JP7068445B2 - 研磨パッド及び研磨パッドの改質方法 - Google Patents
研磨パッド及び研磨パッドの改質方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP7068445B2 JP7068445B2 JP2020518281A JP2020518281A JP7068445B2 JP 7068445 B2 JP7068445 B2 JP 7068445B2 JP 2020518281 A JP2020518281 A JP 2020518281A JP 2020518281 A JP2020518281 A JP 2020518281A JP 7068445 B2 JP7068445 B2 JP 7068445B2
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- polyurethane
- polishing pad
- compound
- ethylenically unsaturated
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Description
本発明に係るポリウレタンの改質方法の第1実施形態について以下に説明する。第1実施形態のポリウレタンの改質方法は、エチレン性不飽和結合を有するポリウレタンを準備する工程と、ポリウレタンのエチレン性不飽和結合に共役二重結合を有する化合物を反応させる工程と、を含む。
本発明に係るポリウレタンの改質方法の第2実施形態について以下に説明する。第2実施形態のポリウレタンの改質方法は、共役二重結合を有するポリウレタンを準備する工程と、ポリウレタンの共役二重結合にエチレン性不飽和結合を有する化合物を反応させる工程と、を含む。
第1実施形態のエチレン性不飽和結合を有するポリウレタン、または第2実施形態の共役二重結合を有するポリウレタンの製造方法について、熱可塑性ポリウレタンを製造する方法を例として、さらに詳しく説明する。
第1~第3実施形態で説明した、種々の官能基を有するように改質されたポリウレタンは、その官能基による表面特性を活かして、研磨パッドの素材として好ましく用いられる。以下、このような研磨パッドの例について説明する。
例えば、CMPに用いられるスラリーとしては、酸性のスラリーやアルカリ性のスラリーがある。酸性のスラリーとアルカリ性のスラリーとは、研磨の目的に応じて選択されたり、多段の研磨プロセスを行う場合にそれらを併用したりして用いられる。アルカリ性のスラリーに含まれる砥粒は、通常、負のゼータ電位を有する。アルカリ性のスラリーを使用した場合、アルカリ性でゼータ電位が負になるポリウレタンを含む研磨面に対して、負のゼータ電位を有する砥粒は反発するために、研磨面に研磨屑が付着しにくくなってスクラッチやディフェクトの発生が低減する。しかしながら、アルカリ性においてゼータ電位が負になるポリウレタンであっても、酸性のスラリーを用いた場合には、ゼータ電位が正になることが多かった。
CMPに用いられるスラリーは、通常、水等の水系媒体を用いた水系の分散液である。そのために、CMPに用いられる研磨パッドのスラリーに接触する研磨面の親水性が高ければ高いほど、スラリーとの親和性が高くなる。
本実施形態の研磨パッドの素材として用いられる第3の例のポリウレタンとしては、研磨面に、カチオン性を示すアミノ基またはイミダゾール基を有するものである。研磨面にアミノ基またはイミダゾール基を有するポリウレタンを含む研磨パッドを用いた場合、塩基性領域においてもゼータ電位が正になる研磨面を有する研磨パッドを提供することが出来る。正のゼータ電位を示す研磨面と、負のゼータ電位を示す砥粒との間に高い親和性が発現する。
次に、上述したような研磨パッドを用いたCMPの一実施形態について説明する。
エチレン性不飽和結合を有する鎖伸長剤であるcis-2-ブテン-1,4-ジオール(CBD)、エチレン性不飽和結合を有さない鎖伸長剤である1,5-ペンタンジオール(PD)、数平均分子量850のポリテトラメチレングリコール(PTG850)、及び4,4’-ジフェニルメタンジイソシアネート(MDI)を、エチレン性不飽和結合を有さない鎖伸長剤との合計量中のエチレン性不飽和結合を有する鎖伸長剤(CBD)の割合が20モル%になる、表1に示した配合割合(質量%)で混合し、定量ポンプにより同軸で回転する2軸押出機に連続的に供給して、熱可塑性ポリウレタンの連続溶融重合を行った。そして、2軸押出機から押し出された溶融状態の熱可塑性ポリウレタンのストランドを水中に連続的に押出して冷却した後、ペレタイザーで細断してペレットにした。そして、得られたペレットを80℃で20時間除湿乾燥することにより、エチレン性不飽和結合を有する熱可塑性ポリウレタン(PU1)を製造した。
