JP6496296B2 - ヒトezh2の阻害剤、およびその使用方法 - Google Patents
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Description
本出願は、2010年9月10日付で出願されたU.S.S.N 61/381,684の優先権、および恩典を主張するものであり、これはその全体が参照により本明細書に組み入れられる。
本発明は、ヒストンH3のリジン27 (H3-K27)のモノメチル化からトリメチル化までを触媒するPRC2複合体の触媒サブユニットである、ヒトヒストンメチルトランスフェラーゼEZH2の野生型およびある特定の変異型の阻害、濾胞性リンパ腫およびびまん性大細胞型B細胞性リンパ腫(DLBCL)を含むがんを処置するための方法ならびに対象においてEZH2阻害剤に対する反応性を判定するための方法に関する。
真核細胞内では、DNAはヒストンとともにパッケージされてクロマチンを形成する。およそ150塩基対のDNAが、ヒストンのオクタマー(ヒストン2A、2B、3および4がそれぞれ2つずつ)の周囲に2回巻きついて、クロマチンの基本単位であるヌクレオソームを形成する。クロマチンの規則正しい構造の変化は、関連する遺伝子の転写の改変につながる可能性がある。この過程は高度に制御される。というのは、遺伝子発現パターンの変化が、分化、増殖およびアポトーシスなどの、基本的な細胞過程に多大な影響を与えうるからである。クロマチン構造の変化の(ゆえに転写の)制御はヒストン、最も顕著にはN末端尾部に対する共有結合修飾によって媒介される。これらの修飾は、遺伝子発現の遺伝的変化をもたらしうるが、DNA自体の配列には影響を与えないので、後成的といわれることも多い。アミノ酸の側鎖の共有結合修飾(例えば、メチル化、アセチル化、リン酸化およびユビキチン化)は、酵素によって媒介される。
ポリコーム群(PcG)およびトライソラクス群(trxG)タンパク質は、細胞記憶システムの一部であることが知られている。Francis et al. (2001) Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2:409-21(非特許文献1); Simon et al. (2002) Curr Opin Genet Dev 12:210-8(非特許文献2)。両群のタンパク質は、一過性に発現される体節遺伝子によって胚発生初期に確立される、ホメオティックボックス(Hox)遺伝子発現の空間的パターンの維持に関与している。一般に、PcGタンパク質は、「オフ状態」を維持する転写リプレッサであり、trxGタンパク質は、「オン状態」を維持する転写アクチベータである。PcGおよびtrxGタンパク質の成員は、固有のヒストンメチルトランスフェラーゼ(HMTase)活性を含むので、PcGおよびtrxGタンパク質はコアヒストンのメチル化を通じて細胞記憶に関与しうる。Beisel et al. (2002) Nature 419:857-62(非特許文献3); Cao et al. (2002) Science 298: 1039-43(非特許文献4); Czermin et al. (2002) Cell 111 :185-96(非特許文献5); Kuzmichev et al. (2002) Genes Dev 16:2893-905(非特許文献6); Milne et al. (2002) Mol Cell 10: 1107-17(非特許文献7); Muller et al. (2002) Cell 111:197-208(非特許文献8); Nakamura et al. (2002) Mol Cell 10: 1119-28(非特許文献9)。
a) 対象から組織サンプルを得る段階;
b) 該組織サンプルにおけるH3-K27の、存在すればそのジメチル化(me2)レベルを検出する段階、および該ジメチル化(me2)レベルを対照のジメチル化(me2)レベルと比較する段階;
c) 任意で、該組織サンプルにおけるH3-K27の、存在すればそのトリメチル化(me3)レベルを検出する段階、および該トリメチル化(me3)レベルを対照のトリメチル化(me3)レベルと比較する段階
を含む方法であって、
