JPH02273104A - Husked seed for culture and production thereof - Google Patents

Abstract

PURPOSE:To shorten the germination time and improve the uniformity of sprouting and growth by peeling the husk of a seed at a low temperature and coating the husked seed with a coating agent. CONSTITUTION:A hard seed of e.g. spinach or buckwheat is treated at an extremely low temperature (<=-5 deg.C, preferably <=-30 deg.C). In the case of using liquefied air or liquefied carbon dioxide gas, etc., as a refrigerant, the liquid is directly sprayed against the seed with a spray nozzle. The frozen and dried seed produced by the above process is husked e.g. by crushing with a rotary roll, high-speed rotary blade, etc. The husked seed is coated with inorganic powder, clay, etc. If necessary, fungicide, insecticide, hormone agent, nutrient, bird-repellent, colorant, etc., are added to the coating agent.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [Industrial Application Field] The present invention relates to a method for promoting germination of hard seeds that shortens the germination time of sown hard seeds and eliminates uneven germination. [Prior Art] It is very important for sown hard seeds to grow uniformly over time and to grow at a high germination rate, for example, in order to produce particularly fast-growing spinach with a good yield. For hard seeds to germinate, they first need to absorb water. Hard seeds are usually covered with a hard seed coat, and this seed coat absorbs water, which in turn is absorbed by the embryo inside the seed coat. Therefore, in normal cultivation, in order to ensure smooth germination, seeds are often soaked in water for 20 to 24 hours to allow the seed coat to absorb sufficient water before sowing. After the seed absorbs water, stored nutrients are broken down within the seed coat, and hormones are synthesized to initiate seedling development and radicle elongation. In addition to promoting germination with water, it is also known to treat seeds in the presence of chemicals such as gibberellin, benzyladenine, kinetin, thiourea, ethrel, hydrogen peroxide, potassium nitrite, and sodium hypochlorite. There is. [Problem to be Solved by the Invention] However, when hard seeds are soaked in water and sown in soil or in a substrate for hydroponic cultivation, they do not germinate uniformly, and the seedlings that grow are irregular. When bundling seedlings, slow-growing ones had to be removed and sorted, resulting in poor efficiency and workability. On the other hand, if the seed coat is treated with a chemical substance, for example, an alkali treatment, the chemical may penetrate into the seed coat and have an adverse effect on normal seeds, which is not preferable. Therefore, there is a strong demand for a peeled seed and a method for producing the same, which have no adverse effects on the germination and growth of the peeled seed, germinate uniformly, have a short germination time, and improve harvest efficiency. [Means for Solving the Problems] As a result of extensive research in order to eliminate the above-mentioned defects, the present inventors have found that peeling the seed coat at low temperatures damages the seed coat of the inner seed during peeling. In addition, low-temperature treatment has the effect of promoting seed germination, killing two birds with one stone.
We have found that this is extremely effective, and that this effect is further enhanced when the peeled seeds are coated with an artificial seed coat, i.e., a coating agent.Based on these findings, we have arrived at the present invention. That is, the present invention consists of the following six items. 1. A peeled seed for cultivation obtained by destroying the seed coat by maintaining the seed coated seed at a low temperature of -5°C or lower. 2. A method for producing peeled seeds for cultivation, which comprises destroying the seed coat of the seed coated seed at a temperature of -5°C or lower, particularly -30°C or lower, removing the seed coat, and optionally applying a coating agent. 3. The peeled seeds for cultivation according to item 1, wherein the temperature is an ultra-low temperature of 130°C or less. 4. The peeled seed for cultivation according to item 1 or 3, wherein the peeled seed is coated with a coating agent. 5. The peeled seeds for cultivation according to ring 4, wherein the coating agent contains a bactericide, an insecticide, a hormone, a nutrient, or a bird repellent. 6. The peeled seeds for cultivation according to item 4 or 5, wherein a coloring agent is added to the coating agent. [Effect] The characteristics that the method for promoting seed germination of the present invention has good uniform germination and high germination rate are presumed to be due to the following reasons. First, by treating seeds at low temperatures, the inside of the seeds are stimulated and the embryos are activated, which triggers germination. Second, since the seed coat has been removed, moisture absorption is rapid, which leads to faster germination. And after the low temperature treatment, the seed coat is peeled off,
At temperatures below -5°C, the seed coat freezes and loses its elasticity, particularly -30°C, more preferably -70 to -130°C.
