JP7048482B2 - Brachyury欠失変異体、Brachyury欠失変異体をコードする非酵母ベクター、及びそれらの使用 - Google Patents
Brachyury欠失変異体、Brachyury欠失変異体をコードする非酵母ベクター、及びそれらの使用 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本特許出願は、参照により取り込まれる米国仮特許出願番号第62/200,438号(2015年8月3日に出願)の利益を主張する。
本明細書と同時に提出されたヌクレオチド/アミノ酸の配列表は、その全体が参照により本明細書に取り込まれる。
Brachyury遺伝子は、中胚葉形成の阻止を特徴とするマウス発生変異体から、最初にクローニングされ (Hermannら、Nature 1990; 343:617-22)、原腸形成中の中胚葉発生において重要な遺伝子として認識されている。Brachyuryは、T-box転写因子と呼ばれる転写因子ファミリーのメンバーである;これらの因子は、保存されたDNA結合ドメインによって特徴づけられる (Papaioannouら、Bioessays 1998;20:9-19)。これらの転写因子は、脊椎動物における中胚葉の形成及びオーガナイゼーションにおいて、重要な役割を果たす (例えば、Edwardsら、Genome Res 1996;6:226-33を参照)。発生過程の調節におけるT-boxタンパク質の重要な役割に加えて、本ファミリーの幾つかのメンバーは、がんにおいて脱調節される。例えば、ヒトTbx2遺伝子は、膵臓がん細胞株において増幅されることが報告されており (Mahlamakiら、Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2002;35:353-8)、BRCA-1及びBRCA-2に変異を有する乳がんにおいて過剰に発現される (Sinclairら、Cancer Res 2002;62:3587-91)。加えて、Tbx3発現が、あるヒト乳がん細胞株において増強されることが示されている (Fanら、Cancer Res 2004;64:5132-9)。Brachyuryの発現はまた、ヒト奇形がん細胞株(胚細胞腫瘍のサブセット)(奇形がんは中胚葉分化能を有する胚性がん細胞である (Gokhaleら、Cell Growth Differ 2000;11:157-62))、及び脊索腫においても確認されている (例えば、Vojovicら、J Pathol 2006;209:157-65を参照)。Brachyuryはまた、とりわけ乳房、肺、結腸、前立腺及び肝細胞のがん、及びB細胞起源の悪性腫瘍、例えば慢性リンパ性白血病 (CLL)、B細胞リンパ腫及び多発性骨髄腫等を含む、多様なヒトがんにおいて過剰発現される。
本実施例は、実施例2において記載される実験のための材料及び方法を提供する。
Gabitzschら (Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2010; 59: 1131-1135)及びAmalfitanoら (J Virol. 1998; 72: 926-933)に以前に記載されたように、Ad5 [E1-, E2b-]-Brachyury、Ad5 [E1-, E2b-]-CEA及びAd5 [E1-, E2b-]-MUC1を構築及び産生した。簡易には、相同組換えベースのアプローチを用いて、Ad5 [E1-, E2b-]ベクターのE1領域に、導入遺伝子をサブクローニングした。Amalfitanoら(上記)に以前に記載されたように複製欠損ウイルスをE.C7パッケージング細胞株内で増殖させ、CsCl2精製し、タイターを測定した。ウイルス感染タイターは、E.C7単層細胞におけるプラーク形成ユニット(PFU)として決定した。VP濃度は、ドデシル硫酸ナトリウム(SDS)による破壊、並びに260nm及び280nmでの分光測光法によって決定した (ViraQuest, North Liberty, IA)。CEA導入遺伝子はまた、高度免疫原性エピトープCAP1-6Dを含有する改変CEAを含有する (Salazarら、Int J Cancer. 2000; 85: 829-838;及びZarembaら、Cancer Res. 1997; 57: 4570-4577を参照)。
