JP7000556B2 - 水素ガスの生成およびその低温処理に有用なアルミニウム基ナノガルバニック複合材料およびその製造方法 - Google Patents
水素ガスの生成およびその低温処理に有用なアルミニウム基ナノガルバニック複合材料およびその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP7000556B2 JP7000556B2 JP2020504403A JP2020504403A JP7000556B2 JP 7000556 B2 JP7000556 B2 JP 7000556B2 JP 2020504403 A JP2020504403 A JP 2020504403A JP 2020504403 A JP2020504403 A JP 2020504403A JP 7000556 B2 JP7000556 B2 JP 7000556B2
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- aluminum
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- galvanic
- hydrogen gas
- alloy
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Images
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
- C22C1/04—Making non-ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
- C22C1/0408—Light metal alloys
- C22C1/0416—Aluminium-based alloys
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
- B22F1/07—Metallic powder characterised by particles having a nanoscale microstructure
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
- B22F9/02—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes
- B22F9/04—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from solid material, e.g. by crushing, grinding or milling
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
- C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
- C01B3/06—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of inorganic compounds containing electro-positively bound hydrogen, e.g. water, acids, bases, ammonia, with inorganic reducing agents
- C01B3/08—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of inorganic compounds containing electro-positively bound hydrogen, e.g. water, acids, bases, ammonia, with inorganic reducing agents with metals
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
- C25B1/01—Products
- C25B1/02—Hydrogen or oxygen
- C25B1/04—Hydrogen or oxygen by electrolysis of water
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B5/00—Electrogenerative processes, i.e. processes for producing compounds in which electricity is generated simultaneously
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
- C25B9/40—Cells or assemblies of cells comprising electrodes made of particles; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof
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- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
- B22F1/05—Metallic powder characterised by the size or surface area of the particles
- B22F1/054—Nanosized particles
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
- B22F9/02—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes
- B22F9/04—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from solid material, e.g. by crushing, grinding or milling
