JP6669875B2 - エレクトロスピニングにより調製される可撓性の金属酸化物ナノ繊維及びそれにより製造される安定なナノ繊維布帛並びに製造方法 - Google Patents
エレクトロスピニングにより調製される可撓性の金属酸化物ナノ繊維及びそれにより製造される安定なナノ繊維布帛並びに製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6669875B2 JP6669875B2 JP2018534601A JP2018534601A JP6669875B2 JP 6669875 B2 JP6669875 B2 JP 6669875B2 JP 2018534601 A JP2018534601 A JP 2018534601A JP 2018534601 A JP2018534601 A JP 2018534601A JP 6669875 B2 JP6669875 B2 JP 6669875B2
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Classifications
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- C04B35/62259—Fibres based on titanium oxide
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Description
特許文献3:”Nanofiber and preparation method thereof”:この特許文献はエレクトロスピニングによるナノ繊維の製造方法に関する。エレクトロスピニング溶液は、ポリマーと金属複酸化物の混合物である。成果は、耐熱性で安定なナノ繊維であり、これは本発明とは安定な金属酸化物ナノ繊維膜の製造及び化学組成に関して異なる。
a)最初に官能性ポリマーをエタノールに0.1〜40:0.1〜40の比で、室温30分間で溶解して、官能性ポリマー溶液を配合した。官能性ポリマーは、炭化水素骨格に沿って水酸基、アミン基又はカルボン酸基などの官能基を有し、代表的にはポリアクリロニトリル、ポリビニルピロリドン、ポリビニルアルコール、ポリヒドロキシプロピルメタクリレート、ポリヒドロキシエチルメタクリレート、ポリグリセロールメタクリレート、又はこれらの官能性ポリマーの混合物であるポリマーから選択できた。次いで、官能性ポリマー溶液を、チタン、タングステン及び亜鉛の錯体など、少なくとも3種の金属錯体(metal complexes)の有機溶剤溶液と混合した。この金属錯体溶液は、各金属錯体を溶剤に0.1〜40:0.1〜40の比で室温10分間溶解して調製できた。混合プロセスは、最初にタングステン錯体溶液を官能性ポリマー溶液に添加してから、その混合物に亜鉛及びチタン錯体溶液のそれぞれを磁気攪拌しながら30分間添加した。金属錯体溶液の金属成分は、チタン、パラジウム、白金、銀、金、亜鉛、銅、鉄、タングステン、又はこれらの元素の混合物から選択できた。
c)b)の溶液から、ニードル式エレクトロスピニング、ナノスパイダーエレクトロスピニング又は強制/遠心スピニングにより、ナノ繊維を製造した。
d)c)のナノ繊維膜を、非拘束、繊維ガラス拘束又はガラススライド拘束して、アニール及び仮焼プロセス(ACプロセス)で、金属酸化物ナノ繊維膜に処理した。仮焼温度は1〜24時間100〜900℃から選択できた。
e)c)のナノ繊維又はd)の金属酸化物ナノ繊維を、可視光、UV又は太陽光の下1〜24時間の光堆積法で、貴金属ナノ粒子で修飾した。
f)e)のナノ繊維又はナノ繊維膜を洗浄及び乾燥した。
このセクションにおいては、所望の金属錯体溶液を混合して溶液の適当な組成物の開発を検討してから、混合後の安定性を検討した(例1〜4)。
タングステン及び亜鉛錯体の水及びエタノール混合溶液からのナノ繊維の製造
