JP7464348B2 - 血管新生を誘導する方法 - Google Patents
血管新生を誘導する方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP7464348B2 JP7464348B2 JP2016544820A JP2016544820A JP7464348B2 JP 7464348 B2 JP7464348 B2 JP 7464348B2 JP 2016544820 A JP2016544820 A JP 2016544820A JP 2016544820 A JP2016544820 A JP 2016544820A JP 7464348 B2 JP7464348 B2 JP 7464348B2
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- tissue
- angiogenesis
- dhacm
- amniotic membrane
- placental tissue
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Description
本願は、本明細書中参照として全体的に援用されている、2014年1月17日出願の米国仮特許出願第61/928,986号からの利益を主張するものである。
本願は、心血管病態以外の病態を処置するために、改変胎盤組織またはその抽出物を使用して血管新生を誘導する方法に関する。
改変胎盤組織などの同種異系移植片組織を含む。
本明細書中では、微粒子化胎盤組織成分を含む胎盤組織の成分で構成された組成物を記載している。好ましい組成物は、以下に記載される例示的な手段により調製できる。組成物は、国際特許出願第PCT/US12/24798号、および米国仮特許出願第61/442,34号、第61/543,995号、および第61/683,700号に記載されている微粒子化胎盤組織の成分から調製され得る。これら出願の内容全体は、特に参照として援用されている。用語「微粒子化」は、ミクロンおよびサブミクロンの大きさの胎盤組織粒子を含むことを意味すると理解される。
微粒子化した胎盤組織を生成するために使用する成分は、胎盤由来である。胎盤の供給源は多様であり得る。一態様では、胎盤は、ヒトなどの哺乳類を由来とする。限定するものではないが、ウシ、ブタなどを含む他の動物を、本明細書中で使用できる。ヒトの場合、胎盤の回収は病院で行われ、胎盤は帝王切開での出産の間に回収される。ドナーは、出産を行う予定の母親を指し、移植に可能な最も安全な組織を提供するよう設計された包括的スクリーニングプロセスに自発的に従っている。好ましくは、スクリーニングプロセスは、通常の血清学的試験を使用して、ヒト免疫不全ウイルス1型および2型(抗HIV-1および抗HIV-2)に対する抗体、B型肝炎ウイルス(抗HBV)に対する抗体、B型肝炎表面抗原(HBsAg)、C型肝炎ウイルスに対する抗体(抗HCV)、ヒトTリンパ球向性ウイルスI型およびII型(抗HTLV-I、抗HTLV-II)、CMV、および梅毒に対する抗体、ならびにヒト免疫不全ウイルス1型(HIV-1)およびC型肝炎ウイルス(HCV)の核酸検査に関して試験する。上記試験の列挙は単なる例示であり、当業者によって認識されるように、時間が経つにつれてまたは胎盤成分の意図される用途に基づいて、これより多く、またはより少なく、または異なる試験が望ましくまたは必要となり得る。
処理センターまたは研究室に到着した後、輸送物を開封し、滅菌輸送バッグ/コンテナが密封されたままであり、冷却されたままであるかを検証し、適切なドナーの書類が存在していること、および書類上のドナーの数が、組織を含む滅菌輸送バッグの数と一致しているかを確認する。次に、組織を含む滅菌輸送バッグを、さらなる処理の準備ができるまで冷蔵庫に保存する。
