JP6869552B2 - 無加湿系プロトン伝導膜,その製法及び燃料電池 - Google Patents
無加湿系プロトン伝導膜,その製法及び燃料電池 Download PDFInfo
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Description
ガラス転移温度又は融解温度が前記プロトン伝導膜の使用温度よりも高いガラス状又は結晶性の第1の部位と非共有結合可能な官能基を有する第2の部位とを含むポリマーと、
プロトンを放出可能で前記ポリマーの第2の部位に非共有結合可能な官能基を有するプロトン放出・結合部位(第3の部位)とプロトンに配位可能なプロトン配位部位(第4の部位)とを相互作用し合う異なる分子に別々に含むか同一分子内に含むプロトン伝導性物質と、
を備え、
前記プロトン伝導性物質の前記プロトン放出・結合部位が結合した前記第2の部位と前記プロトン伝導性物質とを含むプロトン伝導混合相のガラス転移温度は、前記プロトン伝導膜の使用温度より低く、
前記プロトン放出・結合部位は、前記ポリマーの第2の部位よりも過多に存在している、
ものである。
[1]プロトン伝導性ソフトエラストマー膜の調製
リビングアニオン重合により合成されたポリスチレン−b−ポリ(4−ビニルピリジン)ブロック共重合体(S4VPと称することとする)をポリマーソース社(Polymer Source Inc)より購入した。ポリスチレンの平均重合度は2115、ポリ(4−ビニルピリジン)の平均重合度が143であった。このS4VP51mgを重量比7/3のテトラヒドロフラン(THF)/メタノール(MeOH)混合溶媒2.0gに溶解した。一方で、アルドリッチ社(Aldrich)より購入した10wt%のナフィオン(等価質量=1000)分散水溶液2.30gを10mL容量のテフロンビーカー(テフロンは登録商標)中に入れ、70℃のホットプレート上に48時間載せておくことで水を蒸発させ、これにテトラエチレングリコール(TEG)を240mg加え、さらに重量比6/4のTHF/MeOH混合溶媒2.0gを添加することで、ナフィオンをTEG/THF/MeOH中に溶解させた。S4VP/THF/MeOHの溶液と、ナフィオン/TEG/THF/MeOHの溶液を混合したところ、沈殿は生じず、混合液を60℃のホットプレート上に2日間載せておくことでTHF/MeOHを蒸発させてキャストし、ナフィオン/TEG/S4VPの重量比がおおよそ4.5/4.5/1のプロトン伝導性ソフトエラストマー膜を得た。ナフィオンのスルホン酸基は、S4VPのピリジル基に対して計算上、約7.4倍存在していることになる。
厚さ0.1mm程度の白金網を電極として用いた。電極間距離を0.50cmとし、プロトン伝導性ソフトエラストマー膜を電極で挟み込んだ。膜の厚みは0.04cm、膜の幅は0.32cmであった。電極で挟み込んだ状態の測定用試料を自然対流式定温恒温乾燥器中に入れて設定温度を60℃とし、6時間程度試料を乾燥させた。その後乾燥器の設定温度(測定温度)を80℃として乾燥器内温度を安定させ、電圧を80mV、周波数を1000000Hzから1Hzで変化させて無加湿条件下で交流インピーダンス測定を行った。測定装置はエフアールエー(FRA)オプション付きのポテンショ/ガルバノスタットVERSASTAT4−400(プリンストン・アプライド・リサーチ(Prinston Applied Research))を用いた。測定試料の抵抗値をCole−ColeプロットのX軸の切片から読み取ったところ、5.0×104Ωであった。プロトン伝導率=電極間距離/(膜の厚み×膜の幅×抵抗値)の関係式よりプロトン伝導率を求めたところ、7.8×10-4S/cmであった。次に、交流インピーダンス測定の測定温度を95℃としたところ、抵抗値は3.1×104S/cmであり、プロトン伝導率は1.3×10-3S/cmであった。温度を80℃から95℃に上げることでプロトン伝導率が大きくなったが、これは温度を上げることにより溶融状態のプロトン伝導混合相の粘度が下がってプロトン伝導性が向上したことによると考えられる。なお、得られたプロトン伝導性ソフトエラストマー膜は、測定中、全体としては流動せず形状を維持していた。
