JP6949029B2 - アルカリ充電式電池のためのニッケル水酸化物複合材料 - Google Patents
アルカリ充電式電池のためのニッケル水酸化物複合材料 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6949029B2 JP6949029B2 JP2018535049A JP2018535049A JP6949029B2 JP 6949029 B2 JP6949029 B2 JP 6949029B2 JP 2018535049 A JP2018535049 A JP 2018535049A JP 2018535049 A JP2018535049 A JP 2018535049A JP 6949029 B2 JP6949029 B2 JP 6949029B2
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- electrochemically active
- active material
- particles
- modifier
- nickel hydroxide
- Prior art date
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Images
Classifications
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/24—Electrodes for alkaline accumulators
- H01M4/32—Nickel oxide or hydroxide electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
- C01G53/006—Compounds containing, besides nickel, two or more other elements, with the exception of oxygen or hydrogen
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M4/24—Electrodes for alkaline accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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Description
本出願は、2016年1月5日に出願された米国仮出願番号第62/274,820に従属し、それに対する優先権を主張し、その全内容は参照により本明細書で援用される。
本発明は、金属水酸化物/オキシ水酸化物材料およびそれらの製造方法に関する。特に、本発明は、電気化学的に酸化/還元を行うことが可能な金属水酸化物/オキシ水酸化物合金材料に関する。
ニッケル水酸化物または組成的に改変されたニッケル水酸化物は、Ni−Zn電池、Ni−Cd電池、Ni−H2電池、およびNi/MH電池を含む数多くのアルカリ充電式電池のための正極活物質として使用されることが知られている。これらの電池のなかでも、Ni/MH電池は、最高のエネルギー密度を有する。しかしながら、最近のNi/MH電池は、限られた質量エネルギー密度(110Wh・kg-1未満)のため、ポータブル電子デバイスおよび電池式電気自動車の市場において、対抗するLiイオン技術にマーケットシェアを奪われている。したがって、次世代のNi/MH電池は、エネルギー密度の向上とコストの低下という2つの主たる目標を改善することに照準が合わされている。
以下の概要は、本発明の合金に特有の革新的な特徴の幾つかの理解を容易にするために提供されるものであり、完全な説明であることを目的とするものではない。明細書全体、特許請求の範囲、図面、および要約を全体として捉えることにより、該合金の様々な態様の完全な理解に至ることができる。
1種以上の特定の態様の以下の記載は、単に例示的な性質のものであり、決して本発明の範囲、その利用、または使用を限定することを意図するものではなく、それらは当然変動し得る。本発明は、本明細書に含まれる限定するものでない定義および用語と関連して記載される。これらの定義および用語は、本発明の範囲または実施に限定を与えるものとして機能することを意図するものではなく、概説的かつ説明的な目的のためにのみ表される。方法または組成は、個々の工程の1つの順序として、または特定の材料を使用して記載されるが、工程または材料は、本発明の記載が、当業者により容易に考えられる多くの様式で配置された数多くの部分または工程を含み得るように置き換え可能であり得ると考えられる。