該ジメチル化(me2)レベルが存在しないかもしくは該対照のジメチル化(me2)レベルよりも低い場合に、または該トリメチル化(me3)レベルが該対照のトリメチル化(me3)レベルと同じかもしくは該対照のトリメチル化(me3)レベルよりも高くかつ該ジメチル化(me2)レベルが存在しないかもしくは該対照のジメチル化(me2)レベルよりも低い場合に、該対象がEZH2阻害剤に対して反応性である、
前記方法。
[本発明1002]
d) 組織サンプルにおけるH3-K27のジメチル化(me2)レベルとトリメチル化(me3)レベルの比率を得て、試験比率を得る段階、および該試験比率を対照比率と比較する段階
をさらに含み、
該試験比率が該対照比率よりも低い場合に、該対象がEZH2阻害剤に対して反応性である、
本発明1001の方法。
[本発明1003]
対象が、がんを有する、本発明1001の方法。
[本発明1004]
検出する段階が、ウエスタンブロット分析、免疫組織化学(IHC)、免疫蛍光(IF)、および質量分析(MS)より選択されるアッセイによって行われる、本発明1001の方法。
[本発明1005]
検出する段階が、組織サンプルを、ジメチル化H3-K27および/またはトリメチル化H3-K27に特異的に結合する薬剤と接触させることを含む、本発明1001の方法。
[本発明1006]
薬剤が、抗体、ポリペプチド、アプタマー、またはそれらの断片である、本発明1005の方法。
[本発明1007]
前記本発明のいずれかの方法によりEZH2阻害剤に対して反応性であると判定されている対象に投与する段階
を含む、その必要がある対象においてがんを処置する方法。
[本発明1008]
がんが、濾胞性リンパ腫およびびまん性大細胞型B細胞性リンパ腫(DLBCL)より選択される、本発明1003の方法。
[本発明1009]
対象がY641変異EZH2ポリペプチドを発現する、本発明1001〜1008のいずれかの方法。
[本発明1010]
Y641変異体が、Y641F、Y641H、Y641N、およびY641Sより選択される、本発明1009の方法。
[本発明1011]
EZH2ポリペプチドのY641変異体を発現している対象に、治療的有効量のEZH2阻害剤を投与する段階
を含む方法。
[本発明1012]
EZH2ポリペプチドのY641変異体を発現している細胞を、治療的有効量のEZH2阻害剤と接触させる段階
を含む方法。
[本発明1013]
対象由来のサンプルにおけるEZH2ポリペプチドの、存在すればそのY641変異体を検出する段階
を含む方法であって、
Y641変異体の存在は、対象がEZH2阻害剤による処置の候補であることを示す、
前記方法。
[本発明1014]
阻害剤がY641変異EZH2ポリペプチドのヒストンメチルトランスフェラーゼ活性を阻害する、本発明1011〜1013のいずれかの方法。
[本発明1015]
阻害が選択的阻害である、本発明1014の方法。
[本発明1016]
EZH2ポリペプチドのY641変異体が、Y641F、Y641H、Y641N、およびY641Sからなる群より選択される変異を有する、本発明1011〜1015のいずれかの方法。
[本発明1017]
EZH2のY641変異体を検出する段階が
a. 全ゲノム再配列決定、
b. EZH2ポリペプチドのY641変異体をコードする核酸を検出する標的領域再配列決定、
c. EZH2ポリペプチドのY641変異体に特徴的なポリペプチドもしくはその断片に特異的に結合する抗体、または
d. EZH2ポリペプチドのY641変異体に特徴的なポリペプチドもしくはその断片をコードする核酸とハイブリダイズする核酸プローブ
によるものである、本発明1011〜1016のいずれかの方法。
[本発明1018]
対象が、がんを有する、本発明1011の方法。
[本発明1019]
がんが、濾胞性リンパ腫およびびまん性大細胞型B細胞性リンパ腫(DLBCL)からなる群より選択される、本発明1018の方法。
[本発明1020]
EZH2阻害剤が、S-アデノシル-L-ホモシステインもしくはその薬学的に許容される塩、または
もしくはその薬学的に許容される塩である、前記本発明のいずれかの方法。
[本発明1021]
化合物
またはその薬学的に許容される塩。
[本発明1022]
本発明1021の化合物を含む、薬学的組成物。
[本発明1023]
濾胞性リンパ腫またはびまん性大細胞型B細胞性リンパ腫(DLBCL)の処置における、
またはその薬学的に許容される塩の使用。
[本発明1024]