If the temperature is raised to , the seed coat becomes even more brittle and even the slightest deformation will destroy the seed coat. At room temperature, the seed coat is elastic, and if you try to break it, the inner seed coat of the seed body is likely to be damaged. When such a wound occurs, so-called ativistic germination, in which the cotyledons first protrude from the seed through the wound, increases and is mixed with those that normally germinate, disrupting the uniformity of germination. On the other hand, when the seed coat is destroyed by maintaining it at a low temperature, particularly an ultra-low temperature, as in the present invention, the seed coat is frozen and becomes brittle, so that only the seed coat can be removed without damaging the inner seed coat of the seed. It is presumed that this improves the uniformity of germination. The present invention will be explained in more detail below. Seeds used in the germination promotion method of the present invention include, for example, spinach, mitsuba, okra, shungiku, beet,
Examples include buckwheat, sunflowers, burdock, cucurbits, lettuce, green onions, parsley, and beans. Next, as a method for ultra-low temperature treatment of the seeds described above, liquid helium, liquid neon, liquid argon, liquid nitrogen, liquid oxygen, liquefied carbon dioxide, liquid air, chlorofluorocarbon, etc. can be used, but among these, Liquid nitrogen, liquid air, and liquefied carbon dioxide are suitable in terms of boiling point and economy. These liquefied gases are sprayed directly onto the seeds and cooled by vaporizing within the system, allowing for efficient and reliable cooling. Any method can be used to cool the seeds directly, but for example, a liquefied gas pipe installed in the cooling cylinder that continuously feeds the seeds into the cooling cylinder and sends them out with a spiral screw. The seeds can be cooled by blowing out liquefied gas from the nozzle, and the frozen seeds can be sent out from the other end of the cooling tube. The set temperature inside the refrigerator can be set at -10 to -1 using a quick freezing device such as the spray type 7 Reaser cold air circulation type freezer used.
96°C, preferably -70 to -130°C for 30 seconds to 40
Perform the separation. Seeds that have undergone ultra-low temperature treatment are further stripped of their seed coats. Methods for stripping the seed coats include, for example, devices such as two rotating rolls, a vibrating sieve, crushing with high-speed rotary blades, and a seed jet impingement method. used. Others, skin remover,
The seed coat can also be peeled off using equipment such as a rough roll ball mill. Peeling of seed coats like this needs to be done in a frozen and dry state, but if freezing is done by injection of liquefied gas such as liquid nitrogen, the injection can be done by simply sealing the area from the freezing system to the grinding system. The liquefied gas evaporates and cold air constantly flows out from the system, so there is no rise in temperature of the seed coat and no humidity from the outside air enters, and the seed coat can be ground in a dry and frozen state. By using such a device, the seed coat becomes brittle, so it can be crushed with a weak force. Since the crushing force is small, only the seed coat can be easily peeled off and separated without damaging the inside of the seed. Conventionally, when seed coats are crushed, when seeds are collected for food, the presence or absence of scratches on the surface of the collected seeds does not have any adverse effect on the food, but when peeled seeds are produced for cultivation as in the present invention. In this case, it is necessary to use peeled seeds with no scratches on their surfaces to prevent ativistic germination. When removing the frozen seed coat by crushing it in accordance with the present invention, it is desirable to take various precautions in crushing the seed coat so as not to damage the surface of the seed coat. Moreover, since the peeled seeds obtained according to the present invention do not have a seed coat, they are easily damaged by impacts during transportation, storage, etc. The freeze-peeling process may also cause scratches on the surface of the peeled seeds that are invisible to the naked eye. If the surface of the peeled seeds is damaged, they are susceptible to environmental changes during transportation or during the distribution process from the store to the grower, leading to a drop in germination rate. In addition, if there are scratches on the surface of peeled seeds during long-term storage or in the soil after sowing, various pathogenic bacteria can easily enter through the scratches and become contaminated, and they may also be susceptible to changes in the environment such as humidity and temperature. The germination rate decreases due to hypersensitivity to
