピルアミン、トリブチルアミン、トリオクチルアミン等のアルキルアミン化合物;シクロヘキシルアミン等のシクロアルキルアミン化合物;アニリン、トルイジン、ベンジルアミン等の芳香族アミン化合物;モノエタノールアミン、ジエタノールアミン、トリエタノールアミン、メチルエタノールアミン、メチルジエタノールアミン等のアルカノールアミン化合物;エチレンジアミン、テトラメチルエチレンジアミン、ジエチレントリアミン等のポリアミン化合物;ピリジン、ピペリジン、ピペラジン、モルホリン等が挙げられる。無機塩基性化合物としては、水酸化リチウム、水酸化ナトリウム、水酸化カリウム等のアルカリ金属水酸化物;水酸化カルシウム、水酸化マグネシウム、水酸化バリウム等のアルカリ土類金属水酸化物;炭酸リチウム、炭酸ナトリウム、炭酸カリウム、炭酸水素ナトリウム、炭酸水素カリウム等のアルカリ金属炭酸塩;酢酸、プロピオン酸、フマル酸、安息香酸、テレフタル酸、アクリル酸、マロン酸、チオフェンカルボン酸等のリチウム塩化合物及びナトリウム塩化合物;ナトリウムメトキシド、ナトリウムエトキシド、ナトリウム−n−プロポキシド、ナトリウム−i−プロポキシド、ナトリウム−n−ブトキシド、ナトリウム−i−ブトキシド、ナトリウム−t−ブトキシド、カリウムメトキシド、カリウムエトキシド、カリウム−n−プロポキシド、カリウム−i−プロポキシド、カリウム−n−ブトキシド、カリウム−i−ブトキシド、カリウム−t−ブトキシド等の金属アルコキシド化合物、アンモニア、塩基性リン酸塩化合物等が挙げられる。
上記の有機硫黄系化合物を塩基性化合物で処理する工程においては、有機硫黄系化合物と塩基性化合物とを接触させる。具体的には、下記の処理を行うことが好ましい。
有機硫黄系化合物を、用途に合わせて所望の粒径になるよう粉砕する。例えば、有機硫黄系化合物を二次電池の電極活物質として使用する場合には、有機硫黄系化合物を、平均粒子径が0.5μm〜100μm程度になるように粉砕することが好ましい。本発明において平均粒子径とは、レーザー回折光散乱法により測定された50%粒子径をいう。粒子径は体積基準の直径であり、レーザー回折光散乱法では、二次粒子の直径が測定される。有機硫黄系化合物の平均粒子径が0.5μmよりも小さくするには粉砕に多大な労力を要するが、電池性能の更なる向上は望めない。また、平均粒子径が100μmよりも大きい場合は、平滑な電極合剤層が得られない場合がある。有機硫黄系化合物の平均粒子径は、0.5μm〜100μmが好ましく、1μm〜50μmがより好ましく、1μm〜30μmが更に好ましい。粉砕は、気体中で行う乾式粉砕で行うことができ、水等の液体中で行う湿式粉砕で行うことができる。工業的な粉砕方法としては、例えば、ボールミル、ローラーミル、ターボミル、ジェットミル、サイクロンミル、ハンマーミル、ピンミル、回転ミル、振動ミル、遊星ミル、アトライター、ビーズミルが挙げられ、サイクロンミルは乾式粉砕で、アトライター及びビーズミルは湿式粉砕で用いられる方法であり、他は湿式、乾式の両方で用いられる方法である。
本発明の製造方法は、有機硫黄系化合物を塩基性化合物で処理することに特徴を有する。塩基性化合物による処理は、粉砕の前に行ってもよく、粉砕と同時に行ってもよく、粉砕の後に行ってもよい。本発明においては、微細化された有機硫黄系化合物を効率よく塩基性化合物で処理できることから、粉砕と同時又は粉砕の後に処理することが好ましい。
本発明の二次電池用電極の製造方法は、本発明の有機硫黄系電極活物質の製造方法を含む。具体的には、本発明の有機硫黄系電極活物質の製造方法により製造された有機硫黄系電極活物質を集電体に施し、有機硫黄系電極活物質を有する電極合剤層を形成する。電極合剤層は、有機硫黄系電極活物質、バインダー及び導電助剤を溶媒に添加し調製したスラリーを集電体上に塗布し、乾燥することによって形成する。
電極活物質として従来使用されている有機硫黄系電極活物質を使用した場合には、電池のサイクル特性が低下するため、集電体としてアルミニウム箔が使用できず、メッシュシートが使用されてきた。しかしながら、本発明の有機硫黄系電極活物質の製造方法で製造した有機硫黄系電極活物質を電極活物質として使用した場合には、アルミニウム箔を使用しても良好な容量及びサイクル特性が得られる。これは、本発明の有機硫黄系電極活物質の製造方法で有機硫黄系電極活物質を製造することにより、電極合剤層と集電体の密着性が向上したためと考えられる。
本発明の電極は、公知の電極と同じ構成を有する。具体的には、集電体と、集電体上に形成された電極合剤層とを具備する。そして、電極合剤層が、本発明の有機硫黄系電極活物質の製造方法で製造した有機硫黄系電極活物質を含む。本発明の電極は、集電体として公知のものを特に制限なく用いることができ、アルミニウム箔を含むことが好ましい。
〔製造例1〕
硫黄変性ポリアクリロニトリルの合成