非メチル化H3-K27、モノメチル化H3-K27、ジメチル化H3-K27、およびそれらの任意の組み合わせからなる群より選択されるH3-K27の形態を含むヒストン基質、メチル基供与体、ならびに試験化合物と、単離されたEZH2ポリペプチドのY641変異体とを混ぜ合わせて、試験混合物を形成させる段階; および
ヒストン基質におけるH3-K27のメチル化を検出し、それによって、試験化合物の存在下でのH3-K27のメチル化が試験化合物の非存在下でのH3-K27のメチル化よりも少ない場合に、試験化合物をEZH2のY641変異体の阻害剤と特定する段階
を含む方法。
[本発明1025]
ヒストン基質におけるトリメチル化H3-K27の形成を検出し、それによって、試験化合物の存在下でのトリメチル化H3-K27の形成が試験化合物の非存在下でのトリメチル化H3-K27の形成よりも少ない場合に、試験化合物をEZH2のY641変異体の阻害剤と特定する段階
をさらに含む、本発明1024の方法。
[本発明1026]
モノメチル化H3-K27、ジメチル化H3-K27、およびモノメチル化H3-K27とジメチル化H3-K27との組み合わせからなる群より選択されるH3-K27の形態を含むヒストン基質、メチル基供与体、ならびに試験化合物と、単離された野生型EZH2とを混ぜ合わせ、それによって対照混合物を形成させる段階;
試験混合物および対照混合物のそれぞれにおけるヒストン基質のトリメチル化を検出する段階;
(a)試験化合物ありでのEZH2のY641変異体(M+)によるトリメチル化と(b)試験化合物なしでのEZH2のY641変異体(M-)によるトリメチル化の比率を算出する段階;
(c)試験化合物ありでの野生型EZH2(WT+)によるトリメチル化と(d)試験化合物なしでの野生型EZH2(WT-)によるトリメチル化の比率を算出する段階;
比率(a)/(b)を比率(c)/(d)と比較する段階; ならびに
比率(a)/(b)が比率(c)/(d)未満である場合に、試験化合物をEZH2のY641変異体の選択的阻害剤と特定する段階
をさらに含む、本発明1025の方法。
[本発明1027]
EZH2ポリペプチドのY641変異体が、Y641F、Y641H、Y641N、およびY641Sからなる群より選択される変異を有する、本発明1024〜1026のいずれかの方法。
[本発明1028]
検出する段階が、標識されたメチル基の取り込みを測定することを含む、本発明1024〜1027の方法。
[本発明1029]
標識されたメチル基が同位体で標識されたメチル基である、本発明1028の方法。
[本発明1030]
検出する段階が、ヒストン基質を、トリメチル化H3-K27に特異的に結合する抗体と接触させることを含む、本発明1024〜1026のいずれかの方法。
本発明の他の特徴および利点は、以下の詳細な説明および特許請求の範囲から明らかになると考えられる。
クロマチン構造は、遺伝子調節および後成的遺伝において重要である。ヒストンの翻訳後修飾は高次クロマチン構造の確立および維持に関わっている; 例えば、ある特定のコアヒストンの尾部はアセチル化、メチル化、リン酸化、リボシル化および/またはユビキチン化によって修飾される。
ヒトEZH2のアミノ酸配列(Swiss-Protアクセッション番号Q15910) (SEQ ID NO: 1)
ヒトEZH2、転写産物バリアント1のmRNA配列(GenBankアクセッション番号NM_004456) (SEQ ID NO: 2)
EZH2、アイソフォームaの全アミノ酸(GenBankアクセッション番号NP_004447) (SEQ ID NO: 3)
ヒトEZH2、転写産物バリアント2のmRNA配列(GenBankアクセッション番号NM_152998) (SEQ ID NO: 4)
EZH2、アイソフォームbの全アミノ酸(GenBankアクセッション番号NP_694543) (SEQ ID NO: 5)
。SEQ ID NO: 6において下線を引いて示したチロシン(Y)残基は、Swiss-Protアクセッション番号Q15910 (SEQ ID NO: 1)におけるTyr641 (Y641)である。
Y641変異EZH2の全アミノ酸配列(SEQ ID NO: 8)
を有する。
を有し、例えば、Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MOを含む、いくつかの供給業者から市販されている。SAHはS-アデノシルメチオニン依存的なメチルトランスフェラーゼによるメチル基移転の阻害剤として記述されている。
