JP6966647B2 - リチウム二次電池用バナジウム正極の電気化学的前処理方法及びこれによって前処理されたリチウム二次電池用バナジウム正極 - Google Patents
リチウム二次電池用バナジウム正極の電気化学的前処理方法及びこれによって前処理されたリチウム二次電池用バナジウム正極 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6966647B2 JP6966647B2 JP2020530622A JP2020530622A JP6966647B2 JP 6966647 B2 JP6966647 B2 JP 6966647B2 JP 2020530622 A JP2020530622 A JP 2020530622A JP 2020530622 A JP2020530622 A JP 2020530622A JP 6966647 B2 JP6966647 B2 JP 6966647B2
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- positive electrode
- vanadium
- lithium secondary
- secondary battery
- lithium
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- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 96
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 95
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 90
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 24
- 238000002203 pretreatment Methods 0.000 title claims description 14
- XHCLAFWTIXFWPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[V+5].[V+5] Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[V+5].[V+5] XHCLAFWTIXFWPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 27
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- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 claims description 25
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- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- GNTDGMZSJNCJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N divanadium pentaoxide Chemical group O=[V](=O)O[V](=O)=O GNTDGMZSJNCJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 230000002427 irreversible effect Effects 0.000 claims description 13
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- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 claims description 9
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- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940017219 methyl propionate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- KKQAVHGECIBFRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl propyl carbonate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)OC KKQAVHGECIBFRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000004123 n-propyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 229910021382 natural graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000005181 nitrobenzenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- LYGJENNIWJXYER-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitromethane Chemical compound C[N+]([O-])=O LYGJENNIWJXYER-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011356 non-aqueous organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004745 nonwoven fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920003229 poly(methyl methacrylate) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002239 polyacrylonitrile Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005518 polymer electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002689 polyvinyl acetate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011118 polyvinyl acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001289 polyvinyl ether Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000131 polyvinylidene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002717 