イピリムマブと組合せたPSA-TRICOMワクチン (Madanら、Lancet Oncol. 2012; 13: 501-508を参照)を用いた臨床試験に登録された前立腺がん患者 (HLA-A2+及びHLA-A24+)の末梢血単核細胞 (PBMC)から、以前に記載された方法を用いて、樹状細胞 (DC)を生成した (Ceredaら、Vaccine. 2011; 29: 4992-4999を参照)。ワクチン接種後の本患者に由来するPBMCを用いて、CEA、MUC1及びBrachyuryに特異的である個々のT細胞株を樹立することができた。国立衛生研究所 (NIH)臨床センターの施設内治験審査委員会は手続きを承認し、ヘルシンキ宣言に従ってインフォームドコンセントを得た。簡易には、リンパ球分離培地の勾配 (ICN Biochemicals, Aurora, VA)を用いて、PBMCを単離し、AIM-V培地 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA)に再懸濁し (2×107細胞)、2時間、6ウェルプレート中で接着させた。100ng/mlの組換えヒト(rh)GM-CSF及び20ng/mlのrhIL-4を含有するAIM-V培地中で、5日間、接着細胞を培養した。培養培地は、3日毎に補充した。
1mlのAIM-V培地中の樹状細胞 (2×105)を、1時間、6ウェルプレート中において、示された感染多重度(10,000又は20,000 MOI)で、アデノウイルスベクター(Ad5 [E1-, E2b-]-CEA、Ad5 [E1-, E2b-]-MUC1、Ad5 [E1-, E2b-]-Brachyury及びAd5 [E1-, E2b-]-null)に感染させた。次いで、AIM-V培地 (4ml)を各ウェルに添加し、追加で2日間インキュベートした。導入遺伝子発現の有効性を分析するために、DCを回収し、フローサイトメトリー及びウェスタンブロットを用いて分析した。表現型分析のために、BV421-複合体化抗CD80、PerCP Cy5.5-複合体化抗CD83、APC-Cy7-複合体化抗HLA-DR、PE-複合体化抗CD86及びFITC-複合体化抗CEAを用いて、CD80、CD83、CD86、CEA及びHLA-DRの発現に関して、DCを染色した。フローサイトメトリー用の抗体は、BD Bioscience (San Jose, CA)から購入した。
Tsangら (J Natl Cancer Inst. 1995; 87: 982-990)によって記載された方法を改変して、CEA-、MUC1-及びBrachyury特異的な細胞傷害性Tリンパ球 (CTL)を生成するために使用した。上記のように、樹状細胞 (1mlのAIM-V中、1~2×105/ウェル)を、20,000 MOIのTri-Ad5で感染させた。自己の非接着細胞を刺激するために、APCとして感染DCを、エフェクターとAPCの比を10:1で用いた。培養液は、5% CO2を含有する加湿雰囲気中で、37℃で3日間、インキュベートした。
Tsangら (Cancer Res. 2001; 61: 7568-7576)によって記載されたプロトコールを改変して、CTL分析のために用いた。簡易には、標的細胞を、37℃で20分間、50μCiの111In酸化物 (GE Health Care, Vienna, VA)で標識し、96ウェルの丸底培養プレート中で、3,000細胞/ウェルで用いた。T細胞を様々な比で添加し、37℃で16時間インキュベートした。ガンマ計数のために、上清を回収した。決定は三連で行い、SDを計算した。自然放出は、標的細胞を培地のみとインキュベートすることによって決定し、完全溶解は、0.25%Triton X-100でインキュベートすることによって決定した。特異的な溶解は、以下の式:溶解 (%)=[観察された放出 (CPM)-自然放出(CPM)]/[完全な放出 (CPM)-自然放出(CPM)]×100、を用いて計算した。
ヒト結腸がんSW620 (HLA-A2+、HLA-A24+、Brachyury+、MUC1+、CEA+)及び膵臓がんASPC-1 (HLA-A1+、HLA-A26+、MUC1+)細胞株をアメリカンタイプカルチャーコレクション (Manassas, VA)から得た。細胞培養物は、マイコプラズマフリーで、完全培地(10% FBS、100U/mlペニシリン、100μg/mlストレプトマイシン及び2 mM L-グルタミンを補充したRPMI-1640) (Mediatech, Herndon, VA)中で維持した。