本発明の1つの局面は、EZH2のY641変異体の阻害剤としての試験化合物を特定するための方法である。1つの態様において、本方法は、非メチル化H3-K27、モノメチル化H3-K27、ジメチル化H3-K27、およびそれらの任意の組み合わせからなる群より選択されるH3-K27の形態を含むヒストン基質、メチル基供与体(S-アデノシルメチオニン(SAM)のような)、ならびに試験化合物と、単離されたEZH2のY641変異体とを混ぜ合わせる段階; およびヒストン基質におけるH3-K27のメチル化を検出するためのアッセイを行い、それによって、試験化合物の存在下でのH3-K27のメチル化が試験化合物の非存在下でのH3-K27のメチル化よりも少ない場合に、試験化合物をEZH2のY641変異体の阻害剤と特定する段階を含む。H3-K27のメチル化を検出するためのアッセイは、メチル化の比率、メチル化の程度、またはメチル化の比率および程度の両方を測定するように選択することができる。
を有する。ペプチドライブラリまたはペプチドは、当技術分野において周知の技法によるペプチド合成によって調製されることができ、H3-K27に対応するリジンの任意の所望とされるメチル化度を取り込むように任意で修飾されてもよい。以下の実施例において記述されるように、そのようなペプチドは下流のアッセイの実施において有用な、ビオチンなどの、標識を取り込むように修飾されてもよい。1つの態様において、標識はペプチドのアミノ(N)末端に付加される。1つの態様において、標識はペプチドのカルボキシ(C)末端に付加される。
1つまたは複数のEZH2アンタゴニストをヒト患者に単独で、または本明細書において記述される疾患もしくは状態を処置もしくは改善するための用量でそれらを適当な担体もしくは賦形剤と混合した薬学的組成物中で投与することができる。これらのEZH2アンタゴニストの混合物を患者に、単純混合物としてまたは適当な配合化された薬学的組成物中で投与することもできる。例えば、本発明の1つの局面は治療的有効用量のEZH2アンタゴニスト、またはその薬学的に許容される塩、水和物、鏡像異性体もしくは立体異性体; および薬学的に許容される希釈剤または担体を含む薬学的組成物に関する。
本明細書において提供されるのは、ヒストンまたは他のタンパク質のメチル化状態を調節することによって経過に影響が出る可能性のある、状態および疾患を処置または予防する方法であり、ここで該メチル化状態は、少なくともある程度は、EZH2の活性によって媒介される。順に、ヒストンのメチル化状態の調節が、メチル化によって活性化される標的遺伝子および/またはメチル化によって抑制される標的遺伝子の発現のレベルに影響を及ぼしうる。
本発明の1つの局面において、EZH2アンタゴニスト、またはその薬学的に許容される塩を別の治療剤と併用して、がんおよび/または神経障害などの疾患を処置することができる。例えば、さらなる薬剤は、本発明の化合物によって処置される疾患または状態を処置するのに有用であると当技術分野において認識されている治療剤でありうる。さらなる薬剤はまた、治療用組成物に有益な特性を与える薬剤(例えば、組成物の粘度に影響を与える薬剤)でありうる。
本明細書において用いられる場合、「治療的有効量」または「治療的有効用量」は、状態の進行を完全にもしくは部分的に阻害するか、または状態の1つもしくは複数の症状を少なくとも部分的に軽減する、EZH2アンタゴニストまたは2つもしくはそれ以上のそのような化合物の組み合わせの量である。治療的有効量は、予防的に有効な量であることもできる。治療的に有効な量は、患者のサイズおよび性別、処置される状態、状態の重症度および求められる結果に依存すると考えられる。1つの態様において、治療的有効用量は、患者における症状の軽減をもたらすEZH2アンタゴニストのその量をいう。所与の患者について、治療的有効量は、当業者に公知の方法により判定されうる。
本発明の局面は、本発明の方法によって有用である化合物に関する。これらの化合物は、本明細書において「EZH2阻害剤」および、等しく、「EZH2アンタゴニスト」といわれる。化合物は、化合物それ自体、化合物の薬学的に許容される塩として、または薬学的組成物として提示されてもよい。