二酸化チタンナノ粒子(P−25)は水又はエタノールに可溶であるから、最初にメタタングステン酸アンモニウム水和物と酢酸亜鉛水和物を含むナノ繊維製造の検討を行ってから、P−25を溶液混合物に添加した。
a)ポリビニルピロリドン(PVP)溶液(PVP:エタノールの重量比1:10)にメタタングステン酸アンモニウム水和物(AMT)錯体溶液(AMT:水の重量比1:10)及び酢酸亜鉛水和物(ZAH)錯体溶液(ZAH:水の重量比1:10)を混合した。
b)a)の溶液から、ナノスパイダー機を用い、電極グラウンド間距離18cm、電圧40kV,電極回転速度8rpmで、ナノ繊維膜を製造した。
c)b)のナノ繊維膜を特性評価した。
タングステン錯体、亜鉛錯体及び二酸化チタンナノ粒子の水及びエタノール混合物溶液からのナノ繊維の製造
この例は、AMT及びZAH錯体溶液に二酸化チタンナノ粒子を混合後のナノ繊維の安定性及び物理的特性を調べるための実験であった。
a)ポリビニルピロリドン(PVP)溶液(PVP:エタノールの重量比1:10)に、磁気攪拌しながら30〜60分間でメタタングステン酸アンモニウム水和物(AMT)錯体溶液(AMT:水の重量比1:10)、酢酸亜鉛水和物(ZAH)錯体溶液(ZAH:水の重量比1:10)及び二酸化チタンナノ粒子(P−25:PVP溶液の重量比1:10)を混合した。
b)a)の溶液から、ナノスパイダー機を用い、電極グラウンド間距離18cm、電圧40kV,電極回転速度8rpmで、ナノ繊維膜を製造した。
c)b)のナノ繊維膜を、ナノ繊維内の炭素含分を分解するために大気圧、500℃で、4時間仮焼した後、得られた金属酸化物ナノ繊維の安定性及び物理的特性を評価した。
タングステン錯体、亜鉛錯体及びチタンイソプロポキシド溶液の水及びエタノール混合溶液からのナノ繊維の製造
この例は、P−25の代わりにチタンイソプロポキシドを用いた後のナノ繊維の安定性及び物理的特性を調べるための実験であった。
a)ポリビニルピロリドン(PVP)溶液(PVP:エタノールの重量比1:10)に、メタタングステン酸アンモニウム水和物(AMT)錯体溶液(AMT:水の重量比1:10)、酢酸亜鉛水和物(ZAH)錯体溶液(ZAH:水の重量比1:10)及びチタンイソプロポキシド(TIP)溶液(TIP:PVP溶液の比1:5)をそれぞれ混合した。
b)a)の溶液から、ナノスパイダー機を用い、電極グラウンド間距離18cm、電圧40kV,電極回転速度8rpmで、ナノ繊維膜を製造した。
c)b)のナノ繊維を、ナノ繊維内の炭素含分を分解するために大気圧、500℃で、4時間仮焼した後、得られた金属酸化物ナノ繊維の安定性及び物理的特性を評価した。
タングステン錯体、亜鉛錯体及びチタンイソプロポキシドのジメチルホルムアミド溶液からのナノ繊維の製造
この例は、AMT,ZAH及びTIP溶液を溶解可能であるジメチルホルムアミド(DMF)を溶液として用いた後のナノ繊維の安定性及び物理的特性を調べるための実験であった。最初に、TIP凝集を誘導する可能性があるので、系から水を除去した。しかしながら、エタノール溶剤だけでは酢酸亜鉛を溶解するには不十分であった。追加の溶剤が必要であったので、DMFを選択した。
a)ポリビニルピロリドン(PVP)溶液(PVP:エタノールの重量比1:10)に、メタタングステン酸アンモニウム水和物(AMT)錯体溶液(AMT:DMFの重量比1:10)、酢酸亜鉛水和物(ZAH)錯体溶液(ZAH:DMFの重量比1:10)及びチタンイソプロポキシド(TIP)溶液(TIP:DMF溶液の比1:5)をそれぞれ混合した。
b)a)の溶液に濃酢酸を1:5の比で添加した。
c)b)の溶液から、ナノスパイダー機を用い、電極グラウンド間距離18cm、電圧40kV,電極回転速度8rpmで、ナノ繊維膜を製造した。
d)c)のナノ繊維を、大気圧、指定の温度で、4時間仮焼した。
500℃(例4a)
600℃(例4b)
700℃(例4c)
e)例4a、4b及び4cで指定される金属酸化物ナノ繊維膜を評価した。