IL-2フリーの培地中で、アデノウイルスベクターで感染させたDC又はペプチドでパルスしたDCで、24時間刺激したT細胞の上清について、ELISAキット (Invitrogen, Frederick, MD)を用いてIFN-γの分泌を評価した。本分析において用いた抗原特異的T細胞株は、以前に報告されている:(a)HLA-A2 CEA特異的CTL (Palenaら、Cytokine. 2003; 24: 128-142)、(b)HLA-A2 MUC1特異的CTL (Tsangら、Clin Cancer Res. 2004; 10: 2139-2149)、(c)HLA-A24 MUC1特異的CTL (Jochemsら、Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2014; 63: 161-174)、及び(d)HLA-A2 Brachyury特異的CTL (Tuckerら、Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2014; 63: 1307-1317)。
本研究においては、以下のHLA-A2及びHLA-A24結合ペプチドを用いた:(a)HLA-A2結合CEAアゴニストペプチドCAP1-6D (YLSGADLNL) (Zarembaら、Cancer Res. 1997; 57: 4570-4577)、(b)HLA-A2 MUC1アゴニストペプチドP93L (ALWGQDVTSV) (Tsangら、Clin Cancer Res. 2004; 10: 2139-2149)、(c)HLA-A24結合MUC1アゴニストペプチドC6A (KYHPMSEYAL) (Jochemsら、Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2014; 63: 161-174)、及び(d) HLA-A2結合Brachyuryアゴニストペプチド (WLLPGTSTV) (Tuckerら、Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2014; 63: 1307-1317)。全てのペプチドは96%より高い純度であり、American Peptide Company, Inc. (Sunnyvale, CA)によって製造された。
特異的病原体フリーの、8~10週齢のメスC57BL/6マウス (Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME)を、感染症研究所(IDRI)(Seattle, WA, USA)の動物施設に収容した。全ての手順は、所内動物実験委員会 (IACUC)が承認したプロトコールに従って行われた。
メスC57BL/6マウス (n=5)の皮下に、1010VPのAd5 [E1-, E2b-]-Brachyury又はAd5 [E1-, E2b-]-CEA又はAd5 [E1-, E2b-]-MUC1又は1:1:1の比での1010VPの全3ウイルスの組合せ (Tri-Ad5)を注射した。対照マウスには、3×1010VPのAdeno-null (導入遺伝子の挿入なし)を注射した。用量は、25μlの注射バッファー (3%スクロースを含む20mM HEPES)中で投与され、マウスは14日の間隔で、3回ワクチン接種された。最後の注射後14日で、脾臓及び血清を回収した。血清は-20℃で冷凍した。70μMのナイロン細胞ストレーナー (BD Falcon, San Jose, CA)に通して脾臓を穏やかに粉砕することによって、脾細胞懸濁液を生成した。赤血球は、赤血球溶解緩衝液 (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO)を添加することによって除去し、R10(L-グルタミン (2mM)、HEPES (20mM) (Corning, Corning, NY)、100U/mlペニシリン及び100μg/mlストレプトマイシン (Hyclone, GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Logan, UT)及び10%ウシ胎仔血清 (Hyclone)を補充したRPMI 1640)中で、脾細胞を2回洗浄し、再懸濁した。脾細胞は、ELISPOT及びフローサイトメトリーによって、サイトカインの産生について分析した。
