JPWO2017126312A1 - リチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質、その製造方法及びリチウムイオン二次電池 - Google Patents
リチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質、その製造方法及びリチウムイオン二次電池 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JPWO2017126312A1 JPWO2017126312A1 JP2017562492A JP2017562492A JPWO2017126312A1 JP WO2017126312 A1 JPWO2017126312 A1 JP WO2017126312A1 JP 2017562492 A JP2017562492 A JP 2017562492A JP 2017562492 A JP2017562492 A JP 2017562492A JP WO2017126312 A1 JPWO2017126312 A1 JP WO2017126312A1
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- positive electrode
- electrode active
- active material
- lithium
- secondary battery
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
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- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 159
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 65
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 65
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 24
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 64
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 56
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 229910001882 dioxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L lithium carbonate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C([O-])=O XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 229910052808 lithium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 116
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 51
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 48
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 41
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 27
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 claims description 21
- 150000002816 nickel compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- 150000002642 lithium compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
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- 238000001694 spray drying Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000004949 mass spectrometry Methods 0.000 claims description 4
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- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
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- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 28
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 25
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 25
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 24
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 23
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 23
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 23
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 21
- -1 nickel metal hydride Chemical class 0.000 description 18
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 17
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 16
- 238000005469 granulation Methods 0.000 description 15
- 230000003179 granulation Effects 0.000 description 15
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 239000011163 secondary particle Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000011164 primary particle Substances 0.000 description 9
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
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- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 7
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- 229910000016 manganese(II) carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- XMWCXZJXESXBBY-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(ii) carbonate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[O-]C([O-])=O XMWCXZJXESXBBY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 5
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- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- 238000002354 inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910000480 nickel oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 4
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- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 4
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- 229910013063 LiBF 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- KKQAVHGECIBFRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl propyl carbonate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)OC KKQAVHGECIBFRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- JCDWETOKTFWTHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylsulfonylbenzene Chemical compound CS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 JCDWETOKTFWTHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- KBJMLQFLOWQJNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel(ii) nitrate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O KBJMLQFLOWQJNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Images