組織をさらに処理する準備ができると、胎盤組織の処理に必要な滅菌性供給物を、制御された(すなわち無菌性の)環境のステージング領域に集め、制御した環境に導入するために準備する。一態様では、胎盤は室温で処理される。制御した環境が製造フード(manufacturing hood)である場合、通常の無菌的技術を使用して、滅菌供給物を開封してフードに入れる。制御された環境がクリーンルームである場合、滅菌性供給物を開封し、滅菌性ドレープにより覆われたカートに載せる。すべての作業表面は、通常の無菌的技術を使用して、滅菌性ドレープ片により覆われており、滅菌供給物および処理器具は、再度通常の無菌的技術を使用して、滅菌性ドレープの上に配置される。
上記で単離した胎盤組織成分を、以下に記載される技術を使用して化学的に汚染除去できる。一態様では、ステップ130で生成した羊膜を、次のステップのために、滅菌ナルゲンジャーに入れることができる。一態様では、羊膜を洗浄するために、以下の手法を使用できる。ナルゲンジャーに、18%の高張性生理食塩水溶液を無菌的に充填して、密封(またはふたで密封)する。次に、ジャーを、振盪プラットフォーム(rocker platform)に載せて、30分~90分間攪拌して、羊膜の汚染物質をさらに取り除く。振盪プラットフォームが、クリティカルな環境ではない場合(たとえば製造フード)、ナルゲンジャーを、制御/または無菌環境に戻し、開封する。滅菌ピンセットを使用して、または中身を無菌的にデカントすることにより、18%の高張性生理食塩水溶液を含むナルゲンジャーから羊膜をゆっくりと取り出し、空のナルゲンジャーに入れる。羊膜を含むこのナルゲンジャーに、次に、あらかじめ混合した抗生物質溶液を充填する。一態様では、あらかじめ混合した抗生物質溶液は、硫酸ストレプトマイシンおよび硫酸ゲンタマイシンなどの抗生物質のカクテルから構成されている。硫酸ポリミキシンBおよびバシトラシンなどの他の抗生物質、または現在入手可能もしくは将来入手可能な類似の抗生物質もまた適切である。さらに、羊膜の温度を変化させず、または羊膜を損傷させないように、抗生物質溶液は、添加時に室温であることが好ましい。次に、この羊膜および抗生物質を含むジャーまたはコンテナを密封または閉鎖して、振盪プラットフォームに載せて、好ましくは60~90分間攪拌する。抗生物質溶液内での羊膜のこのような振盪または攪拌は、組織から汚染物質および細菌をさらに除去する。任意に、羊膜は、界面活性剤で洗浄できる。一態様では、羊膜は、0.1~10%、0.1~5%、0.1~1%、または0.5%のトリトン‐X洗浄溶液で洗浄できる。
一態様では、羊膜、絨毛膜、ワルトンゼリー、またはそれらのいずれかの組み合わせを、後に微粒子化される組織移植片(すなわち積層物)に処理することができる。別の態様では、個々の羊膜、絨毛膜、ワルトンゼリーの層を、別々に脱水し、後に単独または成分の混合物として微粒子化できる。一態様では、組織(すなわち個々の膜または移植片)を、化学的に脱水し、次に凍結乾燥することにより脱水する。一態様では、化学的脱水ステップは、組織中に存在している残留水を実質的(すなわち90%超、95%超、もしくは99%超)、または完全に除去するために十分な時間および量で、極性有機溶媒と、羊膜、絨毛膜、および/またはワルトンゼリーを接触させることにより行われる。溶媒は、プロトン性または非プロトン性であり得る。本明細書で有益な極性有機溶媒の例として、限定するものではないが、アルコール、ケトン、エーテル、アルデヒド、またはそれらのいずれかの組み合わせが挙げられる。特には、非限定的な例として、DMSO、アセトン、テトラヒドロフラン、エタノール、イソプロパノール、またはそれらのいずれかの組み合わせが挙げられる。一態様では、胎盤組織を、室温で極性有機溶媒と接触させる。さらなるステップは必要ではなく、組織は以下に記載されるように直接凍結乾燥することができる。