The growth rate will also be uneven. If the peeled seeds of the present invention are coated with a coating agent, for example, one made of inorganic powder such as aluminum oxide or titanium oxide, such as Polycoat (trade name, manufactured by Ciba Geigy), or various clays, scratches will not occur due to impact. can prevent, prevent the invasion of microorganisms, and increase resistance to environmental changes. The present inventors have discovered that this coating further improves the effect of the present invention in aligning germination openings and suppressing atypical germination. For the peeled seeds of the present invention, any coating material that can be fixed on the surface of the peeled seeds may be used without particular restriction, as long as it does not prevent the intrusion of moisture or is harmful to the germination and growth of the seeds. I can do it. In addition, depending on the case, in order to prevent harmful effects caused by microorganisms, disinfectants such as Benlate T (trade name manufactured by DuPont) may be used.
It is desirable to coat the seeds with a coating agent containing, for example, Ridomil (trade name, manufactured by Ciba Geigy). Furthermore, germination and growth can be further accelerated by coating seeds with a coating agent containing a hormonal agent, such as gibberellin. Furthermore, an insecticide such as Promet (trade name of Ciba Geigy) can be used as a coating agent. Additionally, nutrients can be included in the coating agent. In general, depending on the type of coated seed, the seed coat does not stop at simply protecting the seed; in some cases, components in the seed coat serve as nutrients necessary for growth during germination in soil. In order to compensate for nutritional deficiencies in this case, inorganic or organic nutrients can be included in the coating agent. As inorganic nutrients, nitrogen and phosphorus-based fertilizers can be used, and as organic nutrients, various vitamins or the dried and powdered seed coat removed in the peeling process of the present invention can be included in the coating agent. can. A small amount of bird repellent can be mixed into the coating agent of the present invention. Birds generally do not have the habit of eating germinated seeds, but scattered ungerminated seeds become their favorite food. To prevent this, a coating containing a bird repellent with an odor or color that birds dislike can be used. Coating can be carried out by a known coating method, for example, by dropping a stream of seed grains from above, spraying a coating agent solution or suspension thereon, and drying the solution. The coating can cover the entire surface of the peeled seeds,
Moreover, it is desirable that the thickness be uniform. The amount of coating agent used depends on the coating method and is not particularly limited, but for example, for 100 parts by weight of seeds,
1 to 20 parts by weight of coating agent can be used. In addition, if the above-mentioned coating agent contains pigments such as dyes or pigments, it is possible to identify the coated seeds or the coating agent. It's convenient. [Example] Hereinafter, the present invention will be explained in more detail with reference to Examples. Example 1 Spinach seeds were placed in a freezer (temperature set at -150°C) equipped with a liquid nitrogen supply container and an injection nozzle using Hyback (trade name manufactured by Asgrow) for 15 minutes at an ultra-low temperature. The seeds were taken out, placed in a high-speed rotary blade device that was a modified household mixer, and subjected to seed coat crushing treatment for 1 minute, and then sieved to separate only the spinach seeds from which the seed coat had been peeled off. Germination tests were conducted on the seeds with peeled seed coats and untreated seeds with seed coats, using both the glass Petri dish bed method and the direct soil removal method, using the following formulation. D. Glass petri dish bed method: 1 low-temperature peeled seed and 1 untreated seed coated seed each.