10wt%のナフィオン(等価質量=1000)分散水溶液2.52gを10mL容量のテフロンビーカー中に入れ、70℃のホットプレート上に48時間載せておくことで、水を蒸発させた。これにTEGを240mg加え、さらに重量比6/4のTHF/MeOH混合溶媒2.0gを添加することでナフィオンをTEG/THF/MeOH中に溶解させた。この溶液を60℃のホットプレート上に2日間載せてTHF/MeOHを蒸発させてキャストしたところ、ナフィオンとTEGのみからなる、室温において均一な粘土状混合物が得られた。無加湿条件下での交流インピーダンス測定のために上記粘土状混合物を50℃の自然対流式定温恒温乾燥器中に入れたところ流動し、固体状態でのプロトン伝導率を決定することができなかった。比較例1では、プロトン伝導混合相は、ナフィオンとTEGとの混合物であるが、このプロトン伝導混合相を支える固体相がなかっため、50℃では流動してしまったと考えられる。
ポリマーソース社より購入した、ポリスチレンの平均重合度が2115、ポリ(4−ビニルピリジン)の平均重合度が143のS4VP75mgを重量比7/3のTHF/MeOH混合溶媒2.0gで溶解した。一方で、10wt%のナフィオン(等価質量=1000)分散水溶液1.53gを10mL容量のテフロンビーカー中に入れ、70℃のホットプレート上に48時間載せておくことで水を蒸発させ、これに重量比6/4のTHF/MeOH混合溶媒2.0gを添加することでナフィオンをTHF/MeOH中に溶解させた。S4VP/THF/MeOH溶液と、ナフィオン/THF/MeOH溶液を混合したところ、沈殿は生じず、混合液を60℃のホットプレート上に2日間載せておくことで、THF/MeOHを蒸発させてキャストし、固体膜を得た。交流インピーダンス測定のために、厚みが0.04cm、幅が0.32cmの膜を用意し、電極間距離を0.50cmとして、膜を上下から電極で挟み込んで自然対流式定温恒温乾燥器中に入れた。設定温度を80℃として乾燥器内温度を安定させ、電圧を80mV、周波数を1000000Hzから1Hzで変化させて無加湿条件下で交流インピーダンス測定を行った。抵抗値は極めて大きく、プロトン伝導率は極めて低いことが分かった。比較例2では、プロトン伝導混合相に相当するのはナフィオンとポリ(4−ビニルピリジン)との混合物である。ナフィオンとポリ(4−ビニルピリジン)との混合物のTgは理論上両物質のTg以上、すなわち130℃以上であり、無加湿で80℃という条件では溶融状態ではなく固体状態であるため、ほとんどプロトンを伝導しなかったと考えられる。
実施例2では、実施例1の[1]において、S4VPを101mg使用し、10wt%のナフィオン(等価質量=1000)分散水溶液を2.00g使用し、TEGを199mg使用したこと以外は、実施例1と同様にしてプロトン伝導性ソフトエラストマー膜を作製した(ナフィオン/TEG/S4VPの重量比がおおよそ4/4/2)。ナフィオンのスルホン酸基は、S4VPのピリジル基に対して計算上、約3.3倍存在していることになる。実施例1の[2]において、膜の厚みを0.06cm、膜の幅を0.33cmとした以外は実施例1と同様にして交流インピーダンス測定を行った。80℃での抵抗値は1.2×105Ωであり、プロトン伝導率は2.3×10-4S/cmであった。95℃での抵抗値は8.3×104Ωであり、プロトン伝導率は3.3×10-4S/cmであった。実施例2では、プロトン伝導混合相は、実施例1と同様、ナフィオンとTEGとポリ(4−ビニルピリジン)との混合物であり、ポリスチレンに固定化されている。このプロトン伝導混合相は、Tgが室温以下であり、交流インピーダンス測定の温度(80℃や95℃)では溶融状態である。実施例2で得られたプロトン伝導性ソフトエラストマー膜も、測定中、全体としては流動せず形状を維持していた。