30mm×60mmに切り出したPU1の成形シートの表面を洗浄した。そして、電気泳動光散乱装置(ELS-Z、大塚電子(株)製)を使用し、平板測定用セルにサンプルを取り付け、pH3.0、及びpH5.0にHCl水溶液で調整した10mM NaCl水溶液中に分散したモニターラテックス(大塚電子(株)製)を用いて測定した。同様に、pH8.0にNaOH水溶液で調整した10mM NaCl水溶液中に分散したモニターラテックスを用いても測定を行った。図9に、実施例1及び後述する実施例2で得られた研磨パッドの、ゼータ電位のpH依存性を示すグラフを示す。
改質処理前及び改質処理後の厚さ0.3mmのPU1の成形シートを準備した。各成形シートを20℃、65%RHの条件下に3日間放置した後、協和界面科学(株)製DropMaster500を用いて水に対する接触角を測定した。
共役二重結合を有する化合物(B1)の水溶液として、50℃の2,5-フランジカルボン酸(FDCA)の0.25質量%水溶液を用いた以外は実施例1と同様にしてPU1を改質処理し、評価した。結果を表1に示す。
共役二重結合を有する化合物(B1)の水溶液として、50℃のフルフリルアルコール(FFA)の0.25質量%水溶液を用いた以外は実施例1と同様にしてPU1を改質処理し、評価した。結果を表1に示す。
共役二重結合を有する化合物(B1)の水溶液として、50℃のジビニレンイミン(DBI)の0.25質量%水溶液を用いた以外は実施例1と同様にしてPU1を改質処理し、評価した。結果を表1に示す。
エチレン性不飽和結合を有する鎖伸長剤であるcis-2-ブテン-1,4-ジオール(CBD)、数平均分子量850のポリテトラメチレングリコール(PTG850)、及び4,4’-ジフェニルメタンジイソシアネート(MDI)を、エチレン性不飽和結合を有さない鎖伸長剤との合計量中のエチレン性不飽和結合を有する鎖伸長剤(CBD)の割合が100モル%になる、表1に示した配合割合(質量%)で混合し、定量ポンプにより同軸で回転する2軸押出機に連続的に供給して、熱可塑性ポリウレタンの連続溶融重合を行った。そして、2軸押出機から押し出された溶融状態の熱可塑性ポリウレタンのストランドを水中に連続的に押出して冷却した後、ペレタイザーで細断してペレットにした。そして、得られたペレットを80℃で20時間除湿乾燥することにより、エチレン性不飽和結合を有する熱可塑性ポリウレタン(PU2)を製造した。
実施例1において、PU1の代わりにPU2を用いた以外は実施例1と同様にしてPU2を改質処理し、評価した。結果を表1に示す。
共役二重結合を有する化合物(B1)の水溶液として、50℃のFDCAの0.25質量%水溶液を用いた以外は実施例5と同様にしてPU2を改質処理し、評価した。結果を表1に示す。
エチレン性不飽和結合を有する鎖伸長剤であるcis-3-ノネン-1-オール(CNO)、エチレン性不飽和結合を有さない鎖伸長剤である1,5-ペンタンジオール(PD)、数平均分子量850のポリテトラメチレングリコール(PTG850)、及び4,4’-ジフェニルメタンジイソシアネート(MDI)を、エチレン性不飽和結合を有さない鎖伸長剤との合計量中のエチレン性不飽和結合を有する鎖伸長剤(CNO)の割合が20モル%になる、表1に示した配合割合で混合し、定量ポンプにより同軸で回転する2軸押出機に連続的に供給して、熱可塑性ポリウレタンの連続溶融重合を行った。そして、2軸押出機から押し出された溶融状態の熱可塑性ポリウレタンのストランドを水中に連続的に押出して冷却した後、ペレタイザーで細断してペレットにした。そして、得られたペレットを80℃で20時間除湿乾燥することにより、エチレン性不飽和結合を有する熱可塑性ポリウレタン(PU3)を製造した。
実施例1において、PU1の代わりにPU3を用いた以外は実施例1と同様にしてPU3を改質処理し、評価した。結果を表1に示す。
共役二重結合を有する化合物(B1)の水溶液として、50℃のFDCAの0.25質量%水溶液を用いた以外は実施例7と同様にしてPU3を改質処理し、評価した。結果を表1に示す。