100 seeds were scattered simultaneously on the floor of the urethane platform in 4 wards. The germination status was observed every 24 hours, and the results are shown in Table 1. (Margins below) Those treated with low-temperature peeling germinate three days faster, and more than half of the germination is concentrated on the second day, indicating a uniformly rapid germination effect. Spinach, which is currently grown hydroponically on urethane beds, is harvested every 29 days, so germinating three days faster will shorten the harvest cycle and increase productivity by more than 10%. This means that it can be harvested in two days faster. Previously, in order to harvest quickly, slow-growing plants were thinned out and discarded. This will save you the trouble of thinning, and will also increase your yield. Such an effect is a great effect in spinach cultivation. ■ Direct sowing method in the soil In this case, the seeds with seed coats were soaked in water for 24 hours before sowing, and then sown on the soil at the same time as the cold-exfoliated seeds. The germination status is shown in Table 2. (Margins below) From these results, the seeds treated with low-temperature peeling have a good germination rate and
It can be seen that more than 50% of the seeds were concentrated on the same day, and most of them germinated all at once within two days. Untreated seeds with seed coats have a poor germination rate, and the germination period is spread over 4 days, resulting in uneven growth. Example 2 The germination time of spinach seeds obtained by the same low-temperature treatment as in Example 1 and spinach seeds whose seed coats were manually peeled off without ultra-low-temperature treatment was compared using a glass Petri dish bed method. . The results are shown in Table 3. (The following margins) (The numbers are the average values for 4 plots with 100 grains in 1 plot) (The numbers are germination percentage%) As is clear from Table 3, spinach seeds whose seed coats have been peeled off after ultra-low temperature treatment are After 27 hours, the germination rate will be 60%, but spinach seeds whose seed coats have been peeled off without undergoing ultra-low temperature treatment have a germination rate of about 60%.
It takes about 20 hours to reach this point. Example 3 Seeds of Japanese chrysanthemum were placed in a freezer equipped with a liquid nitrogen supply container, a liquid nitrogen injection nozzle, a temperature sensor, etc., and subjected to ultra-low temperature treatment at a set temperature of -85°C for 15 minutes.The seeds were then taken out and passed through a vibrating sieve. The seeds were placed in an apparatus and subjected to vibration treatment for 7 hours, and the seed coat was peeled off to obtain seeds. Next, the germination time was compared using the direct soil seeding method between the seeds of Aspergillus annuus obtained in Example 2 and the seeds of Aspergillus annuus whose seed coats were peeled off only by rough grinding rolls without ultra-low-temperature treatment. The results are shown in Table 4. (Margins below) Table 4 (100 grains per section) The comparative example is in the middle, so the numbers are in parentheses. As is clear from the results in Table 4, the seeds of the Japanese chrysanthemum whose seed coats have been peeled off after ultra-low temperature treatment have a germination rate of about 75% within 4 days of soil sowing, but the seeds of the Chinese chrysanthemum that are not subjected to the ultra-low temperature treatment have a germination rate of approximately 75% when sown in the soil. 25-40% after 7 days
The germination rate was . Example 4 Peeled spinach seeds obtained by peeling after low temperature treatment in the same manner as in Example 1 were coated using Variety Wagner (manufactured by Isumi Seeds Co., Ltd.). As a coating agent, Polycoat (trade name) manufactured by Ciba Geigy is used. This suspension is evenly sprayed onto the seeds, dried, and Polycoat 8 is applied to 100 parts by weight of the seeds.