Classifications
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Abstract
Description
本実施形態に係る正極活物質は、リチウムと遷移金属とを含んで組成され、空間群R−3mに帰属される層状構造を有する複合酸化物(層状化合物)である。この正極活物質は、電圧の印加によってリチウムイオンを可逆的に吸蔵及び放出することを可能としており、リチウムイオン二次電池用の正極材料として好適に用いられる。
Li1+aM1O2+α
(式中、M1は、Li以外の金属元素であって少なくともNiを含み、−0.05≦a≦0.15、−0.1≦α≦0.1である。)で表される。
LiNiO2→NiO+1/2O2+Li++e−・・・(反応式1)
Li2O+H2O→2LiOH・・・(反応式2)
2LiOH+CO2→Li2CO3+H2O・・・(反応式3)
Li1+aNibMncCodM2eO2+α
(式中、M2は、Li、Ni、Mn及びCo以外の金属元素であり、−0.05≦a≦0.15、0.7≦b<1.0、0<c<0.3、0<d<0.3、0≦e<0.1、b+c+d+e=1、−0.1≦α≦0.1である。)で表される。このように少なくともニッケル(Ni)と、マンガン(Mn)と、コバルト(Co)とを含む三元系正極活物質であると、ニッケル(Ni)以外の金属元素によって効果的に電荷補償がなされるため、3価のニッケル(Ni3+)の還元を伴う結晶構造の欠陥を低減することができる。
Li1+aNibMncCodM2eO2+α
(式中、M2は、Li、Ni、Mn及びCo以外の金属元素であり、−0.05≦a≦0.15、0.7≦b<1.0、0.05≦c≦0.20、0.05≦d≦0.25、0≦e<0.1、b+c+d+e=1、−0.1≦α≦0.1である。)で表される。このような三元系正極活物質であると、マンガンやコバルトによって効果的に電荷補償がなされると共に、結晶構造もより安定するため、充放電サイクルに伴う内部抵抗の上昇をより小さくし易い。
次に、本発明の一実施形態に係るリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法について説明する。
次に、本発明の一実施形態に係るリチウムイオン二次電池について説明する。
図1に示すように、本実施形態に係るリチウムイオン二次電池1は、正極10、セパレータ11、負極12、電池缶13、正極集電タブ14、負極集電タブ15、内蓋16、内圧開放弁17、ガスケット18、正温度係数(Positive Temperature Coefficient;PTC)抵抗素子19、電池蓋20、軸心21を備えて構成される。電池蓋20は、内蓋16、内圧開放弁17、ガスケット18及び抵抗素子19からなる一体化部品である。
正極10は、正極活物質として、前記の前記の組成式:Li1+aM1O2+αで表されるニッケル(Ni)の割合が高い層状化合物を含むように構成される。正極10は、例えば、正極活物質と、導電剤と、バインダとを含んで組成される正極合材層と、正極合材層が片面又は両面に塗工された正極集電体とを備えて構成される。正極活物質は、前記の製造方法によって、TPD−MSによって測定したとき、酸素ガスや水分の発生量が少ない状態で調製される。
セパレータ11は、正極10と負極12とが直接接触して短絡が生じるのを防止するために備えられる。セパレータ11としては、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、アラミド樹脂等の微多孔質フィルムや、このような微多孔質フィルムの表面にアルミナ粒子等の耐熱性物質を被覆したフィルム等を用いることができる。
負極12は、リチウムイオンを可逆的に吸蔵及び放出可能な負極活物質を含んでなる。負極12は、例えば、負極活物質と、バインダと、負極集電体とを備えて構成される。
非水溶媒としては、例えば、鎖状カーボネート、環状カーボネート、鎖状カルボン酸エステル、環状カルボン酸エステル、鎖状エーテル、環状エーテル、有機リン化合物、有機硫黄化合物等を用いることができる。これらの化合物は、一種を単独で用いてもよいし、複数種を併用してもよい。
実施例1としては、Li:Ni:Co:Mn=1.04:0.80:0.15:0.05の組成を有する正極活物質を、微小な原料粉を用いて噴霧造粒すると共に焼成温度を770℃として調製して評価した。
実施例2としては、Li:Ni:Co:Mn:Ti=1.03:0.79:0.15:0.05:0.01の組成を有する正極活物質を、微小な原料粉を用いて噴霧造粒すると共に焼成温度を770℃として調製して評価した。
実施例3としては、Li:Ni:Co:Mn=1.04:0.80:0.15:0.05の組成を有する正極活物質を、微小な原料粉を用いて噴霧造粒すると共に焼成温度を740℃として調製して評価した。
実施例4としては、Li:Ni:Co:Mn=1.02:0.80:0.15:0.05の組成を有する正極活物質を、微小な原料粉を用いて噴霧造粒すると共に焼成温度を740℃として調製して評価した。
実施例5としては、Li:Ni:Co:Mn=1.04:0.70:0.10:0.20の組成を有する正極活物質を、微小な原料粉を用いて噴霧造粒すると共に焼成温度を830℃として調製して評価した。
比較例1としては、Li:Ni:Co:Mn=1.02:0.80:0.15:0.05の組成を有する正極活物質を、微小な原料粉を用いて噴霧造粒すると共に焼成温度を740℃として調製し、さらに、大気に暴露させた後に評価した。
比較例2としては、Li:Ni:Co:Mn=1.04:0.80:0.15:0.05の組成を有する正極活物質を、共沈法を用いると共に焼成温度を710℃として調製して評価した。
比較例3としては、Li:Ni:Co:Mn=1.04:0.80:0.15:0.05の組成を有する正極活物質を、微小な原料粉を用いて噴霧造粒すると共に焼成温度を820℃として調製して評価した。
比較例4としては、Li:Ni:Co:Mn=1.07:0.50:0.20:0.30の組成を有する正極活物質を、微小な原料粉を用いて噴霧造粒すると共に焼成温度を950℃として調製して評価した。
比較例5としては、Li:Ni:Co:Mn=1.04:0.80:0.15:0.05の組成を有する正極活物質を、粗大な原料粉で噴霧造粒すると共に焼成温度を770℃として調製して評価した。
実施例1に係る正極活物質について粉末X線回折装置(リガク社製 UltimaIII)による測定を行ったところ、図2に示すように、空間群R3−mに帰属可能なX線回折パターンが得られた。また、同様のX線回折パターンが、実施例2〜実施例5に係る正極活物質及び比較例1〜比較例5に係る正極活物質についても得られた。
10 正極
11 セパレータ
12 負極
13 電池缶
14 正極集電タブ
15 負極集電タブ
16 内蓋
17 内圧開放弁
18 ガスケット
19 正温度係数抵抗素子
20 電池蓋
21 軸心
Claims (7)
- 空間群R−3mに帰属される層状構造を有するリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質であって、
次の組成式:
Li1+aM1O2+α
(式中、M1は、Li以外の金属元素であって少なくともNiを含み、−0.05≦a≦0.15、−0.1≦α≦0.1である。)
で表され、
前記M1当たりにおける前記Niの割合が70原子%以上であり、
加熱発生ガス質量分析(TPD−MS)によって測定したとき、200℃から450℃までの温度区間における酸素ガスの発生量が30massppm以下であることを特徴とするリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質。 - 次の組成式:
Li1+aNibMncCodM2eO2+α
(式中、M2は、Li、Ni、Mn及びCo以外の金属元素であり、−0.05≦a≦0.15、0.7≦b<1.0、0<c<0.3、0<d<0.3、0≦e<0.1、b+c+d+e=1、−0.1≦α≦0.1である。)
で表されることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質。 - 加熱発生ガス質量分析(TPD−MS)によって測定したとき、150℃から450℃までの温度区間における水分の発生量が200massppm以下であることを特徴とする請求項1又は請求項2に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質。
- リチウムを成分として含有したリチウム化合物を含んでなり、炭酸リチウムの割合が80質量%以上であるリチウム原料と、ニッケルを成分として含有したニッケル化合物を含んでなる金属原料とを、平均粒径が0.3μm以下となるように粉砕混合する工程と、
前記粉砕混合によって得られた粉体を、650℃以上900℃以下の温度範囲において焼成する工程とを含んでなることを特徴とするリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。 - リチウムを成分として含有したリチウム化合物を含んでなり、炭酸リチウムの割合が80質量%以上であるリチウム原料と、ニッケルを成分として含有したニッケル化合物を含んでなる金属原料とを、平均粒径が0.3μm以下となるように粉砕混合する工程と、
前記粉砕混合によって得られた粉体を仮焼する工程と、
前記仮焼によって得られた粉体を、650℃以上900℃以下の温度範囲において焼成する工程とを含んでなることを特徴とするリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。 - 前記粉体を噴霧乾燥法によって造粒した後に仮焼あるいは焼成をすることを特徴とする請求項4又は請求項5に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
- 請求項1から請求項3のいずれか一項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質を含んでなる正極を備えることを特徴とするリチウムイオン二次電池。
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