polyvinylpyridine Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001008 quinone-imine dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004627 regenerated cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012827 research and development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007086 side reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052596 spinel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011029 spinel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolane Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCC1 HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920005608 sulfonated EPDM Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoromethane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)F TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006234 thermal black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- BDZBKCUKTQZUTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl phosphite Chemical compound CCOP(OCC)OCC BDZBKCUKTQZUTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003681 vanadium Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002759 woven fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
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Description
[化学式1]
VaOb
前記化学式1において、1≦a≦6で、2≦b≦13である。
本発明に含まれる正極は、前述したバナジウム正極材(正極活物質)以外にバインダー及び導電材などをさらに含む。前記バインダーは正極活物質と導電材などの組み合わせ及び集電体に対する組み合わせに助力する成分であって、例えば、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)、ポリフッ化ビニリデン‐ポリヘキサフルオロプロピレン共重合体(PVdF/HFP)、ポリビニルアセテート、ポリビニルアルコール、ポリビニルエーテル、ポリエチレン、ポリエチレンオキシド、アルキル化ポリエチレンオキシド、ポリプロピレン、ポリメチル(メト)アクリレート、ポリエチル(メト)アクリレート、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン(PTFE)、ポリ塩化ビニル、ポリアクリロニトリル、ポリビニルピリジン、ポリビニルピロリドン、スチレン‐ブタジエンゴム、アクリロニトリル‐ブタジエンゴム、エチレン‐プロピレン‐ジエンモノマー(EPDM)ゴム、スルホン化EPDMゴム、スチレン‐ブチレンゴム、フッ素ゴム、カルボキシメチルセルロース(CMC)、澱粉、ヒドロキシプロピルセルロース、再生セルロース、及びこれらの混合物からなる群から選択される1種以上を使用することができるが、必ずこれに限定されることではない。
前記負極は、該当技術分野で知られた通常の方法によって製造することができる。例えば、負極活物質、導電材、バインダー、必要に応じて充填剤などを分散媒(溶媒)に分散、混合させてスラリーを作り、これを負極集電体上に塗布した後、乾燥及び圧延して負極を製造することができる。前記負極活物質では、リチウム金属やリチウム合金(例えば、リチウムとアルミニウム、亜鉛、ビスマス、カドミウム、アンチモン、シリコン、鉛、スズ、ガリウムまたはインジウムなどのような金属との合金)を使用することができる。前記負極集電体では、白金(Pt)、金(Au)、パラジウム(Pd)、イリジウム(Ir)、銀(Ag)、ルテニウム(Ru)、ニッケル(Ni)、ステンレススチール(STS)、銅(Cu)、モリブデン(Mo)、クロム(Cr)、カーボン(C)、チタン(Ti)、タングステン(W)、ITO(In doped SnO2)、FTO(F doped SnO2)、及びこれらの合金と、銅(Cu)またはステンレススチールの表面にカーボン(C)、ニッケル(Ni)、チタン(Ti)または銀(Ag)を表面処理したものなどを使用することができるが、必ずこれに限定されることではない。負極集電体の形態は、ホイル、フィルム、シート、打ち抜かれたもの、多孔質体、発泡体などの形態であってもよい。
前記分離膜は、正極と負極の間に介在されてこれらの間の短絡を防止し、リチウムイオンの移動通路を提供する役目をする。前記分離膜としては、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレンのようなオレフィン系ポリマー、ガラス繊維などをシート、多重膜、微細多孔性フィルム、織布及び不織布などの形態で使用することができるが、必ずこれに限定されることではない。一方、電解質としてポリマーなどの固体電解質(例えば、有機固体電解質、無機固体電解質など)が使われる場合は、前記固体電解質が分離膜を兼ねることもできる。具体的には、高いイオン透過度と機械的強度を有する絶縁性の薄膜を使用する。分離膜の気孔の直径は一般に0.01ないし10μm、厚さは一般に5ないし300μmの範囲であってもよい。
前記電解質または電解液としては、非水系電解液(非水系有機溶媒)としてカーボネート、エステル、エーテルまたはケトンを単独または2種以上混合して使用することができるが、必ずこれに限定されることではない。例えば、ジメチルカーボネート、ジエチルカーボネート、ジプロピルカーボネート、メチルプロピルカーボネート、エチルプロピルカーボネート、メチルエチルカーボネート、エチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネート、ブチレンカーボネート、γ‐ブチロラクトン、n‐メチルアセテート、n‐エチルアセテート、n‐プロピルアセテート、リン酸トリエステル、ジブチルエーテル、N‐メチル‐2‐ピロリジノン、1,2‐ジメトキシエタン、テトラヒドロフラン(Franc)、2‐メチルテトラヒドロフランのようなテトラヒドロフラン誘導体、ジメチルスルホキシド、ホルムアミド、ジメチルホルムアミド、ジオキソラン及びその誘導体、アセトニトリル、ニトロメタン、ギ酸メチル、酢酸メチル、トリメトキシメタン、スルホラン、メチルスルホラン、1,3‐ジメチル‐2‐イミダゾリジノン、プロピオン酸メチル、プロピオン酸エチルなどの非プロトン性有機溶媒が使用されてもよいが、必ずこれに限定されることではない。