開口径30μmのふるいで分級したポリアクリロニトリル粉末(シグマアルドリッチ製)10質量部及び硫黄粉末(シグマアルドリッチ製、平均粒子径200μm)30質量部を、乳鉢を用いて混合した。特開2013−054957の実施例に準じて、この混合物を有底円筒状ガラス管に収容したのち、ガラス管の下部をルツボ型電気炉に入れ、窒素気流下に発生する硫化水素を除去しながら400℃で1時間加熱した。冷却後、生成物をガラスチューブオーブンに入れ、真空吸引しつつ250℃で3時間加熱することにより単体硫黄を除去した。得られた硫黄変性生成物の硫黄含量は38.4質量%であった。なお、硫黄含量は、硫黄及び酸素が分析可能なCHN分析装置を用いた分析結果から算出した。
製造例1で得られた硫黄変性生成物を、ボールミルを用いて粉砕、ふるいで分級し平均粒子径が10μmの硫黄変性ポリアクリロニトリルのPANS0を得た。PANS0は、塩基性化合物で処理していない有機硫黄系電極活物質である。
ガラス製ビーカーに50gの0.5質量%アンモニア水溶液及び5gのPANS0を入れ、スターラーで10分間撹拌した。これを、ろ過し、更に蒸留水200gで洗浄した後、120℃の真空乾燥機で乾燥し、硫黄変性ポリアクリロニトリルを塩基性化合物で処理した有機硫黄系電極活物質であるPANS1を得た。
実施例1において、0.5質量%アンモニア水溶液を0.5質量%ジイソプロピルアミン水溶液に変更した以外は実施例1と同様の操作を行い、硫黄変性ポリアクリロニトリルを塩基性化合物で処理した有機硫黄系電極活物質であるPANS2を得た。
実施例1において、0.5質量%アンモニア水溶液を1質量%トリエチルアミン水溶液に変更した以外は実施例1と同様の操作を行い、硫黄変性ポリアクリロニトリルを塩基性化合物で処理した有機硫黄系電極活物質であるPANS3を得た。
ガラス製ビーカーに50gの0.1質量%水酸化ナトリウム水溶液及び5gのPANS0を入れ、スターラーで10分間撹拌した。これを、ろ過し、更に蒸留水500gで洗浄した後、120℃の真空乾燥機で乾燥し、硫黄変性ポリアクリロニトリルを塩基性化合物で処理した有機硫黄系電極活物質であるPANS4を得た。
実施例4において、0.1質量%水酸化ナトリウム水溶液を0.1質量%水酸化リチウム水溶液に変更した以外は実施例4と同様の操作を行い、硫黄変性ポリアクリロニトリルを塩基性化合物で処理した有機硫黄系電極活物質であるPANS5を得た。
製造例1で得られた硫黄変性生成物を0.5質量%アンモニア水溶液に分散し、ボールミルを用いて粉砕し、濾過、乾燥した。乾燥した硫黄変性生成物をふるいで分級し平均粒子径が10μmの硫黄変性ポリアクリロニトリルのPANS6を得た。PANS6は硫黄変性ポリアクリロニトリルを塩基性化合物で処理した有機硫黄系電極活物質である。
実施例1において、0.5質量%アンモニア水溶液を蒸留水に変更した以外は実施例1と同様の操作を行い、硫黄変性ポリアクリロニトリルを塩基性化合物で処理していない有機硫黄系電極活物質であるPANS7を得た。
実施例6において、0.5質量%アンモニア水溶液を蒸留水に変更した以外は実施例6と同様の操作を行い、硫黄変性ポリアクリロニトリルを塩基性化合物で処理していない有機硫黄系電極活物質であるPANS8を得た。
〔実施例7〕
電極活物質として、PANS1を92.0質量部、導電助剤として3.5質量部のアセチレンブラック(電気化学工業製)、1.5質量部のカーボンナノチューブ(昭和電工製、商品名:VGCF)、並びにバインダーとして1.5質量部のスチレン−ブタジエンゴム(水分散液、日本ゼオン製)及び1.5質量部のカルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウム(ダイセルファインケム製)を、溶媒として水120質量部に、自転・公転ミキサーを用いて分散しスラリーを調製した。このスラリー組成物を、ドクターブレード法によりアルミニウム箔(厚さ20μm)の集電体に塗布し、90℃で3時間乾燥した。その後、この電極を所定の大きさにカットし、120℃で2時間真空乾燥を行い、実施例7の電極を作製した。
電極活物質と集電体を表1に記載のものに変更し、実施例8〜14及び比較例4〜10の電極を作製した。なお、ステンレス箔の厚さは10μmであり、カーボンコートアルミニウム箔は厚さ20μmのアルミニウム箔にカーボン層の厚さ1μmであるものを用いた。
正極活物質としてLi(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2(日本化学産業製、商品名:NCM111)90.0質量部、導電助剤としてアセチレンブラック(電気化学工業製)5.0質量部、バインダーとしてポリフッ化ビニリデン(クレハ製)5.0質量部を、溶媒としてN−メチルピロリドン90.0質量部に、自転・公転ミキサーを用いて分散しスラリーを調整した。このスラリー組成物を、ドクターブレード法によりアルミニウム箔(厚さ20μm)の集電体に塗布し、90℃で1時間乾燥した。その後、この電極を所定の大きさにカットし、120℃で2時間真空乾燥を行い、正極を作製した。