500℃仮焼後に、ナノ繊維の特性は仮焼前のそれと類似することが示された(図2b)。EDX分析により、ナノ繊維内にタングステン、亜鉛及びチタンが存在することが証明された(図2c)。X線回析メータ(XRD)分析によれば、二酸化チタン結晶構造の大部分はアナターゼ形であり、小部分がルチル形であった。加えて、タングステン及び亜鉛の元素を表す信号は有意ではなかった(図2d)。
仮焼温度を600℃に上げ、例4aと同じ溶液を使用すると、ナノ繊維表面からロッド様構造物が突出した(図3a)。透過型電子顕微鏡(TEM)で粒子観察すると(図3c)、d間隔値はロッド様構造物が亜鉛タングステン酸化物であろうことを示唆した(図3d)。加えて、EDX分析により、500℃仮焼の試料から予想されるものと同様のすべての元素の存在が確認された(図3e)。
700℃仮焼後に、ナノ繊維の物理的及び化学的特性は例4bのそれと同様であることが示された(図3b)。しかしながら、試料ではアナターゼ結晶の量がルチル形の量より少なかった。
このセクションは、金属酸化物ナノ繊維の脆性が産業的製造及び更なる開発の妨げになっている事実に鑑みて、ナノ繊維膜の安定性及び可撓性の開発を検討した。なお、例4bの600℃仮焼後に、得られた金属酸化物ナノ繊維膜(MONM)は、仮焼前のナノ繊維膜(図4a)とは大きく異なり、激しく変形し、破砕されていた(図4b)。この観察から、仮焼プロセスにおけるポリマーの急激な分解が不安定な金属酸化物膜の主な原因であると仮定できた。
タングステン錯体、亜鉛錯体及びチタンイソプロポキシドのジメチルホルムアミド溶液の仮焼前の多段アニール工程によるナノ繊維膜の製造
この製造方法は、例4bのそれと同様であるが、600℃4時間の仮焼前に、含まれるポリマーのTgより低い温度(100℃)、又はポリマーのTgより高い温度で(200℃)で、1時間アニール工程を有した。ここで、
100℃及び600℃でのアニール及び仮焼プロセス(ACプロセス)の間、非拘束のナノ繊維膜。
例5b:
200℃及び600℃でのアニール及び仮焼プロセス(ACプロセス)の間、非拘束のナノ繊維膜。
例5c:
100℃及び600℃でのアニール及び仮焼プロセス(ACプロセス)の間、繊維ガラスで平坦にサンドイッチ拘束したナノ繊維膜。
例5d:
200℃及び600℃でのアニール及び仮焼プロセス(ACプロセス)の間、繊維ガラスで平坦にサンドイッチ拘束したナノ繊維膜。
例5e:
200℃及び600℃でのアニール及び仮焼プロセス(ACプロセス)の間、ガラススライドで平坦にサンドイッチ拘束したナノ繊維膜。
例5f:
折った又は曲げた形状(bending shape)に繊維ガラスで拘束したナノ繊維膜。
例5g:
湾曲形状(curvy shape)に繊維ガラスで拘束したナノ繊維膜。
例5a:
仮焼後のMONMは膜の端部に少しそり(deflection)があり(図4d)、仮焼前のナノ繊維膜と比較できた(図4c)。
例5b:
仮焼後のMONM表面は膜の端部のそり観察に関して例5a(100℃アニール)と同様であり(図4f)、仮焼前のナノ繊維膜と比較できた(図4e)。
例5a及び5bでは、追加のアニールプロセスでMONMのそりの程度は減少できるが、膜の物理的不安定性を完全には克服できなかった。
仮焼後のMONM表面では、破片は観察されず平坦に見えた(図4h)。加えて、膜の寸法は仮焼前に対して71.43%減少した(図4g)。
例5d:
仮焼後のMONMは例5cと同様であるが、膜の表面は平坦(図4j)から粗な構造(図4i)に変化した。膜の寸法は68.83%減少し、例5dより物理的に安定であることを示唆した。
例5c及び5dでは、ACプロセスと繊維ガラスによる構造拘束の組み合わせにより安定性が増加したMONMが得られた(図5a及び5c)。
ナノ繊維膜は仮焼前(図4k)及び仮焼後(図4l)の両方で平滑な表面を有した。しかしながら、仮焼後の膜は脆くて、破断されて全ピース(a whole piece)として拾えた。
例5eから、繊維ガラスを拘束に用いるとガラススライドより良好であると結論された(図5b及び5d)。
例5f:
一対の繊維ガラスで膜をビーカの内部に沿って湾曲して拘束して、仮焼後のナノ繊維膜の可撓性を調べた(図4m)。このプロセスではMONMの形状を望むように維持できることが見出された(図4n)。
例5g:
例5fと同じ条件で仮焼前にナノ繊維膜を繊維ガラスの積層中にラップして、仮焼後のナノ繊維膜の可撓性を調べた(図4о)。仮焼後に膜は非常に安定であり、低角度で折りまたは曲げても(bending)亀裂は観察されなかった(図4p)。
この検討の目的は、可視光及び太陽光による活性化に関して、金属酸化物ナノ繊維の光触媒の活性を改良することであった。貴金属で修飾された金属酸化物ナノ繊維の開発は、表面にパラジウム及び白金などの貴金属をドープして行うことができた。
UV,可視光及び自然太陽光での光堆積法によるこの貴金属ドープのために、例4bを選択した。
UV,可視光及び自然太陽光でのナノ繊維への貴金属修飾
ナノ繊維への貴金属修飾は下記のように処理した。
a)硝酸パラジウム(II)水和物及び水素ヘキサクロロ白金酸(IV)金属錯体溶液の調製方法:
第1のビーカで、水に硝酸パラジウム(II)水和物を磁気攪拌しながら10分間0.00167:10の比(重量%)で添加した。
第2のビーカで、水に水素ヘキサクロロ白金酸(IV)を磁気攪拌しながら10分間0.005:10の比(重量%)で添加した。
b)a)の2つの混合物を混合してから、例5dのナノ繊維を添加して1時間各種の光源で照射した。ここで、
UV光(例6a)
可視光(例6b)
太陽光(例6c)
c)例6a〜6cのナノ繊維を洗浄及び乾燥した。
d)c)のナノ繊維及び堆積した貴金属ナノ粒子を評価した。
例6a:
UV光によるパラジウム及び白金イオンの還元及び金属酸化物ナノ繊維へのそれぞれの貴金属の核形成は、光源と溶液との距離で制御した。反応後、得られたナノ繊維の特性は反応前のナノ繊維のそれと同様であった。しかしながら、ナノ繊維の平均直径は増加した(図6a)。EDXから、ナノ繊維の表面にパラジウムと白金の両方の元素が確認された(図6d)。
可視光で同様の光還元反応を実施した。反応後に、ナノ繊維の特性は例6aのそれと同様であった(図6b)。加えて、EDX分析からナノ繊維の表面にパラジウムと白金の両方の元素が同様に確認された。
実験中光強度を記録しながら自然太陽光で光還元反応を実施した。反応後にナノ繊維の平均直径は増大し、EDX分析により表面に例6a及び6bの場合より多くの金属元素が観察された(図6c)。
汚染物分解効率を、モデル汚染物としてのメチレンブルー(MB)の光触媒分解により測定した。最初に、10mgのナノ繊維を自然太陽光下で500ppmMB溶液に懸濁した(図7)。
両方のナノ繊維が高いMB分解効率を示した。Pd/Pt−TiO2―ZnWO4及びTiO2−ZnWO4のナノ繊維では、最も高いMB分解効率は最初の2時間においてみられた(図7)。
ベンゼン濃度分析は、対照ガスと比較して分解したベンゼンのピーク領域を計算することで行った。分析により、対照触媒として用いたWO3ナノ繊維はベンゼン分解効率を全く示さなかったが、TiO2−ZnWO4ナノ繊維は37%のベンゼン分解効率であった(表1)。
Claims (17)
- アナターゼ及びルチル結晶の二酸化チタン及び酸化タングステンを主成分としてなる、金属酸化物ナノ繊維及び可撓性ナノ繊維膜。ナノ繊維の表面はサンマルチナイト(sanmartinite)結晶を有する亜鉛タングステン酸化物ナノロッドを含む。さらに、ナノ繊維及び亜鉛タングステン酸化物ナノロッドの表面は単層の貴金属ナノ粒子によって修飾されている。
- ナノ繊維は100〜200nmの範囲の直径を有する、請求項1に記載の金属酸化物ナノ繊維及び可撓性ナノ繊維膜。
- 二酸化チタンのアナターゼ結晶構造の量がルチル結晶構造の量より多い、請求項1又は2に記載の金属酸化物ナノ繊維及び可撓性ナノ繊維膜。
- 亜鉛タングステン酸化物のサンマルチナイト結晶構造が30〜50nmの範囲の寸法のナノロッドを表す、請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の金属酸化物ナノ繊維及び可撓性ナノ繊維膜。