上記のように、新鮮な単離されたマウス脾細胞に由来する、Brachyury-、CEA-及びMUC1特異的な、IFN-γ又はIL-2を分泌するT細胞を、ELISPOTアッセイによって決定した。ELISPOTアッセイは、製造者の仕様書に従って実施した (Affymetrix Bioscience, San Diego, CA)。簡易には、Brachyury又はCEA (JPT Peptide Technologies, Berlin, Germany)又はMUC1に由来する単一のプール中で、0.2μg/ウェルの重複する15merのペプチドで、2×105の脾細胞を刺激した。細胞は、陽性対照として0.0625μg/ウェルの濃度でコンカナバリンA (Con A)で刺激し、SIV-Nef及びSIV-Vif(エイズ研究及び基準試薬プログラム(AIDS Research and Reference Reagent Program)、エイズ部門、国立アレルギー・感染症研究所 (NIAID)、国立衛生研究所 (NIH))に由来する重複する15merの完全なペプチドプールが、無関係なペプチド対照として使用された。Immunospot ELISpotプレートリーダー (Cellular Technology, Shaker Heights, OH)を用いてSFC数を決定し、結果を106脾細胞当たりのSFC数として報告した。
上記で示したように、脾細胞を調製した。96ウェルU底プレート中で、1ウェル当たり106の生きた脾細胞を用いて、刺激アッセイを行った。Brachyury、CEA及びMUC1の全コード配列にまたがる重複するペプチドのプールを、11アミノ酸の重複がある15merとして合成し (JPT GmbH)、凍結乾燥されたペプチドのプールをジメチルスルホキシド (DMSO)に溶解した。同様に構築された、SIV-Vif及びSIV-Nefに対応するペプチドプールは、オフターゲットの対照として役割を果たした。R10培地 (RPMI 1640、10%ウシ胎仔血清及び抗生物質)中の脾細胞は、37℃で6時間、5% CO2で、1ペプチド当たり2μg/mLで、ペプチドプールを添加することによって刺激し、インキュベーションにタンパク質輸送阻害剤 (GolgiStop, BD)を2時間加えた。次いで、刺激された脾細胞を、リンパ球表面マーカーCD8α及びCD4について染色し、固定し、浸透化し(permeabilized)、次いでIFN-γ及びTNFαの細胞内蓄積について染色した。マウス CD8α (クローン53-6.7)、CD4 (クローンRM4-5)、IFN-γ (クローンXMG1.2)及びTNFα (クローンMP6-XT22)に対する抗体を、BDから購入し、染色を抗CD16/CD32 (クローン2.4G2)の存在下で行った。フローサイトメトリーは、Accuri C6 Flow Cytometer (BD)を用いて行い、BD Accuri C6ソフトウェアで分析した。
ELISAプレート (Maxisorp; Nunc, Rochester, NY)を、0.05M炭酸塩-重炭酸塩緩衝液(pH9.6)中の100ngのヒトCEA (Sigma-Aldrich)でコートし、室温で一晩インキュベートした。プレートは、1% Tween-20 (PBS-T)を含有するリン酸緩衝生理食塩水で3回洗浄し、次いで、1% BSAを含有するPBSで、室温で60分間ブロッキングした。追加で3回洗浄した後、PBS-T中で1/50希釈した血清をウェルに添加し、該プレートを室温で1時間インキュベートした。洗浄後、ペルオキシダーゼで標識したヤギ抗マウス免疫グロブリン(Ig)G(γ鎖特異的) (Sigma-Aldrich)抗体(1:5000希釈)をウェルに添加し、プレートを1時間インキュベートした。プレートを3回洗浄し、1,2-フェニレン・ジアミン基質溶液 (Thermo-Fisher, Scientific, Waltham, MA)を各ウェルに添加した。10%リン酸を添加することによって、反応を停止した。SpectraMax 190 ELISAリーダー (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA)で、492nmにおける吸光度を測定した。精製したマウスIgGを用いて生成した標準曲線を参照することによって、1ウェル当たり、CEAに結合したIgGのナノグラム当量が得られ、以前に記載されたように、CEA ELISA (Sigma-Aldrich)と同時に作成された (Gabitzschら、Vaccine. 2011; 29: 8101-8107を参照)。結果は、SoftMax Pro 6.3ソフトウェア (Molecular Devices)を用いて、分析し、定量した。