EZH2アンタゴニストは、必要なら、EZH2アンタゴニストを含有する1つまたは複数の単位投与量形態を含んでよいキット(例えば、包装または分注装置)中で与えられてもよい。包装は、例えば、ブリスタ包装のような、金属箔またはプラスチック箔を含んでもよい。包装または分注装置には投与のための使用説明書が付随していてもよい。適合する薬学的担体中に配合された本発明のEZH2アンタゴニストを含む組成物を、調製し、適切な容器中に配し、適応される状態の処置についてラベル付けしてもよい。使用説明書が提供されてもよい。
便宜上、本明細書、実施例および添付の特許請求の範囲内で利用される特定の用語をここに集める。本明細書において定義され使用される、全ての定義は、辞書的定義、参照により組み入れられる文章中の定義、および/または定義される用語の通常の意味に優先する。
バキュロウイルス発現システムを用いスポドプテラ・フルギペルダ(Spodoptera frugiperda) (Sf9)細胞において、野生型EZH2 (GenBankアクセッション番号NM_004456)またはTyr641変異体を野生型AEBP2 (GenBankアクセッション番号NM_153207)、EED (GenBankアクセッション番号NM_003797)、SUZ12 (GenBankアクセッション番号NM_015355)およびRbAp48 (GenBankアクセッション番号NM_005610)と共発現させた。EED上のN末端FLAGタグを用いて、細胞溶解物から活性なPRC2複合体を精製した(BPS Bioscience、カタログ番号51004)。最終のPRC2調製物の純度をSDS-PAGEにより、クマシーブルー染色で評価した。
21st Century Biochemicals (Marlboro, MA)により、各15アミノ酸の44種のペプチドからなるライブラリを合成した。このペプチドパネルには、連続的なペプチド配列の間で5残基が重複するようにして、ヒトヒストンH3およびH4のアミノ酸の全てが包含された。各ペプチドのN末端にビオチンを付加し、C末端はアミドとして表した。液体クロマトグラフィー/質量スペクトル分析によって、純度(>95%)および同一性を確認した。
細胞株OCI-LY19 (ACC 528)、KARPAS-422 (ACC 32)およびWSU-DLCL2 (ACC 575)はDSMZから入手した。細胞株DB (CRL-2289)およびSU-DHL2 (CRL-2959)はATCCから入手した。OCI-LY19、WSU-DLCL2およびDB細胞株は、10% FBSを含むRPMI-1640中で増殖させ、KARPAS-422およびSU-DHL2細胞株は、20% FBSを加えたRPMI-1640中で増殖させた。細胞を細胞1.5〜2×106個/mLの密度まで増殖させ、細胞1×107個を264×gでの遠心分離によって収集し、氷冷PBS中で洗浄し、50 mM Tris-HCl、150 mM NaCl、0.25% DOC、1% NP-40および1 mM EDTA (Millipore #20-188)に加えて0.1% SDSおよびプロテアーゼ阻害剤錠剤(Roche # 1836153)を含有する10×ペレット容量のRIPA溶解緩衝液に再懸濁することによって溶解させた。溶解物を、設定3でMisonix XL-2000を用い2ラウンドの101秒のバーストによって超音波処理し、効率的なヒストン抽出を確実とし、卓上遠心分離機を10分間14,000 rpmで用い4℃での遠心分離によって清澄化した。タンパク質濃度をBCAアッセイ(Pierce)によって決定した。各溶解物4マイクログラムを4〜20%のTris-Glycineゲル(Invitrogen)上で分画し、PVDFに転写し、Odysseyブロッキング緩衝液中の以下の抗体: マウス抗EZH2 (CST 3147; 2000分の1に希釈)、ウサギ抗H3-K27me3 (CST 9733; 10000分の1に希釈)、ウサギ抗H3-K27me2 (CST 9755; 5000分の1に希釈)、ウサギ抗H3-K27me1 (Active Motif 39377; 5000分の1に希釈)、およびマウス抗Total H3 (CST 3638; 20000の1に希釈)でプローブした。一次Abインキュベーションの後、膜をIRDye 800CWロバ抗マウスIgG (LiCOR #926-32212)またはAlexa Fluor 680ヤギ抗ウサギIgG (Invitrogen #A-21076)二次Abでプローブし、LiCOR Odysseyシステムを用いて画像化した。