1,5-ペンタンジオール(PD)、エチレン性不飽和結合を有する高分子ポリオールである数平均分子量1000のポリブタジエンジオール、数平均分子量850のポリテトラメチレングリコール(PTG850)、及び4,4’-ジフェニルメタンジイソシアネート(MDI)を、PTG850との合計量中のエチレン性不飽和結合を有する高分子ジオールの割合が20モル%になる、表1に示した配合割合で混合し、定量ポンプにより同軸で回転する2軸押出機に連続的に供給して、熱可塑性ポリウレタンの連続溶融重合を行った。そして、2軸押出機から押し出された溶融状態の熱可塑性ポリウレタンのストランドを水中に連続的に押出して冷却した後、ペレタイザーで細断してペレットにした。そして、得られたペレットを80℃で20時間除湿乾燥することにより、エチレン性不飽和結合を有する熱可塑性ポリウレタン(PU4)を製造した。実施例1において、PU1の代わりにPU4を用いた以外は実施例1と同様にしてPU4を改質処理した。結果を表1に示す。
共役二重結合を有する化合物(B1)の水溶液として、50℃のFDCAの0.25質量%水溶液を用いた以外は実施例9と同様にしてPU4を改質処理質した。結果を表1に示す。
1,5-ペンタンジオール(PD)、数平均分子量850のポリテトラメチレングリコール(PTG850)、及び4,4’-ジフェニルメタンジイソシアネート(MDI)を、表1に示した配合割合で混合し、定量ポンプにより同軸で回転する2軸押出機に連続的に供給して、熱可塑性ポリウレタンの連続溶融重合を行った。そして、2軸押出機から押し出された溶融状態の熱可塑性ポリウレタンのストランドを水中に連続的に押出して冷却した後、ペレタイザーで細断してペレットにした。そして、得られたペレットを80℃で20時間除湿乾燥することにより、エチレン性不飽和結合を有しない熱可塑性ポリウレタン(PU5)を製造した。実施例1において、PU1の代わりにPU5を用いた以外は実施例1と同様にしてPU5を改質処理し、評価した。結果を表1に示す。
共役二重結合を有する化合物(B1)の水溶液として、50℃のFDCAの0.25質量%水溶液を用いた以外は比較例1と同様にしてPU5を改質処理し、評価した。結果を表1に示す。
共役二重結合を有する鎖伸長剤である4-ヒドロキシメチル-5-メチルイミダゾール(HMI)、1,5-ペンタンジオール(PD)、数平均分子量850のポリテトラメチレングリコール(PTG850)、及び4,4’-ジフェニルメタンジイソシアネート(MDI)を、PDとの合計量中のHMIの割合が20モル%になる、表2に示した配合割合で混合し、定量ポンプにより同軸で回転する2軸押出機に連続的に供給して、熱可塑性ポリウレタンの連続溶融重合を行った。そして、2軸押出機から押し出された溶融状態の熱可塑性ポリウレタンのストランドを水中に連続的に押出して冷却した後、ペレタイザーで細断してペレットにした。そして、得られたペレットを80℃で20時間除湿乾燥することにより、共役二重結合を有する熱可塑性ポリウレタン(PU11)を製造した。
施例1と同様にして評価した。結果を下記表2に示す。
エチレン性不飽和結合を有する化合物(B2)の水溶液として、50℃の3-アミノ-1-プロペン(3A1P)の0.25質量%水溶液を用いた以外は実施例11と同様にしてPU11を改質処理し、評価した。結果を表2に示す。
1,5-ペンタンジオール(PD)、数平均分子量850のポリテトラメチレングリコール(PTG850)、及び4,4’-ジフェニルメタンジイソシアネート(MDI)を、表1に示した配合割合で混合し、定量ポンプにより同軸で回転する2軸押出機に連続的に供給して、熱可塑性ポリウレタンの連続溶融重合を行った。そして、2軸押出機から押し出された溶融状態の熱可塑性ポリウレタンのストランドを水中に連続的に押出して冷却した後、ペレタイザーで細断してペレットにした。そして、得られたペレットを80℃で20時間除湿乾燥することにより、共役二重結合を有しない熱可塑性ポリウレタン(PU12)を製造した。実施例11において、PU11の代わりにPU12を用いた以外は実施例1と同様にしてPU12を改質処理し、評価した。結果を表2に示す。
cis-2-ブテン-1,4-ジオール(CBD)、1,5-ペンタンジオール(PD)、数平均分子量850のポリテトラメチレングリコール(PTG850)、及び4,4’-ジフェニルメタンジイソシアネート(MDI)を、表3に示した配合割合(質量%)で混合し、20質量%DMF溶液中で熱可塑性ポリウレタンの溶液重合を行った。そして、溶液中において2,5-フランジカルボン酸(FDCA)を0.25質量%となるよう添加し改質した。その後得られた溶液を80℃で20時間除湿乾燥することにより、カルボン酸を有する熱可塑性ポリウレタン(PU21)を製造した。PU1の代わりにPU21を用い、後の改質処理を省略した以外は実施例1と同様にして評価し、結果を表3に示す。