エチレンカーボネート50体積%、ジエチルカーボネート50体積%からなる混合溶媒に、LiPF6を1.0mol/Lの濃度で溶解し電解質溶液を調製した。
硫黄変性ポリアクリロニトリルを電極活物質とする円盤状電極、及びその対向電極として円盤状にカットした厚さ500μmのリチウム金属を用い、セパレータとしてガラスフィルターを挟んでケース内に保持した。その後、先に調製した非水電解質をケース内に注入し、ケースを密閉、封止して、非水電解質二次電池(φ20mm、厚さ3.2mmのコイン型)を製作した。なお本電池では、硫黄変性ポリアクリロニトリルを電極活物質とする円盤状電極が正極、リチウム金属が負極となる。
電池の組み立て1で製造した非水電解質二次電池を25℃の恒温槽に入れ、充電終止電圧を3V、放電終止電圧を1Vとし、充電レート0.1C、放電レート0.1Cの充放電試験を3回、引き続き、充電レート0.2C、放電レート0.2Cで3回、充電レート0.5C、放電レート0.5Cで3回、計9回の充放電試験を行い、放電容量(単位:mAh/g)を測定した。9回目の放電容量を表2に示す。なお、放電容量は、正極活物質である硫黄変性ポリアクリロニトリルの質量あたりの放電量であり、充放電を繰り返すことにより低下し、充電レート及び放電レートが高いほど放電容量は低下しやすい。従って、表2に示す9回目の放電容量が大きいほど、充放電を繰り返しても放電容量が低下しにくいこと、すなわちサイクル特性に優れることを示す。
Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2を電極活物質とする円盤状正極、及びその対極として有機硫黄系化合物を電極活物質とする円盤状電極を負極として用い、セパレータ(セルガード製、商品名:セルガード2325)を挟んでケース内に保持した。その後、先に調製した非水電解液をケース内に注入し、ケースを密閉、封止して、非水電解質二次電池(φ20mm、厚さ3.2mmのコイン型)を製作した。
電池の組み立て2により製造した非水電解質二次電池を25℃の恒温槽に入れ、充電終止電圧を3.2V、放電終止電圧を0.8Vとし、充電レート0.1C、放電レート0.1Cの充放電試験を5回、引き続き、充電レート0.5C、放電レート0.5Cで100回、計105回の充放電試験を行い、放電容量(単位:mAh/g)を測定した。なお、放電容量は、正極活物質であるLi(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2の質量当たりの放電量である。105回目の放電容量を表3に示す。
1a 正極集電体
2 負極
2a 負極集電体
3 電解質
4 正極ケース
5 負極ケース
6 ガスケット
7 セパレータ
10 コイン型の非水電解質二次電池
10’円筒型の非水電解質二次電池
11 負極
12 負極集電体
13 正極
14 正極集合体
15 電解液
16 セパレータ
17 正極端子
18 負極端子
19 負極板
20 負極リード
21 正極
22 正極リード
23 ケース
24 絶縁板
25 ガスケット
26 安全弁
27 PTC素子
Claims (9)
- 有機化合物と硫黄とを加熱処理して有機硫黄系化合物を得る工程と、
前記有機硫黄系化合物を塩基性化合物で処理する工程とを有する、有機硫黄系電極活物質の製造方法。 - 前記有機硫黄系化合物を、粉砕した後、前記塩基性化合物で処理する請求項1に記載の有機硫黄系電極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記有機硫黄系化合物を、前記塩基性化合物を含有する媒体中で粉砕する請求項1に記載の有機硫黄系電極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記有機硫黄系化合物が硫黄変性ポリアクリロニトリルである、請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の有機硫黄系電極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記塩基性化合物がアンモニアである、請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の有機硫黄系電極活物質の製造方法。
- 請求項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載の有機硫黄系電極活物質の製造方法を含む、二次電池用電極の製造方法。
- 前記有機硫黄系電極活物質をアルミニウム箔からなる集電体に施す工程を有する、請求項6に記載の二次電池用電極の製造方法。
- 請求項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載の有機硫黄系電極活物質の製造方法によって製造された有機硫黄系電極活物質を含む電極。
- 集電体としてアルミニウム箔を含む請求項8に記載の電極。
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