実施例3では、実施例1の[1]において、S4VPを50mg使用し、10wt%のナフィオン(等価質量=1000)分散水溶液を3.03g使用し、TEGを150mg使用したこと以外は、実施例1と同様にしてプロトン伝導性ソフトエラストマー膜を作製した(ナフィオン/TEG/S4VPの重量比がおおよそ6/3/1)。ナフィオンのスルホン酸基は、S4VPのピリジル基に対して計算上、約9.8倍存在していることになる。実施例1の[2]において、膜の厚みを0.04cm、膜の幅を0.21cmとした以外は、実施例1と同様にして交流インピーダンス測定を行った。80℃での抵抗値は8.3×104Ωであり、プロトン伝導率は6.9×10-4S/cmであった。95℃での抵抗値は5.6×104Ωであり、プロトン伝導率は1.0×10-3S/cmであった。この実施例3では、プロトン伝導混合相は、実施例1と同様、ナフィオンとTEGとポリ(4−ビニルピリジン)との混合物であり、ポリスチレンに固定化されている。このプロトン伝導混合相は、Tgが室温以下であり、交流インピーダンス測定の温度(80℃や95℃)では溶融状態である。実施例3で得られたプロトン伝導性ソフトエラストマー膜も、測定中、全体としては流動せず形状を維持していた。
実施例4では、実施例1の[1]において、S4VPの代わりにリビングアニオン重合により合成されたポリスチレン−b−ポリ(2−ビニルピリジン)ブロック共重合体(S2VPと称する)を用いた。ポリスチレンの平均重合度は1250、ポリ(2−ビニルピリジン)の平均重合度が1285であった。またナフィオン/TEGの代わりに3,3’−(プロパン−1,3−ジイルビス(オキシ))ビス(プロパン−1−スルホン酸)(BSAと称する)/1,3−プロパンジオール(PDと称する)を用いた。BSAについてはソリッドステイトアイオニクス(Solid State Ionics),1995年,80巻,201頁−212頁及びコロイドポリマーサイエンス(Colloid Polymer Science),2014年,292巻、1261頁−1268頁 で報告されているスキームと類似の方法で合成した。S2VPを97mg、重量比7/3のTHF/MeOH混合溶媒を1.0g、ナフィオンの代わりにBSAを191mg、TEGの代わりにPDを191mg、重量比6/4のTHF/MeOH混合溶媒2.0gの代わりに重量比7/3のTHF/MeOH混合溶媒0.9gとした以外は、実施例1と同様にしてプロトン伝導性ソフトエラストマー膜を得た(BSA/PD/S2VPの重量比がおおよそ4/4/2)。BSAのスルホン酸基は、S2VPのピリジル基に対して計算上、約2.5倍存在していることになる。このプロトン伝導性ソフトエラストマー膜の模式図を図5に示す。図5中、ポリスチレン部位がポリマーの第1の部位に相当し、ポリ(2−ビニルピリジン)部位がポリマーの第2の部位に相当し、BSAがプロトン放出・結合部位とプロトン配位部位の両方を同一分子に含む単一のプロトン伝導性物質に相当する。PDはあってもなくてもよい。ポリスチレンのTg(ガラス転移温度)は約100℃、ポリ(2−ビニルピリジン)のTgは約100℃、BSAの融点は室温以下、PDの融点は−59℃である。ポリ(2−ビニルピリジン)のピリジル基とBSAのスルホン酸基とはイオン結合している。実施例4では、プロトン伝導混合相であるBSAとPDとポリ(2−ビニルピリジン)とからなる混合物は、ポリスチレンに固定化されている。またPDはBSAと静電相互作用していると考えられる。ポリ(2−ビニルピリジン)を含有したプロトン伝導混合相(図5の1点鎖線で囲んだ部分)のTgは室温以下であり、交流インピーダンス測定の温度(47℃〜95℃)では溶融状態である。