1,5-ペンタンジオール(PD)、数平均分子量850のポリテトラメチレングリコール(PTG850)、及び4,4’-ジフェニルメタンジイソシアネート(MDI)を、表3に示した配合割合(質量%)で混合し、20wt%DMF溶液中で熱可塑性ポリウレタンの溶液重合を行った。そして、溶液中において2,5-フランジカルボン酸(FDCA)を0.25質量%となるよう添加した。その後得られた溶液を80℃で20時間除湿乾燥することにより、熱可塑性ポリウレタン(PU22)を製造した。PU1の代わりにPU22を用い、後の改質処理を省略した以外は実施例1と同様にして評価し、結果を表3に示す。
2 回転定盤
3 スラリー供給ノズル
4 キャリア
5 被研磨物
6 パッドコンディショナー
10 CMP装置
Claims (22)
- 少なくとも研磨面に、エチレン性不飽和結合を有するポリウレタンを含む、研磨パッドを準備する工程と、
前記ポリウレタンを、カルボキシル基,水酸基,アミノ基,スルホン酸基,リン酸基,またはイミダゾール基を有し且つ共役二重結合を有する化合物の溶液で処理することにより、前記エチレン性不飽和結合と前記共役二重結合とをディールス・アルダー反応させる工程と、を含む研磨パッドの改質方法。 - 前記エチレン性不飽和結合を有するポリウレタンは、エチレン性不飽和結合を有する化合物に由来するポリマー構成単位を含む請求項1に記載の研磨パッドの改質方法。
- 前記エチレン性不飽和結合を有する化合物が、cis-2-ブテン-1,4-ジオール,4,5-ビス(ヒドロキシメチル)イミダゾール,5-ノルボルネン-2,3-ジメタノール,cis-2-ノネン-1-オール,cis-3-ノネン-1-オール,cis-3-オクテン-1-オール、ポリブタジエンジオールからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種の化合物を含む請求項2に記載の研磨パッドの改質方法。
- 前記カルボキシル基,水酸基,アミノ基,スルホン酸基,リン酸基,またはイミダゾール基を有し且つ共役二重結合を有する化合物が、
ソルビン酸,2,5-フランジカルボン酸,2-フランカルボン酸またはそれらの金属塩であるカルボキシル基含有化合物;フルフリルアルコールである水酸基含有化合物;ジビニレンイミンであるアミノ基含有化合物;2-ナフタレンスルホン酸水和物であるスルホン酸基含有化合物;1-ナフチルリン酸ナトリウム水和物であるリン酸基含有化合物;イミダゾールまたは1H-イミダゾール-4,5-ジカルボン酸であるイミダゾール基含有化合物;からなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種を含む、請求項1~3の何れか1項に記載の研磨パッドの改質方法。 - 前記ディールス・アルダー反応により、前記研磨パッドの研磨面のゼータ電位を、pH5~8の全範囲において3mV以上変化させる請求項1~4の何れか1項に記載の研磨パッドの改質方法。
- 少なくとも研磨面に、共役二重結合を有するポリウレタンを含む、研磨パッドを準備する工程と、
前記ポリウレタンを、カルボキシル基,アミノ基,スルホン酸基,リン酸基またはイミダゾール基を有し且つエチレン性不飽和結合を有する化合物の溶液で処理することにより、前記共役二重結合と前記エチレン性不飽和結合とをディールス・アルダー反応させる工程と、を含む研磨パッドの改質方法。 - 前記共役二重結合を有するポリウレタンは、共役二重結合を有する化合物に由来するポリマー構成単位を含むポリウレタンである請求項6に記載の研磨パッドの改質方法。
- 前記共役二重結合を有する化合物が、4,5-ビス(ヒドロキシメチル)イミダゾール,4-ヒドロキシメチル-5-メチルイミダゾール,ポリエチレンフラノエートからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種の化合物を含む請求項7に記載の研磨パッドの改質方法。
- 前記カルボキシル基,アミノ基,スルホン酸基,リン酸基またはイミダゾール基を有し且つエチレン性不飽和結合を有する化合物が、
マレイン酸,マレイミド,またはフマル酸であるカルボキシル基含有化合物;3-アミノ-1-プロペンであるアミノ基含有化合物;2-アクリルアミド-2-メチルプロパンスルホン酸であるスルホン酸基含有化合物;ビニルホスホン酸であるリン酸基含有化合物;1-ビニルイミダゾールであるイミダゾール基含有化合物;からなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種を含む、請求項6~8の何れか1項に記載の研磨パッドの改質方法。 - 前記ディールス・アルダー反応により、前記研磨パッドの研磨面のゼータ電位を、pH5~8の全範囲において3mV以上変化させる請求項6~9の何れか1項に記載の研磨パッドの改質方法。
