JP7108549B2 - 緩衝剤不含有、酸安定性で、用量体積の低いロタウイルスワクチン - Google Patents
緩衝剤不含有、酸安定性で、用量体積の低いロタウイルスワクチン Download PDFInfo
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- JP7108549B2 JP7108549B2 JP2018565803A JP2018565803A JP7108549B2 JP 7108549 B2 JP7108549 B2 JP 7108549B2 JP 2018565803 A JP2018565803 A JP 2018565803A JP 2018565803 A JP2018565803 A JP 2018565803A JP 7108549 B2 JP7108549 B2 JP 7108549B2
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- vaccine
- rotavirus
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
- A61K39/12—Viral antigens
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
- A61K39/12—Viral antigens
- A61K39/15—Reoviridae, e.g. calf diarrhea virus
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
- A61P31/12—Antivirals
- A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
- A61K2039/51—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising whole cells, viruses or DNA/RNA
- A61K2039/525—Virus
- A61K2039/5254—Virus avirulent or attenuated
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
- A61K2039/54—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by the route of administration
- A61K2039/541—Mucosal route
- A61K2039/542—Mucosal route oral/gastrointestinal
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2720/00—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA dsRNA viruses
- C12N2720/00011—Details
- C12N2720/12011—Reoviridae
- C12N2720/12311—Rotavirus, e.g. rotavirus A
- C12N2720/12334—Use of virus or viral component as vaccine, e.g. live-attenuated or inactivated virus, VLP, viral protein
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Virology (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
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- Epidemiology (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Oncology (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
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Description
ロタウイルスが酸性環境に非常に感受性であることは周知である(Estes, M., Graham, D., Smith, E. and Gerba, C. (1979) Rotavirus Stability and Inactivation. Journal of General Virology, 43(2), pp.403-409)。pHが3.0未満の環境に供された場合、乳幼児胃腸炎ウイルスは不安定になり、それらの外殻およびカプソメアが崩壊することも報告されている(Palmer, E., Martin, M. and Murphy, F. (1977). Morphology and Stability of Infantile Gastroenteritis Virus: Comparison with Reovirus and Bluetongue Virus. Journal of General Virology, 35(3), pp.403-414)。多数のロタウイルスの株が、pH2の環境に曝露されると1分以内に不活性化されることも報告されており、同様の結果が、pH1.8のヒト胃液を用いた場合も得られた(Weiss, C. and Clark, H. (1985). Rapid Inactivation of Rotaviruses by Exposure to Acid Buffer or Acidic Gastric Juice. Journal of General Virology, 66(12), pp.2725-2730)。ヒト血清型1ロタウイルスがpH2.5の環境に供されると完全に不活性化されることもさらに報告された(Meng, Z., Birch, C., Heath, R. and Gust, I. (1987). Physicochemical Stability and Inactivation of Human and Simian Rotaviruses. Applied and Envirnmental Microbiology, 53(4), pp.727-730)。ロタウイルスは、一般的に、酸性環境に供されると非常に不安定であり、急速に不活性化されることが周知である。3種のウシ由来およびいくつかの霊長類由来のロタウイルスの不活性化速度を、pH2.0、pH3.0またはpH4.0の酸性緩衝剤への曝露について決定した。各ロタウイルスは、pH2.0(正常な空腹時の胃に最も類似した酸性度)で非常に急速に不活性化され、その感染力の半減期は1分間以下であった。各ロタウイルスは、pH3.0ではさらに遅い速度で不活性化され、pH4.0での不活性化が最小であった。さまざまなロタウイルス株間で酸耐性についていくらかの差異が検出された。これらの決定は室温(23℃)で実施されたが、多様な温度での実験は、正常体温(37℃)での酸によるウイルスの不活性化はさらに急速であることを示した。pH1.8またはpH2.1の天然のヒト胃液に曝露したロタウイルスの研究は、同じpHのグリシン緩衝剤で観察されたのと同様のウイルス不活性化速度を明らかにした(参考文献:Geigy Scientific Tables, volume 1, 1981, page 126)。