羊膜、絨毛膜、および/またはワルトンゼリーの層を、個々に、または組織移植片の形態で脱水した後、任意に、脱水した組織を微粒子化することができる。微粒子化した組成物を、当技術分野で知られている器具を使用して生成することができる。たとえば、Retsch Oscillating Mill MM400を、本明細書中に記載される微粒子化組成物を生成するために使用できる。微粒子化組成物中の材料の粒径は、同様に、微粒子化組成物の用途に応じて変動することができる。一態様では、微粒子化組成物は、500μm未満、400μm未満、300μm未満、または25μm~300μm、25μm~200μm、または25μm~150μmである粒径を有する。特定の態様では、より大きな直径(たとえば150μm~350μm)を有する粒子が望ましい。他の態様では、たとえば粒子がネブライザーにより使用される場合、より小さな直径を有する粒子が望ましい。当業者は、本発明の微粒子化組成物中の材料の粒径および大きさの範囲が平均粒径であることを理解するものである。
本発明の一態様は、胎盤組織から抽出した胎盤増殖因子および/または幹細胞を含む組成物の有効量をその必要のある対象に提供することにより血管新生を誘導する方法、を提供する。このような抽出物は、米国特許出願第13/744,331号、米国特許出願第14/157445号、米国特許出願第61/849,838号に記載されるものを含み、これらに記載される方法により調製できる。これら特許出願全体は、本明細書中参照として援用されている。
本明細書中記載される組成物は、末梢性神経障害、肝硬変、肺病態、または非心血管病態を治療または予防することを含む、多くの医学的用途で使用できる。一部の実施形態では、肺病態は、嚢胞性線維症、肺線維症、または慢性閉塞性肺疾患である。一部の実施形態では、非心血管病態は、骨の壊死、虚血、皮膚、組織、もしくは臓器への損傷、または慢性創傷である。
実施例1
脱水したヒトの羊膜/絨毛膜同種異系移植片の血管新生特性:軟組織の修復および再生に関する治療可能性
AATB:米国組織バンク協会;ANG-2:アンジオポエチン-2;APLAC:実験動物のケアに関する管理委員会(Administrative Panel on Laboratory Animal Care);bFGF/FGF2:塩基性線維芽細胞増殖因子;CMV:サイトメガロウイルス;DAPI:4’,6-ジアミジノ-2-フェニルインドール;dHACM:脱水ヒト羊膜/絨毛膜;ECM:細胞外マトリックス;EGF:上皮増殖因子;ELISA:酵素結合免疫吸着測定法;FDA:米国食品医薬品局;GCSF:顆粒球コロニー刺激因子;HB-EGF:ヘパリン結合性上皮増殖因子;HGF:肝細胞増殖因子;HIV:ヒト免疫不全ウイルス;HMVEC:ヒト毛細血管内皮細胞;HTLV:ヒトTリンパ好性ウイルス;HUVEC:ヒト臍帯静脈内皮細胞;IL:インターロイキン;KGF:ケラチノサイト増殖因子;MMP:マトリックスメタロプロテアーゼ;NGF:神経成長因子;PDGF:血小板由来増殖因子BB;PlGF:胎盤増殖因子、TGF:トランスフォーミング増殖因子β;TIMP:組織メタロプロテアーゼ阻害剤;VEGF:血管内皮増殖因子;VEGF-R2:VEGF受容体2
脱水したヒト羊膜/絨毛膜(dHACM)
dHACMは、胎盤由来の積層化した羊膜および絨毛膜から構成された、脱水されたヒト同種異系移植片である(21~23)。ヒト胎盤は、米国食品医薬局(FDA)のGood Tissue Practiceおよび米国組織バンク協会(AATB)により規制されるように、帝王切開後にインフォームドコンセントの下で提供された。ドナーを検査したところ、全員が、ヒト免疫不全ウイルス(HIV)、ヒトTリンパ好性ウイルス(HTLV)、B型およびC型肝炎のウイルス、梅毒ウイルス、およびサイトメガロウイルス(CMV)を含む感染性疾患を有しなかった。羊膜および絨毛膜を胎盤から単離し、層の穏やかな洗浄を含むPURION(登録商標)プロセスで処理し、次に積層化して移植片を形成し、これを制御された乾燥条件下で脱水した(23)。特定のバージョンのdHACM(EpiFix(登録商標),MiMedx Group)を、この試験の試験材料として使用し、よって、この試験の結果は、PURION(登録商標)処理した脱水ヒト羊膜/絨毛膜多層移植片(dHACM)にのみに当てはまる。