96ウェル組織培養マイクロプレート中において、1ウェル当たり2×104細胞の濃度で、MC38-CEA2腫瘍細胞を、オーバーナイトで培養した。プールし、熱で不活性化したマウス血清を1:50希釈して添加し、37℃で1時間インキュベートした。次いで、補体のソースとして、ウサギ血清を1:50希釈して添加し、細胞を37℃で2.5時間追加でインキュベートした。Promega Cytotox 96 non-radioactive細胞毒性アッセイ (Promega, Madison, WI)を用いて、製造業者の指示に従って、細胞培養上清をアッセイした。MC38-CEA2細胞の%溶解を、式:%溶解=(実験-標的自然)/(標的最大-標的自然)×100%、によって計算した。
in vivoでの腫瘍治療研究のために、メスC57BL/6マウス(8~10週齢)の左脇の皮下に、106 MC38-MUC1細胞を移植した。マウスは、7日間隔で3回、1010 VPのAdeno-MUC1又はTri-Ad5で治療した。対照マウスには、3×1010 VPのAdeno-nullを注射した。腫瘍増殖は、2つの対向する寸法 (a、b)を測定することによって評価し、以前に記載されたように (Tomaykoら、Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1989; 24: 148-154を参照)、式:V=(a×b)2/2(ここで短い方の寸法を「a」とした)に従って、体積を計算した。腫瘍が1500m3に達するか、又は重度に潰瘍化した場合、腫瘍研究を終結した。
本実施例は、Brachyury欠失変異体ポリペプチドを含むベクターの生成及び特徴付けについて記載する。
Claims (33)
- 配列番号3のアミノ酸配列であって、残基229がValであるアミノ酸配列を含むポリペプチド。
- 請求項1に記載のポリペプチドをコードする核酸。
- 請求項2に記載の核酸を含む非酵母ベクター。
- 前記ベクターが、プラスミド、ポックスウイルス、レトロウイルス、アデノウイルス、ヘルペスウイルス、ポリオウイルス、アルファウイルス、バキュロウイルス、シンドビスウイルス又は細菌のベクターからなる群から選択される、請求項3に記載のベクター。
- 前記細菌のベクターが、リステリア又はサルモネラベクターである、請求項4に記載のベクター。
- 前記ベクターが、オルトポックス、アビポックス、カプリポックス及びスイポックスウイルスからなる群から選択されるポックスウイルスである、請求項4に記載のベクター。
- 前記ポックスウイルスが、ワクシニア、鶏痘及びカナリアポックスウイルスからなる群から選択される、請求項6に記載のベクター。
- インターロイキン (IL)-2、IL-4、IL-6、IL-12、インターフェロン(IFN)-γ、腫瘍壊死因子 (TNF)-α、B7.1、B7.2、ICAM-1、LFA-3、CD70、RANTES、G-CSF、OX-40L、41 BBL、
抗CTLA-4、又はそれらの組合せをコードする核酸を更に含む、請求項3~6のいずれか1項に記載のベクター。 - 1以上の腫瘍関連抗原をコードする核酸を更に含む、請求項3~8のいずれか1項に記載のベクター。
- (i)請求項1に記載のポリペプチド、(ii)請求項2に記載の核酸、又は(iii)請求項3~
9のいずれか1項に記載のベクターを含む、非酵母細胞。 - 前記細胞が抗原提示細胞又は腫瘍細胞である、請求項10に記載の細胞。
- (a) (i)請求項1に記載のポリペプチド、(ii)請求項2に記載の核酸、(iii)請求項3~9のいずれか1項に記載のベクター、又は(iv)請求項10又は11に記載の細胞、及び
(b) 医薬的に許容される担体