上記のように、Tyr641での、疾患に関連した変化は、EZH2が触媒するH3-K27のメチル化に関する機能の喪失をもたらすものとこれまでに結論付けられた。しかし、酵素のヘテロ接合性によるH3-K27メチル化の比率の推定的低減は、殊のほか、H3-K27トリメチル化の増大に関わる、EZH2の過剰発現、対応するH3-K27デメチラーゼUTXにおける機能喪失型変異、またはPHF19/PCL3のような、PRC2成分の過剰発現が、どれも、特定のヒトがんにおいて悪性の表現型をもたらすことを示す過去のデータを考慮すると、悪性の表現型の根拠として理論的に説明することが困難であった。Morin et al. (2010) Nat Genet 42: 181-5; Martinez-Garcia et al. (2010) Nat Genet 42:100-1; Bracken et al. (2003) EMBO J 22:5323-35; Kleer et al. (2003) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100: 11606-11; Varambally et al. (2002) Nature 419:624-9; Simon et al. (2008) Mutat Res 647:21-9; van Haaften et al. (2009) Nat Genet 41:521-3; Wang et al. (2004) Gene 343:69-78; Cao et al. (2008) Mol Cell Biol 28: 1862-72; およびSarma et al. (2008) Mol Cell Biol 28:2718-31)。それゆえ、これらの変異の酵素学をさらに詳細に探った。
これらの変異体の酵素活性をさらに理解するために、およびペプチド基質に対する活性とヌクレオソーム基質に対する活性との明らかな矛盾に折り合いをつけるために、H3:21-44ペプチドに関連してさまざまなH3-K27メチル化状態のメチル化をさらに触媒する酵素形態の能力について調べた。上記のように、変異酵素の全てがWT酵素と比べて、非修飾H3-K27ペプチドメチル化の不十分な触媒であることが分かった。しかしながら、顕著には、変異酵素の全てが、モノメチル化H3-K27ペプチド、およびとりわけジメチル化H3-K27ペプチドのさらなるメチル化の触媒においてはWT酵素よりも優れていることが分かった(図2)。したがって、このデータから、WT酵素が、非メチル化からモノメチル化の反応の触媒では最も効率的であることが示唆される。変異酵素はこの初期段階の触媒において欠陥があるものの、モノメチルH3-K27からジメチルH3-K27およびトリメチルH3-K27に至る後続の段階の触媒においてはWT酵素よりも効率的である。
表1に記載されている定常状態反応速度パラメータにより、WT酵素についてホモ接合性の細胞と比べて、さまざまな変異EZH2の形態についてヘテロ接合性の細胞に対して種々のH3-K27メチル化状態の予想レベルを算出することが可能になった。これらの模擬実験を実施するため、(1) 定常状態酵素反応速度が細胞の状況においてPRC2により触媒されるH3-K27メチル化と関連しているという、および全ての測定が細胞増殖における同じ時点で行われるという; (2) 変異酵素およびWT酵素がヘテロ接合性細胞において等しいレベルで発現されるという、ならびに総EZH2レベルが全ての細胞において等しいという; (3) SAMの細胞濃度は、そのKmと比べて、飽和しており、細胞の間で変化しないという; (4) ヌクレオソームの細胞濃度は、そのKmと類似しており、同様に、細胞の間で変化しないという; (5) EZH1により触媒されるH3-K27のメチル化は重要ではなく、細胞の間で一定であったという; ならびに(6) いずれのH3-K27デメチラーゼ活性も細胞の間で一定であったという、いくつかの簡素化した仮定を立てた。
ペプチド基質を用いたフラッシュプレート・アッセイ