先ず、正極材(バナジウム(V2O5))、導電材(super‐c)及びバインダー(PVDF)を8:1:1の重量比で混合して製造した正極を負極(Li metal foil)と対面するように位置させた後、その間にポリエチレン分離膜を介在させ、続いてジメチルエーテル(DME)溶媒に4M濃度でLiFSIが溶解された電解液を注入し、ハーフセル(half cell)の形態でリチウム二次電池(コインセル)を製造した。
先ず、サイクリックボルタンメトリーを通じて1.0‐4.0Vを5mV/sのスキャン速度(scan rate)で前記製造例で製造されたリチウム二次電池の還元ピークを確認した後、開始電位(onset potential)値(1.9V)を導き出した。続いてリチウムフリーバナジウム正極を前記開始電位値を上回る2.0Vまで0.1Cの速度で瞬間放電させ、定電位電解装置(potentiostat、VMP‐300、Biologic社)を通じて前記放電されたバナジウム正極を前記開始電位値(1.9V)で30秒間維持する電気化学的前処理(preconditioning)工程を行った。最後に、充・放電機(PEBC050.1、PNE solution社)、以下で使われた充・放電機のいずれもこれと同一)を使用して0.5Cの速度及び2.1‐4.0Vで前記前処理されたバナジウム正極の充・放電を50サイクル(cycle)行った。
還元ピークを通じて開始電位値の代わりに最大電流値(1.6V)を導き出し、電気化学的前処理時の最大電流値(1.6V)で維持したことを除いて、前記実施例1と同様に行った。一方、図1は、本発明の一実施例によってサイクリックボルタンメトリーを通じて確認可能な還元ピークの姿を示すグラフであって、2.1‐4.0Vの範囲は正常の充放電範囲を意味し、還元ピークは正常の充放電範囲から脱した地点(1.6V及び1.9V)で確認可能である。
充・放電機を使用して先ず0.1Cの速度及び2.1‐4.0Vで前記製造例で製造されたリチウム二次電池のバナジウム正極の充・放電を2サイクル(formation cycle)行った後、続いて0.5Cの速度及び2.1‐4.0Vで50サイクル間充・放電を行った。
フォーメーションサイクル(formation cycle)の電圧を2.1‐4.0Vの代わりに1.9‐4.0Vに変更したことを除いて、前記比較例1と同様に充・放電を行った。
フォーメーションサイクル(formation cycle)の電圧を2.1‐4.0Vの代わりに1.6‐4.0Vに変更したことを除いて、前記比較例1と同様に充・放電を行った。
前記実施例1、2及び比較例1ないし3で充・放電されたリチウム二次電池バナジウム正極の相(phase)を評価した。図2は本発明による実施例及び比較例で充・放電されたリチウム二次電池バナジウム正極の相(phase)を示す模式図で、図2のaは前記実施例1及び2に該当し、図2のbは前記比較例1に該当し、図2のcは前記比較例2及び3に該当する。
前記実施例1、2及び比較例1ないし3で充・放電されたリチウム二次電池の寿命特性を評価した。図3は本発明による実施例及び比較例で充・放電されたリチウム二次電池の寿命特性を評価するためのグラフで、図4は本発明の実施例によるリチウム二次電池の寿命特性を評価するための電圧‐容量グラフで、図5は比較例によるリチウム二次電池の寿命特性を評価するための電圧‐容量グラフである。一方、図4のaは前記実施例1に該当し、図4のbは前記実施例2に該当し、図5のaないしcは順次に前記比較例1ないし3に該当する。
Claims (9)
- a)リチウムフリーのバナジウム正極を1.9V以上の電圧で放電させる段階、
b)定電位電解装置を通じて放電された前記バナジウム正極を開始電位値または最大電流を有する電位値で維持する電気化学的前処理段階、及び
c)前処理された前記バナジウム正極を2.1ないし4.0Vの電圧範囲で充・放電させる段階を含み、
前処理された前記バナジウム正極の表面はリチウム挿入/脱挿入に対する不可逆状態で、内部はリチウム挿入/脱挿入に対する可逆状態であることを特徴とする、リチウム二次電池用バナジウム正極の電気化学的前処理方法。 - 前記開始電位値または最大電流を有する電位値は、サイクリックボルタンメトリーを通じてバナジウム酸化物を正極で適用したリチウム二次電池の還元ピークを確認することで導き出されることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載のリチウム二次電池用バナジウム正極の電気化学的前処理方法。
- 前処理された前記バナジウム正極の表面はオメガ(ω)相で、内部はアルファ(α)、イプシロン(ε)、デルタ(δ)及びガンマ(γ)相のいずれか一つであることを特徴とする、請求項1または2に記載のリチウム二次電池用バナジウム正極の電気化学的前処理方法。
- 前記還元ピークは、サイクリックボルタンメトリーを通じて1.0ないし4.0Vの電圧及び1ないし10mV/sのスキャン速度で確認されることを特徴とする、請求項2に記載のリチウム二次電池用バナジウム正極の電気化学的前処理方法。
- 前記電気化学的前処理段階は5ないし60秒間行われることを特徴とする、請求項1から4のいずれか一項に記載のリチウム二次電池用バナジウム正極の電気化学的前処理方法。
- 前記バナジウム酸化物は、下記化学式1で表され、
[化学式1]
VaOb
前記化学式1において、1≦a≦6で、2≦b≦13であることを特徴とする、請求項2に記載のリチウム二次電池用バナジウム正極の電気化学的前処理方法。 - 前記バナジウム酸化物は、五酸化バナジウム(V2O5)であることを特徴とする、請求項2に記載のリチウム二次電池用バナジウム正極の電気化学的前処理方法。
- 表面はリチウム挿入/脱挿入に対する安定した不可逆状態で、内部はリチウム挿入/脱挿入に対する可逆状態であるリチウム二次電池用バナジウム正極。
- 前記バナジウム正極の表面はオメガ(ω)相で、内部はアルファ(α)、イプシロン(ε)、デルタ(δ)及びガンマ(γ)相のいずれか一つであることを特徴とする、請求項8に記載のリチウム二次電池用バナジウム正極。
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FR2655777A1 (fr) | 1989-12-11 | 1991-06-14 | Accumulateurs Fixes | Generateur electrochimique rechargeable comprenant une cathode a base d'oxyde de vanadium. |
JPH04253160A (ja) | 1991-01-25 | 1992-09-08 | Bridgestone Corp | 非水電解質二次電池 |
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KR100945036B1 (ko) | 2008-07-31 | 2010-03-05 | 한국세라믹기술원 | 양극 활물질과 이를 포함하는 리튬 이차전지, 양극활물질의 제조방법과 이를 포함하는 리튬 이차전지의제조방법 |
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