8名のドナー由来の、処理および脱水したヒト羊膜/絨毛膜移植片(dHACM)試料中の血管新生増殖因子の含有量を、標準的な酵素結合免疫吸着測定法(ELISA;RayBiotech, Inc.、ジョージア州ノークロス)を用いて測定した。秤量し、細切したdHACM試料を、プロテアーゼ阻害剤を含む溶解バッファーに、4℃で24時間入れた。次に試料をホモジナイズし、遠心して組織残留物を除去し、溶解バッファー中の特定の血管新生因子の量を、希釈したアリコート中で標準的なELISAアッセイを用いて測定した。増殖因子の含有量を、開始組織の乾燥質量に対して標準化した。
細胞培養実験用のdHACM抽出物を調製するために、滅菌した移植片を細切し、培地1ミリリットルあたり20ミリグラムの組織の濃度で、補充物質の存在下および非存在下のMedium 131で抽出した。4℃での24時間の抽出の後、組織残留物を遠心により除去し、抽出物を、滅菌ろ過した。過去の試験から、dHACM中の増殖因子およびサイトカインの有意な量が、これらの条件下で組織から溶出することが確立されている(24)。
ヒトの微小血管内皮細胞を、96ウェルプレート上で微小血管増殖補充物質を含むMedium131中で、細胞3500個/ウェルの密度で上述のように24時間培養した。細胞接着を可能にする24時間の培養の後、細胞を、2、1、および0.5mg/mlの濃度の補充物質を含むMedium131中で、dHACM抽出物で処理した。72時間の処理の後、試料群あたり5つのウェルからの上清を回収し、60種の増殖因子、サイトカイン、および可溶性増殖因子受容体の存在について試験した。Quantibodyアッセイ(Angiogenesis Array 1000, RayBiotech,ジョージア州ノークロス)を、製造社の説明に従って上清について行い、蛍光マイクロアレイスキャナー(GenePix 4000B, Molecular Devices,カリフォルニア州サニーベール)を使用して定量化した。その後CyQuantアッセイを上述のように接着細胞について行い、細胞数を決定した。
改変Boydenチャンバーアッセイを使用して、ヒト臍帯静脈内皮細胞(HUVEC)を、dHACM組織に向かう走化性の細胞の遊走に関してアッセイした。遊走アッセイを、8μm孔のメンブレンフィルター(Corning,ニューヨーク州コーニング)を備えた24ウェルのトランスウェルインサートで行った。補充物質を含んでいない培養培地600μlを、ウェルの底に充填し、次に、直径2.0nm、および6.0nmのディスクを含む、異なる大きさのdHACM組織の一部(n=4:試験したdHACM組織のドナー)を添加した。補充物質を含まないMedium 200(基本培地;Gibco, Life Technologies Corp. M-200-500)および大血管内皮の補充物質を含むMedium200(完全培地;Gibco, Life Technologies Corp. A14608-01)を、それぞれ陰性対照および陽性対照とした(n=4)。大血管内皮補充物質は、ウシ胎児血清、ヒドロコルチゾン、ヒト上皮増殖因子、ヒト塩基性線維芽細胞増殖因子、ヘパリン、およびアスコルビン酸を含んでおり、HUVECの培養に対して最適化されている(Gibco, Life Technologies Corp. C-003-5C)。3.3×104個のHUVES(経路5)を、100μlの基本培地中でトランスウェルインサートに播種し、24時間培養して遊走させた。
