JP7089235B1 - 炭化水素の直接分解装置及び直接分解方法 - Google Patents
炭化水素の直接分解装置及び直接分解方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP7089235B1 JP7089235B1 JP2021153622A JP2021153622A JP7089235B1 JP 7089235 B1 JP7089235 B1 JP 7089235B1 JP 2021153622 A JP2021153622 A JP 2021153622A JP 2021153622 A JP2021153622 A JP 2021153622A JP 7089235 B1 JP7089235 B1 JP 7089235B1
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Abstract
Description
図1に示されるように、本開示の一実施形態に係る炭化水素の直接分解装置1は、必須な構成要件として、触媒2が収容された反応器3を備えている。反応器3には、反応器3の内部、特に触媒2を昇温するための加熱装置4(例えば、スチームが流通するジャケット等)が設けられている。反応器3には、炭化水素のみを含む原料ガス、又は、炭化水素と不活性ガス(窒素又は希ガス)とを含む原料ガスを反応器3に供給するための原料供給ライン5と、原料ガス中の炭化水素が触媒2によって反応して生成した水素を含む反応ガスが反応器3から流出後に流通する反応ガス流通ライン6とが接続されている。
次に、本開示の一実施形態に係る炭化水素の直接分解装置1の動作(直接分解方法)について説明する。原料供給ライン5を介して反応器3内に流入した原料ガスは、触媒2を通過する。この際、原料ガス中の炭化水素は水素とカーボンに直接分解される(以下ではこの反応を「直接分解反応」という)。直接分解反応における炭化水素としてメタンを例にすると、下記の反応式(1)で表される反応が反応器3内で生じる。
CH4→2H2+C ・・・(1)
尚、直接分解反応を促進するために、加熱装置4によって触媒2の温度を600℃~900℃の範囲に維持することが好ましい。この温度範囲の技術的意義については後述する。
触媒2は、鉄製の複数の粒子を備えている。すなわち、触媒2は、鉄を担体に担持した担持触媒ではなく、鉄製の粒子の集合体である。触媒2の各粒子は鉄のみで形成されていることに限定されず、不可避的に鉄に混入してしまう成分(不可避的不純物)や鉄以外の金属元素のある程度の混入は許容される。このため本願では、「鉄製」とは、鉄の純度が下限値から100%の範囲を有する金属製を意味することとする。鉄の純度の下限値については後述する。
転化率=(1-(未反応のメタン量/原料のメタン量))×100 ・・・(2)
[反応温度]
次に、本開示の炭化水素の直接分解装置1及び直接分解方法に対する反応温度の影響を検討するために、図2に示される実験装置20を用いて実施例2~4の実験を行った。実施例2~4それぞれの実験条件を下記表2にまとめる。尚、実施例2~4で用いた触媒は、実施例1で用いた触媒と同じである。
次に、本開示の炭化水素の直接分解装置1及び直接分解方法に対するメタンの分圧の影響を検討するために、図2に示される実験装置20を用いて実施例8~11の実験を行った。実施例8~11それぞれの実験条件を下記表4にまとめる。尚、実施例8~11において反応温度、触媒量、触媒層の高さ、原料ガスの流量、及び空間速度は実施例2~4と同じであり、実施例8~11で用いた触媒は、実施例1~7で用いた触媒と同じである。
次に、本開示の炭化水素の直接分解装置1及び直接分解方法に対する触媒の粒径の影響を検討するために、図2に示される実験装置20を用いて実施例12~15の実験を行った。実施例12~15それぞれの実験条件を下記表5にまとめる。実施例12~15において触媒量、触媒層の高さ、原料ガスの流量、及び空間速度は実施例2~4と同じである。
次に、本開示の炭化水素の直接分解装置1及び直接分解方法に対する鉄の形態の影響を検討するために、図2に示される実験装置20を用いて実施例16~23並びに比較例3~5の実験を行った。実施例16~23それぞれの実験条件を下記表6にまとめ、比較例3~5それぞれの実験条件を下記表7にまとめる。尚、実施例16~23及び比較例3~5おいて反応温度、触媒量、触媒層の高さ、原料ガスの流量、空間速度、原料ガスの組成は実施例3と同じである。
図7を用いた反応機構の説明で述べたように、鉄の粒子が微粒化していくことで活性が向上する。このため、粒界を多く含み結晶性が低い鉄の粒子ほど、活性化しやすいと言える。結晶性はX線回折分析により評価することができ、X線回折分析によって得られた回折ピークから結晶子サイズを評価することができる。
D=Kλ/Bcosθ ・・・(3)
図7を用いた反応機構の説明で述べたように、触媒の粒子からサブミクロンオーダーの鉄の微粒子が分割され、これが活性の前駆体となることを考察した。このような鉄の微粒子が形成されやすいほど、触媒が短時間で活性化しやすい、つまり反応式(1)で表される反応が速く進みメタン転化率のピーク値が高くなると考えられる。そこで、次に、本開示の炭化水素の直接分解装置1及び直接分解方法に対する触媒の粒子の表面物性の影響を検討した。触媒の粒子の表面物性として、BET法(JIS Z8830,JIS R1626)による比表面積と、水銀圧入法(JIS R1655)による細孔比表面積と、BET法によって測定されるメソ孔の容積及び水銀圧入法によって測定されるマクロ孔の容積の合計値である細孔容積とを用いた。尚、BET法では50nm以下のミクロ孔/メソ孔を測定しており、水銀圧入法では50nm以上のマクロ孔を測定している。