- ナノ繊維表面上の貴金属ナノ粒子が1〜15nmの範囲の寸法を有する、請求項1〜4のいずれか一項に記載の金属酸化物ナノ繊維及び可撓性ナノ繊維膜。
- 貴金属ナノ粒子はパラジウム、白金、銀、金、ロジウム、イリジウム(iridium)、ルテニウム、オスミウム、タンタル、チタン又はそれらの混合物から選ばれることができる、請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載の金属酸化物ナノ繊維及び可撓性ナノ繊維膜。
- 貴金属ナノ粒子はパラジウムである、請求項6に記載の金属酸化物ナノ繊維及び可撓性ナノ繊維膜。
- 貴金属ナノ粒子は白金である、請求項6に記載の金属酸化物ナノ繊維及び可撓性ナノ繊維膜。
- ナノ繊維がその軸に沿って自由に延びる突起を有する、請求項1〜8のいずれか一項に記載のナノ繊維から製造された可撓性ナノ繊維膜。
- 500〜900℃間の範囲の温度に耐えることが可能である、請求項1〜9のいずれか一項に記載のナノ繊維から製造された可撓性ナノ繊維膜。
- 請求項1〜10のいずれか一項に記載の金属酸化物ナノ繊維及び可撓性ナノ繊維膜の製造方法であって、
a)官能性ポリマー溶液を、チタン、タングステン及び亜鉛錯体を含む少なくとも3種の金属前駆体の有機溶剤溶液と混合する。その混合プロセスは、初めにタングステン錯体溶液を官能性ポリマー溶液に加えてから、亜鉛及びチタン錯体溶液を磁気攪拌しながら30分間加える。
b)a)で得られる溶液を、濃酸に0.1〜30:0.1〜30の重量比で混合する。
c)b)で得られる溶液から、ニードル式エレクトロスピニング、ナノスパイダーエレクトロスピニング又は強制/遠心スピニングによって、ナノ繊維を製造する。
d)c)で得られるナノ繊維を、非拘束、繊維ガラス拘束又はガラススライド拘束で、アニール及び仮焼(AC法)する処理をして、金属酸化物ナノ繊維膜にする。仮焼温度は1〜24時間で100〜900℃から選択できる。
e)c)で得られるナノ繊維、又はd)で得られる金属酸化物ナノ繊維を、可視光、UV又は太陽光の下1〜24時間の光堆積法により、貴金属ナノ粒子で修飾する。
f)e)で得られるナノ繊維又はナノ繊維膜を洗浄及び乾燥する。 - 官能性ポリマー溶液は、官能性ポリマーとエタノールを0.1〜40:0.1〜40の重量比で、室温30分間で混合して調製することができる、請求項11に記載の金属酸化物ナノ繊維及び可撓性ナノ繊維膜の製造方法。
- 各錯体溶液は、金属錯体と溶剤を0.1〜40:0.1〜40の重量比で、室温10分間で混合して調製することができる、請求項11又は12に記載の金属酸化物ナノ繊維及び可撓性ナノ繊維膜の製造方法。
- 有機溶剤はメチルアルコール、エチルアルコール、ジクロロメタン、ジメチルホルムアミド、ジメチルスルホキシド、クロロホルム、トルエンから選ぶことができる、請求項13に記載の金属酸化物ナノ繊維及び可撓性ナノ繊維膜の製造方法。適当な有機溶剤はジメチルホルムアミドである。
- 官能性ポリマーは、炭化水素鎖に沿って水酸基、アミン基又はカルボン酸基などの官能基を有する、請求項11〜14のいずれか一項に記載の金属酸化物ナノ繊維及び可撓性ナノ繊維膜の製造方法。官能性ポリマーは、ポリアクリロニトリル、ポリビニルピロリドン、ポリビニルアルコール、ポリヒドロキシプロピルメタクリレート、ポリヒドロキシエチルメタクリレート、ポリグリセロールメタクリレート、又はこれらの官能性ポリマーの混合物から選ぶことができる。
- 金属錯体は、チタン、パラジウム、白金、銀、金、銅、鉄、タングステン又はそれらの混合物から選ぶことができる、請求項11〜15のいずれか一項に記載の金属酸化物ナノ繊維及び可撓性ナノ繊維膜の製造方法。
- 濃酸は、酢酸、硫酸、塩酸又はそれらの混合物から選ぶことができる、請求項11〜16のいずれか一項に記載の金属酸化物ナノ繊維及び可撓性ナノ繊維膜の製造方法。
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