スタンフォードで行ったマウスの実験は、実験動物のケアに関する管理委員会(APLAC)のプロトコル#20627により承認されたものである。6名のドナー由来のdHACM産物を、単純な皮下インプラントモデルに利用した。簡潔に述べると、月齢4ヶ月のC57BL/6Jマウス(Jackson Laboratories,メイン州バー・ハーバー)に麻酔をして準備した後、水平方向に6mmの切開部を背側に作製した。皮下ポケットを、皮筋層の下の筋膜平面で鈍器により切開して、5×5mm平方のdHACMを外科的に留置した。手術から3、7、14、および28日目に、マウスの代表的なコホートを屠殺し、インプラントおよびその上の皮膚を、組織の解析のため収集した。同様に損傷していない皮膚も、正常な皮膚の血管分布の参照として回収した。
組織を収集し、OCT(Sakura Finetek USA, Inc.、米国カリフォルニア州トーランス)に包埋した。厚さ10μmの凍結切片を、アセトンで固定し、CD31に対する抗体を使用して免疫染色した(1:200,Abcam,米国マサチューセッツ州ケンブリッジ)。核をDAPIで染色した。CD31の染色の後、インプラント内部の微小血管の計数を高倍率(400×)で行った。
統計学的比較を、有意性をp≦0.05に設定して両側の対応のないスチューデントt検定を使用することにより行い、それぞれの対照と処置群を比較した。すべての値を、平均値±標準偏差として表した。
dHACM中の血管新生因子
dHACM試料について行ったELISAは、定量可能なレベルの以下の血管新生増殖因子:アンジオゲニン、アンジオポエチン-2(ANG-2)、上皮増殖因子(EGF)、塩基性線維芽細胞増殖因子(bFGF)、ヘパリン結合性上皮増殖因子(HB-EGF)、肝細胞増殖因子(HGF)、レプチン、血小板由来増殖因子BB(PDGF-BB)、胎盤増殖因子(PlGF)、および血管内皮増殖因子(VEGF)を示した。各因子の量を、組織の開始乾燥重量に対して標準化した(表I)。
ヒトの真皮微小血管内皮細胞は、補充物質を含まない培地(陰性対照)でわずかに増殖し、対して陽性対照のウェルに微小血管増殖補充物質を含めると、細胞数をほぼ倍加させた(図1)。dHACMの抽出物は、培養中のHMVECの増殖を引き起こした。抽出物のすべての濃度で、細胞は、補充物質を含むまたは含まないそれぞれの対照(p≦0.05)よりも有意に高い度合いまで増殖した。3つの抽出物の濃度で用量反応は観察されず、これは、これらの濃度で最大反応に達したことを示している。
微小血管内皮細胞による増殖因子の産生に及ぼすdHACMの作用を、細胞をdHACMの抽出物で3日間処理し、培養期間の終わりに培養培地中の各増殖因子の量を測定することにより試験した。抽出物は図2に示すように内皮細胞を増殖させたことから、培養培地を回収した後、各ウェルの細胞数を測定し、増殖因子の値を、細胞数あたりで標準化した。抽出物自体に含まれる各増殖因子の量も同様に測定し、培地の値から減算して、HMVEC自体により産生した追加的な増殖因子の量を計算した。
基本培地でのHUVECの遊走と最小の2.0mmの試料中でのHUVECの遊走は有意差がなかったが、dHACM組織の直径6.0mmのディスクを含む試料は、基本培地および2.0mmの試料と比較して有意に多くの遊走を示した。図4。いずれの実験群も、完全培地(細胞260±68個/視野)と同等の細胞数に達しなかったが、直径6.0mmの試料は、培養培地中のdHACM組織が、in vitroで内皮細胞の遊走を方向付けできることを示した。
移植したdHACM移植片内の新生血管応答を特徴付けするために、内皮細胞特異的抗原CD31の免疫組織化学染色を行った。CD31陽性の微小血管の量は28日目の間着実に増加することがわかり、これは、インプラント内の動的新生血管形成を示すものである。