を含む組成物。 - (i)インターロイキン (IL)-2、IL-4、IL-6、IL-12、インターフェロン (IFN)-γ、腫瘍壊死因子 (TNF)-α、B7.1、B7.2、ICAM-1、LFA-3、CD70、RANTES、G-CSF、OX-40L、41 BBL、抗CTLA-4若しくはそれらの組合せ、
(ii) キトサンと複合体化した、IL-12をコードするプラスミド、又は
(iii)キトサンと混合された組換えIL-12
を更に含む、請求項12に記載の組成物。 - 化学療法薬、抗生物質、抗ウイルス薬、抗真菌薬、シクロホスファミド又はそれらの組合せを更に含む、請求項12又は13に記載の組成物。
- 1以上のアジュバントを更に含む、請求項12~14のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 1以上のアジュバントが、ミョウバン、アルミニウム塩、リン酸アルミニウム、水酸化アルミニウム、ケイ酸アルミニウム、リン酸カルシウム、不完全フロイントアジュバント、QS21、MPL-A、RIBI DETOXTM及びそれらの組合せからなる群から選択される、請求項1
5に記載の組成物。 - 顆粒球単球コロニー刺激因子 (GM-CSF)を更に含む、請求項12~16のいずれか1項
に記載の組成物。 - リポソームを更に含む、請求項12~17のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 免疫応答を誘導するための請求項12~18のいずれか1項に記載の組成物であって、前記免疫応答がBrachyury特異的CD4+T細胞応答を含む、組成物。
- 前記免疫応答がBrachyury特異的CD8+T細胞応答を更に含む、請求項19に記載の組成
物。 - 対象におけるがんを治療又は予防するための請求項12~18のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 前記対象がヒトである、請求項19~21のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 前記対象ががんを有する、請求項19~22のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 前記がんが、乳がん、小腸がん、胃がん、腎臓がん、膀胱がん、子宮がん、卵巣がん、精巣がん、肺がん、結腸がん、前立腺がん、慢性リンパ性白血病 (CLL)、B細胞リンパ腫
、バーキットリンパ腫又はホジキン・リンパ腫である、請求項23に記載の組成物。 - 有効量のアジュバントを更に含む、請求項19~24のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 前記アジュバントがキトサンである、請求項25に記載の組成物。
- 治療有効量の第二の剤と共に対象に投与される請求項19~25のいずれか1項に記載の組成物であって、前記第二の剤が、化学療法剤、放射線、小分子標的治療薬、ホルモン療法又はチェックポイント阻害剤である、組成物。
- 前記チェックポイント阻害剤が、抗PD-1、抗PD-L1、抗CTLA-4及びそれらの組合せから
なる群から選択される、請求項27に記載の組成物。 - 前記第二の剤が、上皮増殖因子受容体阻害剤、トランスフォーミング増殖因子(TGF)-β阻害剤又はチロシンキナーゼ阻害剤である、請求項27又は28に記載の組成物。
- 対象におけるがん細胞の増殖を阻害するための請求項1に記載のポリペプチドであって、前記ポリペプチドが、樹状細胞と接触して特異的抗原提示細胞を産生し;及び前記特異的抗原提示細胞が対象に投与され、それにより免疫応答が誘導され、がん細胞の増殖が阻害される、ポリペプチド。
- 前記対象がヒトである、請求項30に記載のポリペプチド。
- 前記がんが、乳がん、小腸がん、胃がん、腎臓がん、膀胱がん、子宮がん、卵巣がん、精巣がん、肺がん、結腸がん、前立腺がん、慢性リンパ性白血病 (CLL)、B細胞リンパ腫
、バーキットリンパ腫又はホジキン・リンパ腫である、請求項30又は31に記載のポリペプチド。 - 前記対象が、高悪性度の前立腺上皮内新生物、家族性腺腫様ポリープ症又は乳房の異型を有する、請求項32に記載のポリペプチド。
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