- B22F2009/043—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from solid material, e.g. by crushing, grinding or milling by ball milling
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
- B22F9/02—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes
- B22F9/04—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from solid material, e.g. by crushing, grinding or milling
- B22F2009/049—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from solid material, e.g. by crushing, grinding or milling by pulverising at particular temperature
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
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Description
本特許出願は、2017年7月24日に出願された米国仮特許出願番号62/536,143タイトル「水素生成のためのアルミニウム基ナノガルバニック合金」の仮出願の権利を主張するものである。すべての別紙および文書を含む上記仮特許出願の内容全体を参照により、本明細書に援用する。
本文書で説明される実施形態は、その使用料を支払うことなく、米国政府により、または米国政府のために製造、使用および/またはライセンス付与される場合がある。
本実施形態は一般的に、水素ガス生成に有用なアルミニウム合金およびアルミニウム基マイクロ構造に関連する。
アルミニウム合金AA5056およびスズ(Sn)からなる合金を、所望の原子パーセントの合金を作製するのに適した重量比の粉末をそれぞれ清浄な硬化鋼バイアルに投入することによって準備した。-140/+325メッシュのAA5056合金をValimet, Inc.(431 East Sperry Road, Stockton, CA 95206)から調達した。AA5056合金は、Al(バランス)、0.15%のCr、0.01%未満のCu、0.10%のFe、5.22%のMg、0.13%のMn、0.04%のSi、0.01%未満のZn、0.15%未満のその他の物質を含むと報告されている。SnはAlfa Aesarから調達し、純度98.5%、メッシュ-325(約45μm)であると報告されている。実施例1AにおけるAA5056:Snの質量比は7.5:1に維持された。このように、合成される合金はAA5056-2.97原子パーセントSnと同様の組成であろうと予測された。また、Al-x原子パーセントSn(x=1、2.97、3.7、4.5、5.7、7、20、順に実施例1Bから1Hまでに対応)の組成を持つ純アルミニウムとスズからなる合金を、所望の原子パーセントの合金を作製するのに適した重量比の粉末をそれぞれ清浄な硬化鋼バイアルに投入して準備した。AlはAlfa Aesarから調達し、純度99.5%、メッシュ-325(約45μm)であると報告されている。Al:Sn質量比は粉末の組成により、19:1~1:1とばらつきがあった。またΑΑ5056-ΒiおよびAl-Bi粉末を、所望の原子パーセントの合金を作製するのに適した重量比の粉末をそれぞれ清浄な硬化鋼バイアルに投入して準備した。Biは-325メッシュ(約45μm)であり、Alfa Aesarから調達し、純度99.5%であると報告されている。AA5056:BiおよびAl:Biの質量比は、両方とも4:1に維持された。このように、合成される合金はAA5056-3.1原子パーセントBiおよびAl-3.1原子パーセントBiと同様の組成であろうと予測された。さらには、AA5056-X原子パーセントSn-(3-x)原子パーセント)Bi(x=1.5、1.8、および2.25)合金も合成した(順に、実施例IIからIKまでに対応)。
本実施例では、アルミニウム合金AA5056とスズ(Sn)からなる合金を、AlおよびSnとともに、所望の原子パーセントの合金を作製するのに適した重量比の粉末をそれぞれ清浄な硬化鋼ミル加工ジャーに投入して準備した。AA5056とスズの粉末塊500gおよびAlとSnの粉末塊200gを、ステアリン酸1.25gおよび0.5gと共に10:1のボール-粉末質量(重量)比(すなわち、順にステンレス鋼(440C)ボールベアリング5000gおよび2000gを使用)でミル加工し、CM08およびCM02 Zozミル内でそれぞれミル加工媒体として使用した。実施例2でのAA5056:SnおよびAl:Sn質量比は、7.5:1に維持された。このように、合成される合金はAA 5056-2.97原子パーセントSnおよびAl-2.97原子パーセントSnと同様の組成であろうと予測された。
本実施例では、AA5056-SnおよびAl-Sn粉末を、所望の原子パーセントの合金を作製するのに適した重量比の粉末をそれぞれ清浄な硬化鋼バイアルに投入して発明者が準備した。実施例3におけるAl:Sn質量比は7.5:1に維持された。また、0.15~0.5wt%のステアリン酸を添加した。このように、合成される合金はAl-2.97原子パーセントSnと同様の組成であろうと予測された。
Claims (18)
- 水またはその他の水性成分との接触により水素ガスを生成するアルミニウム、アルミニウム合金、またはその他のアルミニウム基複合材料を形成する方法であって、
アルミニウム、アルミニウム合金、またはその他のアルミニウム基複合材料を準備することと、
スズ(Sn)、マグネシウム(Mg)、シリコン(Si)、ビスマス(Bi)、鉛(Pb)、インジウム(In)、亜鉛(Zn)及びこれらの混合物及び合金からなる群から選択される二次金属、二次合金、またはその他の二次金属基複合材料を準備することと、
前記アルミニウム、アルミニウム合金、またはその他のアルミニウム基複合材料を、前記二次金属、二次合金、またはその他の二次金属基複合材料と共に、粉砕加工して粉末を作製することとを備え、