- 少なくとも研磨面に、エチレン性不飽和結合を有するポリウレタンを含む、研磨パッドであり、
前記ポリウレタンを、カルボキシル基,水酸基,アミノ基,スルホン酸基,リン酸基,またはイミダゾール基を有し且つ共役二重結合を有する化合物の溶液で処理することにより、前記エチレン性不飽和結合と前記共役二重結合とをディールス・アルダー反応させるための、研磨パッド。 - 前記エチレン性不飽和結合を有するポリウレタンは、エチレン性不飽和結合を有する化合物に由来するポリマー構成単位を含む、請求項11に記載の研磨パッド。
- 前記エチレン性不飽和結合を有する化合物が、cis-2-ブテン-1,4-ジオール,4,5-ビス(ヒドロキシメチル)イミダゾール,5-ノルボルネン-2,3-ジメタノール,cis-2-ノネン-1-オール,cis-3-ノネン-1-オール,cis-3-オクテン-1-オール、ポリブタジエンジオールからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種の化合物を含む、請求項12に記載の研磨パッド。
- 前記エチレン性不飽和結合に、前記カルボキシル基,水酸基,アミノ基,スルホン酸基,リン酸基,またはイミダゾール基を有し且つ共役二重結合を有する化合物の、該共役二重結合をディールス・アルダー反応させた請求項11~13の何れか1項に記載の研磨パッド。
- 前記カルボキシル基,水酸基,アミノ基,スルホン酸基,リン酸基,またはイミダゾール基を有し且つ共役二重結合を有する化合物が、
ソルビン酸,2,5-フランジカルボン酸,2-フランカルボン酸またはそれらの金属塩であるカルボキシル基含有化合物;フルフリルアルコールである水酸基含有化合物;ジビニレンイミンであるアミノ基含有化合物;2-ナフタレンスルホン酸水和物であるスルホン酸基含有化合物;1-ナフチルリン酸ナトリウム水和物であるリン酸基含有化合物;イミダゾールまたは1H-イミダゾール-4,5-ジカルボン酸であるイミダゾール基含有化合物;からなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種を含む、請求項11~14の何れか1項に記載の研磨パッド。 - 前記研磨面の、pH3.0におけるゼータ電位が-1.0mV以下である請求項11~15の何れか1項に記載の研磨パッド。
- 少なくとも研磨面に共役二重結合を有するポリウレタンを含む研磨パッドであり、
前記ポリウレタンを、カルボキシル基,アミノ基,スルホン酸基,リン酸基またはイミダゾール基を有し且つエチレン性不飽和結合を有する化合物の溶液で処理することにより、前記共役二重結合と前記エチレン性不飽和結合とをディールス・アルダー反応させるための、研磨パッド。 - 前記共役二重結合を有するポリウレタンは、共役二重結合を有する化合物に由来するポリマー構成単位を含む、請求項17に記載の研磨パッド。
- 前記共役二重結合を有する化合物が、4,5-ビス(ヒドロキシメチル)イミダゾール,4-ヒドロキシメチル-5-メチルイミダゾール,ポリエチレンフラノエートからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種の化合物を含む、請求項18に記載の研磨パッド。
- 前記共役二重結合に、前記カルボキシル基,アミノ基,スルホン酸基,リン酸基またはイミダゾール基を有し且つエチレン性不飽和結合を有する化合物の、該エチレン性不飽和結合をディールス・アルダー反応させた、請求項17~19の何れか1項に記載の研磨パッド。
- 前記カルボキシル基,アミノ基,スルホン酸基,リン酸基またはイミダゾール基を有し且つエチレン性不飽和結合を有する化合物が、
マレイン酸,マレイミド,またはフマル酸であるカルボキシル基含有化合物;3-アミノ-1-プロペンであるアミノ基含有化合物;2-アクリルアミド-2-メチルプロパンスルホン酸であるスルホン酸基含有化合物;ビニルホスホン酸であるリン酸基含有化合物;1-ビニルイミダゾールであるイミダゾール基含有化合物;からなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種を含む、請求項17~20に記載の研磨パッド。 - 前記研磨面の、pH3.0におけるゼータ電位が-1.0mV以下である、請求項17~21の何れか1項に記載の研磨パッド。
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