ABジブロック共重合体として、ポリスチレン−b−ポリ(2−ビニルピリジン)(以下、S2VPという)を、Macromolecules 45, 8013-8020(2012)に記載のブロック共重合体合成法(可逆的付加開裂連鎖移動重合法)を参考にして合成した。ゲル浸透クロマトグラフィー(GPC)、核磁気共鳴分光法により、平均重合度、分子量分布(Mw/Mn)を決定した。ポリスチレンの平均重合度は307、ポリ(2−ビニルピリジン)の平均重合度は390、分子量分布Mw/Mnは1.39であった。
Claims (10)
- 無加湿な状態でプロトン伝導性を示すプロトン伝導膜であって、
ガラス転移温度又は融解温度が前記プロトン伝導膜の使用温度より高いガラス状又は結晶性の第1の部位と他の分子に非共有結合可能な官能基を有する第2の部位とを含むポリマーと、
プロトンを放出可能で前記ポリマーの第2の部位に非共有結合可能な官能基を有するプロトン放出・結合部位とプロトンに配位可能なプロトン配位部位とを相互作用し合う異なる分子に別々に含むか同一分子内に含むプロトン伝導性物質と、
を備え、
前記プロトン伝導性物質の前記プロトン放出・結合部位が結合した前記第2の部位と前記プロトン伝導性物質とを含むプロトン伝導混合相のガラス転移温度は、前記プロトン伝導膜の使用温度より低く、
前記プロトン放出・結合部位は、前記ポリマーの第2の部位よりも過多に存在している、
無加湿系プロトン伝導膜。 - 前記第2の部位は前記官能基として塩基性基を有し、前記プロトン放出・結合部位は前記官能基として酸性基を有する、
請求項1に記載の無加湿系プロトン伝導膜。 - 前記塩基性基は含窒素複素環であり、前記酸性基はカルボン酸基、リン酸基、スルホン酸基及びスルホニルイミド基の少なくとも1つである、
請求項2に記載の無加湿系プロトン伝導膜。 - 前記酸性基はスルホン酸基及びスルホニルイミド基の少なくとも1つである、
請求項3に記載の無加湿系プロトン伝導膜。 - 前記プロトン配位部位は、エーテル結合、エステル基、アルコール基、ケトン基及びアミド基の少なくとも1つである、
請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の無加湿系プロトン伝導膜。 - 前記プロトン配位部位は、エーテル結合及びアルコール基の少なくとも1つである、
請求項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載の無加湿系プロトン伝導膜。 - 前記プロトン伝導性物質は、前記プロトン放出・結合部位を含む物質Xと、前記プロトン配位部位を含み前記物質Xと相互作用し合う非水の物質Yとを混合した物質であり、
前記物質Xは、スルホン酸基を側鎖に有するポリマー及びスルホニルイミド基を有するフッ素化合物の少なくとも一つであり、
前記物質Yは、エーテル結合を有するプロトン性溶媒及びアルコール基を有する重合体の少なくとも一つである、
請求項1〜6のいずれか1項に記載の無加湿系プロトン伝導膜。 - 前記プロトン伝導性物質は、前記プロトン放出・結合部位と前記プロトン配位部位とを同一分子内に含む単一の純物質であり、エーテル結合を有するジスルホン酸である、
請求項1〜6のいずれか1項に記載の無加湿系プロトン伝導膜。 - 請求項1〜8のいずれか1項に記載の無加湿系プロトン伝導膜を製造する方法であって、
(a)前記ポリマーと前記プロトン伝導性物質とを溶媒に溶解又は分散させることにより混合溶液又は分散液を得る工程と、
(b)前記混合溶液中又は前記分散液中の溶媒を蒸発させることにより前記無加湿系プロトン伝導膜を得る工程と、
を含む無加湿系プロトン伝導膜の製法。 - アノードとカソードとの間に請求項1〜8のいずれか1項に記載の無加湿系プロトン伝導膜が配置された、燃料電池。
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