前記粉末は、アルミニウムの結晶粒または亜結晶粒と、サイズが100nm以下で、分散する二次金属、二次合金、またはその他の二次金属基複合材料の微粒子とを有しており、
前記粉砕加工後の粉末は、水または液体もしくは他の電解質を含む水と反応して水素ガスを生成するように構成されており、この水素ガスの生成量は、25℃、1気圧および5分間の条件で、アルミニウムの1グラムあたり少なくとも1000mLである、方法。 - 前記二次金属はスズ(Sn)を含み、
スズ(Sn)の延性・脆性遷移温度である13.2°C(286.2K)以下の温度で粉砕加工が行われる、請求項1に記載の方法。 - 前記二次金属はスズ(Sn)を含み、
前記粉砕加工は、スズ(Sn)の延性・脆性遷移温度を少なくとも50°C下回る温度で行われる、請求項1に記載の方法。 - 前記粉砕加工は、+100°C~-270°Cの温度範囲で行われる、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記粉砕加工は、温度-75°C~-270℃の温度範囲で行われる、請求項1に記載の方法。
- ガルバニック金属マイクロ構造であって、
アルミニウム、アルミニウム合金、またはその他のアルミニウム基複合材料からなる陽極マトリクスと、
スズ(Sn)、マグネシウム(Mg)、シリコン(Si)、ビスマス(Bi)、鉛(Pb)、インジウム(In)、亜鉛(Zn)およびこれらの混合物および合金からなる群から選択される二次金属、二次合金、またはその他の二次金属基複合材料からなる陰極分散相とを備え、
前記陰極分散相は、100nm以下のサイズの二次金属の微粒子からなり、
前記陰極分散相は、前記陽極マトリクスのアルミニウム、アルミニウム合金またはその他のアルミニウム基複合材料と、前記陰極分散相の二次金属、二次合金またはその他の二次金属基複合材料との接触によって、前記陽極マトリクスとガルバニックカップルを形成し、
前記ガルバニック金属マイクロ構造は、水または液体もしくは他の電解質を含む水と接触して水素ガスを生成するように構成されており、この水素ガスの生成量は、25℃、1気圧および5分間の条件で、アルミニウムの1グラムあたり少なくとも1000mLである、ガルバニック金属マイクロ構造。 - 前記陰極分散相の微粒子は、2nmから100nmの間の粒径を有している、請求項6に記載のガルバニック金属マイクロ構造。
- 前記陰極分散相は、前記微粒子の凝集によって形成された二次金属、二次合金または二次金属基複合材料の大きな粒子を備え、前記大きな粒子のサイズは、100nm~1mmの範囲である、請求項6に記載のガルバニック金属マイクロ構造。
- 前記陰極分散相は、前記微粒子の凝集によって形成された二次金属、二次合金または二次金属基複合材料のすじ状組織(ストリンガ)を備え、前記すじ状組織の長さは10nm~10mm以下である、請求項6に記載のガルバニック金属マイクロ構造。
- 前記陰極分散相の微粒子は、2nmから100nmの間の範囲の粒径を有しており、
前記陰極分散相は、前記微粒子の凝集によって形成された二次金属、二次合金または二次金属基複合材料の大きな粒子を備え、前記大きな粒子のサイズは、100nm~1mmの範囲であり、
前記微粒子は、アルミニウム結晶粒内に存在し、前記大きな粒子は、結晶粒界上に位置する、請求項6に記載のガルバニック金属マイクロ構造。 - 粉砕加工後の粉末粒子は、1μm~10000μmの範囲の直径を有する、請求項6に記載のガルバニック金属マイクロ構造。
- 前記陰極分散相は、1~7原子パーセントのスズ(Sn)を有するスズ合金を備える、請求項6に記載のガルバニック金属マイクロ構造。
- 前記陰極分散相は、スズ(Sn)またはスズ合金を備える、請求項6に記載のガルバニック金属マイクロ構造。
- ガルバニック金属マイクロ構造であって、
アルミニウム、アルミニウム合金、または他のアルミニウム基複合材料からなる陽極マトリクスと、
スズ(Sn)、マグネシウム(Mg)、シリコン(Si)、ビスマス(Bi)、鉛(Pb)、インジウム(In)、亜鉛(Zn)およびこれらの混合物および合金からなる群から選択された二次金属、二次合金または他の二次金属基複合材料からなる陰極分散相とを備え、
前記陰極分散相は、2nm~100nmの範囲のサイズを有する二次金属の小粒子と、10nm~1mmの範囲のサイズを有する二次金属の大粒子とを備え、
前記陰極分散相は、前記陽極マトリクスのアルミニウム、アルミニウム合金またはその他のアルミニウム基複合材料と、前記陰極分散相の二次金属、二次合金またはその他の二次金属基複合材料との接触によって、前記陽極マトリクスとガルバニックカップルを形成し、
前記ガルバニック金属マイクロ構造は、水または液体もしくは他の電解質を含む水と接触して水素ガスを生成するように構成されており、この水素ガスの生成量は、25℃(298K)、1気圧および5分間の条件で、アルミニウムの1グラムあたり少なくとも1000mLである、ガルバニック金属マイクロ構造。 - 前記ガルバニック金属マイクロ構造は、水または液体もしくは他の電解質を含む水と接触して水素ガスを生成するように構成されており、この水素ガスの生成量は、25℃、1気圧および5分間の条件で、アルミニウムの1グラムあたり少なくとも1100mLである、請求項6に記載のガルバニック金属マイクロ構造。
- 前記ガルバニック金属マイクロ構造は、水または液体もしくは他の電解質を含む水と接触して水素ガスを生成するように構成されており、この水素ガスの生成量は、25℃、1気圧および5分間の条件で、アルミニウムの1グラムあたり少なくとも1300mLである、請求項6に記載のガルバニック金属マイクロ構造。
- 前記ガルバニック金属マイクロ構造は、水または液体もしくは他の電解質を含む水と接触して水素ガスを生成するように構成されており、この水素ガスの生成量は、25℃、1気圧および1分間の条件で、アルミニウムの1グラムあたり少なくとも1000mLである、請求項6に記載のガルバニック金属マイクロ構造。
- 前記ガルバニック金属マイクロ構造は、水または液体もしくは他の電解質を含む水と接触して水素ガスを生成するように構成されており、この水素ガスの生成量は、25℃、1気圧および1分間の条件で、アルミニウムの1グラムあたり少なくとも1100mLである、請求項6に記載のガルバニック金属マイクロ構造。
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