これらの試験は、脱水したヒト羊膜/絨毛膜(dHACM)が、アンジオゲニン、アンジオポエチン-2、EGF、bFGF、HB-EGF、HGF、レプチン、PDGF-BB、PlGF、およびVEGFを含む、多数の血管新生誘導性の増殖因子を含むことを明確に証明する。これら増殖因子の部分的な列挙は、dHACMに存在する生理的に重要かつ生物学的に活性の分子のアレイ全体を包有するものではない(24)。しかしながら、これら特定の増殖因子は、慢性創傷内の新生血管形成および治癒に関連して、このdHACM同種異系移植片の臨床的な利点に貢献する可能性がある。dHACM中のこれらの可溶性シグナルは、ヒト微小血管内皮細胞を刺激してインビトロで増殖させ、さらにアンジオゲニン、アンジオポエチン-1(ANG-1)、アンジオスタチン、HB-EGF、PDGF-BB、VEGF、およびVEGF受容体2を含む血管新生に関連した内在性増殖因子、サイトカイン、および受容体の産生を増加させた。さらに、dHACM組織は、in vitroで、ヒト内皮細胞の走化性遊走を促進し、このことは、これら可溶性因子が、内皮細胞を動員して、創傷の再‐血管形成を促進できることを示唆している。これらの知見は、治癒する創傷内の血管新生を促進する複数のシグナリング経路を活性化させることにより、dHACMが治療作用を直接および間接的に発揮することを強力に裏付けるものである。
Claims (11)
- 糖尿病性の末梢神経障害を有する、または発症リスクのある対象の非心血管身体領域において血管新生を誘導し、かつ内皮細胞を動員するための血管新生誘導剤であって、前記血管新生誘導剤は、
i)羊膜から抽出した増殖因子および絨毛膜から抽出した増殖因子を含有し、中間組織層が前記抽出より前に前記羊膜から予め実質的に除去されており、かつ
ii)改変胎盤組織を含有し、前記改変胎盤組織は羊膜層および絨毛膜層を含有し、中間組織層が前記羊膜層から予め実質的に除去されていることを特徴とする、血管新生誘導剤。 - 前記非心血管身体領域への血流が制限されている、請求項1に記載の血管新生誘導剤。
- 前記非心血管身体領域への血流が、損傷または疾患により制限されている、請求項2に記載の血管新生誘導剤。
- 前記非心血管身体領域が、身体の末梢部、肝臓、肺、神経、骨または皮膚を含む、請求項1に記載の血管新生誘導剤。
- 前記身体の末梢部が、四肢、手、または足である、請求項4に記載の血管新生誘導剤。
- 前記改変胎盤組織が、組織移植片である、請求項1に記載の血管新生誘導剤。
- 前記改変胎盤組織が微粒子化されている、請求項1に記載の血管新生誘導剤。
- 前記血管新生誘導剤が、注入可能に構成される、請求項1に記載の血管新生誘導剤。
- 前記血管新生誘導剤が、液体、ゲル、またはペースト状に構成される、請求項1に記載の血管新生誘導剤。
- 前記血管新生誘導剤が、ネブライザーにより使用可能に構成される、請求項1に記載の血管新生誘導剤。
- 前記血管新生誘導剤が、抽出されたアンジオゲニンおよび抽出されたアンジオポエチン-2を含有する、請求項1に記載の血管新生誘導剤。
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US10052351B2 (en) | 2018-08-21 |
EP3094336A1 (en) | 2016-11-23 |
AU2015206236A1 (en) | 2016-07-21 |
US20150216912A1 (en) | 2015-08-06 |
WO2015109329A1 (en) | 2015-07-23 |
US10842824B2 (en) | 2020-11-24 |
EP3094336A4 (en) | 2018-02-14 |
US20190022146A1 (en) | 2019-01-24 |
US20210177910A1 (en) | 2021-06-17 |
AU2015206236B2 (en) | 2020-02-20 |
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