parts by weight (solids weight) were coated. Using the following formulation, we conducted a soil and glass petri dish cultivation test and compared it with the cultivation results of peeled seeds before coating, and the soil test results are shown in Table 5 and the glass petri dish test results are shown in Table 6. . [Soil test recipe] Number of test seeds: 400 seeds (1 section) Seed port: August 12, 1999 Sowing method: Sowing into steam-sterilized soil Temperature: Normal temperature [Glass petri dish test recipe] Number of test seeds: 1 section, 100 seeds Planting date in 4th section: August 22nd Sowing method: 2 sheets of open-air paper in a 9cm glass petri dish, moisture content: 6c
Place 100 grains each in c. Temperature 20'0 (blank below) Table 5 Table 6 From the soil test results in Table 5, 63% of the germination of coated seeds was concentrated on the 4th day compared to untreated seeds. On the other hand, untreated seeds dispersed and germinated on the 4th to 6th day.74
% germination has been reached. Peeling off the seed coat facilitates germination, but it has been found that coating the seed coat further promotes germination. From the results in Table 6, 72% of the germination of the coated seeds was concentrated on the second day, similar to the soil test. Untreated seeds germinated over two days, with main germination concentrated on the third day. Regarding ativical germination, coated seeds are also 1
Coating was found to be effective in covering wounds in the seed coat at a low level of about 0%. In addition, about 1% of the seeds failed to germinate in each section. Example 5 Dehulled seeds of Sternium japonica S type (manufactured by Sanyo Seedlings Co., Ltd.) were treated at low temperature in the same manner as in Example 2, and the peeled seeds were coated with clay. A cultivation test was conducted on this and compared with the cultivation results of peeled seeds before coating. Polycoat was used as the coating agent, and 100 parts by weight of seeds were coated with 8 parts by weight of the polycoat agent in the same manner as in Example 4. Using the following formulation, we conducted a soil and glass petri dish cultivation test and compared it with the cultivation results of peeled seeds before coating.The soil test results are shown in Table 7, and the glass petri dish test results are shown in Table 8. . [Soil test recipe] Number of test seeds: 400 seeds (1 section) Sowing date: August 8, 1999 Sowing method: Sowing in steam-sterilized soil Temperature: Room temperature [Glass petri dish test recipe] Number of test seeds: 1 section, 100 seeds Planting date in 4th section: August 8, 1999 Sowing method: 2 sheets of exposed paper in a 9cya glass shear, moisture content: 6
Place 100 grains in each cc. Temperature 20°C Table 7 Table 8 The soil test results show that 64% of the germination of seeds treated with the coating agent was concentrated on the fourth day compared to untreated seeds. On the other hand, untreated seeds dispersed and germinated on the 4th to 6th day, reaching 60% germination. It was found that peeling off the fruit cover facilitates germination, and that coating it with a coating treatment further promotes germination. From the results of the glass petri dish test, 47% of the coated seeds germinated on the first day. 63% of the untreated seeds germinated on the second day, and the coated seeds germinated faster. Avitical germination was also found to be about 7% lower for coated seeds, indicating that coating had the effect of covering wounds in the seed coat. In addition, about 8% of the seeds failed to germinate in each section. [Effects of the Invention] Seeds whose seed coats have been peeled off and removed by low temperature treatment using the treatment method of the present invention are extremely superior in germination rate and uniformity of growth compared to seeds with seed coats. Even compared to seeds whose seed coats are simply stripped and removed, spinach, for example, germinates very quickly, about 20 hours faster than the time it takes to achieve a 60% germination rate. This method is extremely useful as a method for promoting uniform germination of seeds in soil cultivation and hydroponic cultivation. Furthermore, coating peeled seeds to protect the seed surface is effective for uniform germination and prevention of abiotic germination, and when a substance with medicinal properties is used as a coating agent, nutritional or hormonal agents may be added. It has the effect of promoting growth, protecting against pathogens, killing insects, and repelling birds. Additionally, the type of seed or coating can be identified by coloring the coating agent.

Claims (1)

[Claims] 1. A peeled seed for cultivation obtained by maintaining a seed coated seed at a low temperature of -5°C or lower to destroy the seed coat. 2. A method for producing peeled seeds for cultivation, which comprises destroying the seed coat of the seed coated seed at a temperature of -5°C or lower, removing the seed coat, and applying a coating agent if desired. 3. The peeled seed for cultivation according to claim 1, wherein the temperature is an ultra-low temperature of -30°C or lower. 4. The peeled seed for cultivation according to claim 1 or 3, wherein the peeled seed is coated with a coating agent. 5. The peeled seeds for cultivation according to claim 4, wherein the coating agent contains a bactericide, an insecticide, a hormone, a nutrient, or a bird repellent. 6. Claim 4 or 5, wherein a coloring agent is added to the coating agent.
Dehulled seeds for cultivation as described.