炭化水素をカーボン及び水素に直接分解する炭化水素の直接分解装置(1)であって、
鉄の純度が86%以上の金属製の複数の粒子を備えた触媒(2)が収容される反応器(3)を備え、
前記反応器(3)は、炭化水素を含む原料ガスが供給されるように構成されている。
前記複数の粒子を構成する鉄の結晶子サイズは2nm以上60nm未満である。
BET法による前記複数の粒子の比表面積は0.1m2/g以上10m2/g以下、又は、水銀圧入法による前記複数の粒子の細孔比表面積は0.01m2/g以上1m2/g以下である。
前記複数の粒子の細孔容積は0.01cc/g以上1cc/g以下である。
前記複数の粒子の粒径の範囲は2μm~3mmの範囲である。
炭化水素をカーボン及び水素に直接分解する反応は、600℃~900℃の温度範囲で行われる。
前記原料ガスにおける炭化水素の分圧は0.025MPa~0.1MPaである。
前記触媒(2)に付着したカーボンを前記触媒(2)から除去するカーボン除去装置をさらに備える。
前記カーボン除去装置は、前記反応器(3)に収容された前記触媒(2)を流動床にする流動床形成装置(プレート12)である。
前記カーボン除去装置は、
前記反応器(3)内の前記触媒(2)の一部を再生する触媒再生装置(8)と、
前記反応器(3)から前記触媒再生装置(8)へ前記触媒を供給するための触媒供給ライン(9)と、
前記触媒再生装置(8)から前記反応器(3)へ前記触媒(2)を戻すための触媒戻りライン(10)と
を備える。
水素を含む反応ガスが前記反応器(3)から流出後に流通する反応ガス流通ライン(6)と、
前記反応ガス流通ライン(6)に設けられ、前記反応ガスからカーボンを分離する固気分離装置(7)と
をさらに備える。
炭化水素をカーボン及び水素に直接分解する炭化水素の直接分解方法であって、
炭化水素を含む原料ガスを、鉄の純度が86%以上の金属製の複数の粒子を備える触媒に供給するステップを含む。
前記触媒に付着したカーボンを前記触媒から除去するステップをさらに含む。
2 触媒
3 反応器
6 反応ガス流通ライン
7 固気分離装置
8 触媒再生装置(カーボン除去装置)
9 触媒供給ライン(カーボン除去装置)
10 触媒戻りライン(カーボン除去装置)
12 プレート(カーボン除去装置)
Claims (11)
- 炭化水素をカーボン及び水素に直接分解する炭化水素の直接分解装置であって、
鉄の純度が86%以上の金属製の複数の粒子の集合体の非担持触媒である触媒が収容された反応器を備え、
前記反応器は、炭化水素を含む原料ガスが供給されるように構成され、
前記複数の粒子の粒径の範囲は2μm~3mmの範囲であり、前記複数の粒子を構成する鉄の結晶子サイズは2nm以上60nm未満である、炭化水素の直接分解装置。 - BET法による前記複数の粒子の比表面積は0.1m2/g以上10m2/g以下、又は、水銀圧入法による前記複数の粒子の細孔比表面積は0.01m2/g以上1m2/g以下である、請求項1に記載の炭化水素の直接分解装置。
- 前記複数の粒子の細孔容積は0.01cc/g以上1cc/g以下である、請求項1または2に記載の炭化水素の直接分解装置。
- 炭化水素をカーボン及び水素に直接分解する反応は600℃~900℃の温度範囲で行われる、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の炭化水素の直接分解装置。
- 前記原料ガスにおける炭化水素の分圧は0.025MPa~0.1MPaである、請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載の炭化水素の直接分解装置。
- 前記触媒に付着したカーボンを前記触媒から除去するカーボン除去装置をさらに備える、請求項1~5のいずれか一項に記載の炭化水素の直接分解装置。
- 前記カーボン除去装置は、前記反応器に収容された前記触媒を流動床にする流動床形成装置である、請求項6に記載の炭化水素の直接分解装置。
- 前記カーボン除去装置は、
前記反応器内の前記触媒の一部を再生する触媒再生装置と、
前記反応器から前記触媒再生装置へ前記触媒を供給するための触媒供給ラインと、
前記触媒再生装置から前記反応器へ前記触媒を戻すための触媒戻りラインと
を備える、請求項6または7に記載の炭化水素の直接分解装置。 - 水素を含む反応ガスが前記反応器から流出後に流通する反応ガス流通ラインと、
前記反応ガス流通ラインに設けられ、前記反応ガスからカーボンを分離する固気分離装置と
をさらに備える、請求項1~8のいずれか一項に記載の炭化水素の直接分解装置。 - 炭化水素をカーボン及び水素に直接分解する炭化水素の直接分解方法であって、
炭化水素を含む原料ガスを、鉄の純度が86%以上の金属製の複数の粒子の集合体の非担持触媒である触媒に供給するステップを含み、
前記複数の粒子の粒径の範囲は2μm~3mmの範囲であり、前記複数の粒子を構成する鉄の結晶子サイズは2nm以上60nm未満である、炭化水素の直接分解方法。 - 前記触媒に付着したカーボンを前記触媒から除去するステップをさらに含む、請求項10に記載の炭化水素の直接分解方法。
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