発明の背景において上述したように、緩衝剤の使用は、ロタウイルスワクチン処方の戦略において一般的な方法であり、今日までにさまざまなロタウイルスワクチン製造社によって採用されている。このため、116E株を含むロタワクチンの-20℃用処方(SPGおよびDMEM)は、クエン酸-重炭酸塩緩衝剤条件下および生理食塩水条件下で最初に試験されている。
第II群:5mlの生理食塩水と混合した2ml(ヒト用量当たり0.5mlであり、4ヒト用量に相当)のロタウイルス116E製剤A。
第III群:0.570mlのロタウイルス116E製剤A+[1.42mlクエン酸-重炭酸塩緩衝液+8mlの34.8mEq HCl]の混合物。
実施例1: 34.8mEqの塩酸(HCl)をロタウイルスワクチン処方に直接添加することによって、ロタウイルスワクチン処方を酸性環境下に直接供し、その後免疫ペルオキシダーゼアッセイを実施した。ワクチン処方のpHは、酸の直接添加によってpH7からpH2やpH4といった種々の低pH値に直接下げられ、続いてワクチンの抗原力価をpH2およびpH4の所与の低pH値で測定した。これに続いて、ワクチン力価を最長1時間まで、pH2および4の種々の低pH条件で測定した。次の知見を得た。反応混合物をさまざまな時点およびさまざまなpHレベルで研究した。詳細を下記表に示す。(保存温度-20℃における)ロタウイルスワクチン処方は、弱毒生ロタウイルス抗原116Eと、ダルベッコ最小必須培地に溶解した10%SPG(リン酸グルタミン酸ナトリウム)とを含有する。
特許明細書の後半に続く臨床試験結果からの結論とは別に、胃の酸性度と同様の条件を模倣したin vitroの系でも、緩衝剤を含まずにワクチンを直接投与できることが証明された。
BRRアッセイは、ロタウイルスワクチン処方の酸中和能力を知る有効な手順である。よって、クエン酸リン酸緩衝剤およびクエン酸重炭酸塩緩衝剤を含有する選択されたワクチン処方について、このアッセイを使用して酸中和能力について評価する。In vitro実験は、Baby Rosette Riceアッセイ(BRR)を使用して、乳幼児の胃を模倣した条件下で実行した。緩衝剤のさまざまな組合せを含むさまざまな処方を酸中和実験のために選択し、乳幼児の胃を模倣した条件である、さまざまなpH値で得た結果を下記表に示す。ワクチン処方を注射用水を用いて10mlに希釈し、次に4mlの0.1N HClを加え、次にpHが4.0に達するまで1分間あたり0.5mlの0.1N HClを添加した。ANCは、pHを4.0超に維持するために要した時間(分)と定義される。
仮説および研究原理
ロタウイルスの天然での伝播は、糞-口経路を介して生じると考えられている。一般にロタウイルスは、酸不安定性であり、酸性環境がウイルスの生存能に影響を与えると考えられている。
この仮説を検証するために、大規模多施設無作為化対照研究を実施して、ワクチン免疫応答を評価し、クエン酸重炭酸塩緩衝剤を含むROTAVACを受けた対象と、緩衝剤を含まないROTAVACを受けた者とを比較した。
第I群(ROTAVAC(登録商標)の投与を、その5分前の2.5ml緩衝剤の投与と共に受けた)、
第II群(緩衝剤なしのROTAVAC(登録商標)投与)、
第III群(投与直前に2.5mlの緩衝剤と混合したROTAVAC(登録商標)の投与)。
ワクチン接種後の免疫応答には、処置群間の抗ロタウイルスIgA応答について統計的有意差はなく、同等であった。重要なことに、第II群(緩衝剤なしのROTAVAC(登録商標)投与)において達成されたセロコンバージョン率およびGMTは、ROTAVAC(登録商標)を緩衝剤と共に投与した他の2つの処置群における結果と同様であった。
37℃、25℃および2~8℃における、ORV 116E液体処方の安定性データ
緩衝剤を含まない、用量体積0.5mlのロタウイルスワクチン処方(試料1~12、14~16)および緩衝剤と混合した用量体積0.5mlのロタウイルスワクチン処方(試料13)を、最大5年間の長期間にわたり検討し、その結果を下記に示す。さまざまな処方の詳細を、37℃で最大4週間、25℃で少なくとも6ヵ月間、および5±3℃で2年間~5年間のそれぞれにおける安定性と共に、下記で提供する。本研究は、緩衝剤を含まない、用量体積0.5mlのロタウイルスワクチンの処方も、冷蔵温度で少なくとも2年間の長期にわたり事実上安定であることを立証している。ロタウイルスワクチンの処方は、同様に冷蔵温度で5年間安定であることが見出されている。
Claims (12)
- ロタウイルス株116Eを含む、緩衝剤不含有、酸安定性の、乳幼児を対象とした経口投与用ロタウイルスワクチンであって、単位ワクチンあたりの用量体積が最大1mlであり、且つ前記ワクチンの処方が、緩衝剤を含む任意の従来のロタウイルスワクチンによって生じる免疫応答と同等またはそれ以上の免疫応答をロタウイルスに対して誘発し得る、ロタウイルスワクチン。
- 前記処方が、胃酸からロタウイルス抗原を保護するためのいかなる種類の緩衝剤も含まない、請求項1に記載のロタウイルスワクチン。
- 前記ワクチンの処方が、力価の減少を伴わずにpH2からpH4の胃で安定であり、制酸剤または緩衝剤のいかなる添加なしに、ヒトの胃の酸性度に少なくとも20分間耐えることができる、請求項1に記載のロタウイルスワクチン。
- 対象への前記ワクチンの投与前または投与後に、いかなる制酸剤または緩衝剤の投与も必要としない、請求項1に記載のロタウイルスワクチン。
- 単位ワクチンあたりの用量体積が、単位ワクチンあたり0.8mlである、請求項1に記載のロタウイルスワクチン。
- 単位ワクチンあたりの用量体積が、単位ワクチンあたり0.5mlである、請求項1に記載のロタウイルスワクチン。
- 前記ワクチンが-20℃で少なくとも60ヵ月間安定である、請求項1に記載のロタウイルスワクチン。
- 2~8℃で少なくとも36ヵ月間、25℃で6ヵ月間、および37℃で少なくとも4週間は安定である、請求項1に記載のロタウイルスワクチン。
- 前記ロタウイルスワクチンの、ワクチン接種後の4倍セロコンバージョン率で表される免疫応答が、前記ワクチンの処方を緩衝剤の存在下で使用して、または制酸剤投与と併用して達成されたセロコンバージョン率と同等またはそれ以上である、請求項1に記載のロタウイルスワクチン。
- 糖類の組合せ、ラクトアルブミン加水分解物および組換えヒト血清アルブミンをさらに含む、請求項1に記載のロタウイルスワクチン。
- 前記糖類の組合せが、ショ糖、乳糖およびトレハロースの組合せを含む、請求項10に記載のロタウイルスワクチン。
- 液体経口ワクチン用の処方である、請求項1に記載のロタウイルスワクチン。
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