粒子は、300mlの連続攪拌型反応チャンバ中で、本質的に米国特許第6,416,903号に記載されるようにして、反応物添加、pHおよびアンモニア制御に変更を加えて製造される。第1の例示的な一式の粒子は、Ni86.4Co11.5Al2.1(OH)2の最終原子組成で形成される。NiおよびCoの金属硫酸塩は、水中でAl(NO3)3と、85.7質量%のNiSO4、11.4質量%のCoSO4、および2.9質量%のAl(NO3)3の相対量で合される。これらの量を調節して、全粒子組成を変更することができる。反応物は、反応チャンバ中に0.1mol/時間でNaOH(水中20質量%の溶液、1.8cc/分)およびNH3(水中29.9質量%、0.17mol/時間)と一緒にポンプ圧送される。該反応チャンバは、1分間当たり750回転(RPM)のミキサー速度で連続的に攪拌される。該系のpHは、4反応日にわたり毎日監視される。得られたpHは、1日目から4日目にわたり、それぞれ10.66、10.65、10.40、および10.25であった。完全に成長した結晶を、オーバーフローから貯蔵容器に回収する。粒子をNaOHで洗浄し、空気乾燥させる。
Claims (21)
- 第1の電気化学的活性材料と、
前記第1の電気化学的活性材料の周りに配置された第2の電気化学的活性材料と
を含む電気化学的活性ニッケル水酸化物粒子であって、
前記第2の電気化学的活性材料は、単一元素の改質剤を含み、前記改質剤は、前記第1の電気化学的活性材料から前記第2の電気化学的活性材料へと連続的に遷移する濃度勾配で存在し、かつ前記改質剤の濃度は、前記第2の電気化学的活性材料中における濃度よりも、前記第1の電気化学的活性材料中における濃度のほうが低く、かつ
前記第1の電気化学的活性材料および前記第2の電気化学的活性材料の前記改質剤を除く成分元素の原子パーセントは、20原子パーセント未満だけ異なり、前記第1の電気化学的活性材料および前記第2の電気化学的活性材料は、金属主成分としてニッケルを含む、前記電気化学的活性ニッケル水酸化物粒子。 - 前記改質剤は、前記成分元素の全てと異なる金属元素である、請求項1記載の電気化学的活性ニッケル水酸化物粒子。
- 前記改質剤が存在することを除いて、前記第1の電気化学的活性材料および前記第2の電気化学的活性材料の金属成分は同じである、請求項1記載の電気化学的活性ニッケル水酸化物粒子。
- 前記改質剤は、Al、Ba、Bi、Ca、Co、Cr、Cu、F、Fe、In、K、La、Li、Mg、Mn、Na、Nd、Pb、Pr、Ru、Sb、Sc、Se、Sn、Sr、Te、Ti、YおよびZnからなる群から選択される、請求項1から3までのいずれか1項記載の電気化学的活性ニッケル水酸化物粒子。
- 前記粒子の表面の改質剤と、前記第1の電気化学的活性材料との原子比は、約10:1から約1.2:1までである、請求項1から3までのいずれか1項記載の電気化学的活性ニッケル水酸化物粒子。
- 前記第1の電気化学的活性材料および前記第2の電気化学的活性材料は、さらにコバルトを含む、請求項1から3までのいずれか1項記載の電気化学的活性ニッケル水酸化物粒子。
- 前記粒子は、40m2/g以上のBET表面積を有する、請求項1から3までのいずれか1項記載の電気化学的活性ニッケル水酸化物粒子。
- 前記第2の電気化学的活性材料は、前記第2の電気化学的活性材料の最外部から前記第1の電気化学的活性材料に向かって延びる複数の表面細孔を含む、請求項1から3までのいずれか1項記載の電気化学的活性ニッケル水酸化物粒子。
- 前記複数の表面細孔は、35オングストローム未満の平均細孔径を有する、請求項8記載の電気化学的活性ニッケル水酸化物粒子。
- 前記複数の表面細孔は、0.02cc/g以上の細孔容積を有する、請求項8記載の電気化学的活性ニッケル水酸化物粒子。
- 15オングストローム以下の細孔径を有する細孔の割合は、5パーセント以上である、請求項8記載の電気化学的活性ニッケル水酸化物粒子。
- 単一槽型反応器中で、請求項1から11までのいずれか1項記載の電気化学的活性ニッケル水酸化物粒子を形成する方法であって、
ニッケルを含む1種以上の金属塩と導電性改質剤および溶媒とを単一の反応器中で同時に混合して混合物を形成させ、ここで、該改質剤は、該溶媒中で該金属塩よりも低い溶解度を有しており、
前記混合物を攪拌し、そして
前記混合物に塩基を添加して、電気化学的活性ニッケル水酸化物粒子を沈殿させる
ことを含む、前記方法。 - pHを、9.0〜11.0の水準に維持することをさらに含む、請求項12記載の方法。
- 前記pHは、9.0〜10.7で維持される、請求項13記載の方法。
- 前記維持工程は、本質的に一定の割合で塩基を添加することにより行われる、請求項13記載の方法。
- 前記塩基は、NaOHまたはKOHである、請求項12から15までのいずれか1項記載の方法。
- 前記塩基は、15%〜25%の溶液から3cc/分以下の割合で添加される、請求項12から15までのいずれか1項記載の方法。
- アンモニアを前記反応器へと、7未満の塩に対するモル比で添加することをさらに含む、請求項12から15までのいずれか1項記載の方法。
- 温度を20℃〜100℃で維持することをさらに含む、請求項12から15までのいずれか1項記載の方法。
- 前記攪拌工程は、プロペラ回転を使用して400rpm〜1000rpmの速度で混合することにより行われる、請求項12から15までのいずれか1項記載の方法。
- 前記金属塩および前記導電性改質剤は、前記反応器へと単一の供給流で添加される、請求項12から15までのいずれか1項記載の方法。
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