EZH2のWTおよびY641変異体の初期比較のため、800 nMの濃度で非メチル化K27 (New England Peptide)、モノメチル化K27 (Millipore)またはジメチル化K27 (Millipore)を含有するビオチン化ヒストンH3:21-44ペプチドを1,700 nMのS-アデノシルメチオニン-Cl (SAM)および300 nMのトリチウム化SAM (Perkin Elmer)の混合物と混ぜ合わせた。この基質の組み合わせを次いで、アッセイ緩衝液(20 mM BICINE、1 mM DTT、0.002% Tween 20、0.005%ウシ皮膚ゼラチン(BSG), pH 7.6)中のPRC2に加えた。反応を表示の時間間隔の間、進行させ、その後、過剰の非放射性SAM (600 μMの終濃度)の添加により反応停止した。反応停止された反応混合物をストレプトアビジンでコーティングされたフラッシュプレート(Perkin Elmer、カタログ番号SMP410)に移し、1時間結合させ、その後、TopCount NXT HTSシンチレーションおよび発光カウンタ(Perkin Elmer)にて検出した。各時点は6回の個別反応の平均を表した。ペプチドまたはSAMの濃度は変化させ、一方で他の基質は飽和条件としたことを除き、同一の反応条件の下で定常状態反応速度パラメータを決定した。速度をさまざまな基質濃度の関数としてプロットし、データを未変形ミカエリス・メンテン式または未変形S状反応速度式にあてはめて、Kおよびkcatの値を算出した。あてはめたパラメータの標準誤差が表1に記載されており、これを用いて、図2パネルBおよびCに示したエラーバーを作図した。kcat/Kに関連した誤差(表1)を標準的な誤差伝播法にしたがって算出した; kcat/Kの相対誤差(fractional error)は
として決定したが、ここでμkcatはkcatの標準誤差であり、μKはKの標準誤差である。
ニワトリ赤血球オリゴヌクレオソームを既述のように精製した。Fang et al. (2004) Methods Enzymol 377:213-26。ヌクレオソームをSAMおよびトリチウム化SAMの混合物と混ぜ合わせ、アッセイ緩衝液(20 mM BICINE、100 mM KCl、1 mM DTT、0.002% Tween 20、0.005% BSG, pH 7.6)中のPRC2に加えた。上記のように反応を行い、反応停止した。反応停止された反応混合物をガラス繊維フィルタプレート(Millipore、カタログ番号MSFBN6B)に移し、10%トリクロル酢酸で3回洗浄し、乾燥させた。Microscint Zero (30 μL)を加え、トリチウムの取り込みをTopCountシンチレーションおよび発光カウンタにて検出した。ヌクレオソームまたはSAMの濃度は変化させ、一方で他の基質は飽和条件としたことを除き、同一の反応条件の下で定常状態パラメータを決定した。速度をさまざまな基質濃度の関数としてプロットし、これを未変形ミカエリス・メンテン式にあてはめて、上記のようにKmおよびkcatの値を導き出した。
A. 化合物37の調製
9-((3aR,4R,6R,6aR)-6-(アミノメチル)-2,2-ジメチルテトラヒドロフロ[3,4-d][1,3]ジオキソール-4-イル)-9H-プリン-6-アミン(Townsend, A. P. et al. (2009) Org. Let. 11 :2976-2979) (3.05 g, 9.96 mmol)のDCE (250 mL)溶液に、カルバミン酸(9H-フルオレン-9-イル)メチル(2-オキソエチル) (2.8 g, 9.96 mmol)およびNaB(OAc)3H (2.96 g, 13.95 mmol)を加え、混合物を室温で4時間撹拌した。K2CO3溶液を8〜9のpHまで加えた。DCMを加え、有機層をNa2SO4で乾燥させ、濃縮し、SGC (DCM : MeOH = 30 : 1)により精製して、37 (2.9 g, 収率: 50.9%)を得た。
37 (2.9 g, 5.08 mmol)のDCE (250 mL)溶液に、2-((tert-ブトキシカルボニル)アミノ)-4-オキソブタン酸(S)-ベンジル(1.56 g, 5.08 mmol)およびNaB(OAc)3H (1.51 g, 7.11 mmol)を加え、混合物を室温で4時間撹拌した。K2CO3溶液を8〜9のpHまで加えた。DCMを加え、有機層をNa2SO4で乾燥させ、濃縮し、SGC (DCM : MeOH = 100 : 1)で精製して、65 (2.8 g, 収率: 63.9%)を得た。
段階1.
65B (2.2 g, 2.55 mmol)のDCM (10 mL)溶液に、Et2NH (1.1 g, 15.3 mmol)を加え、混合物を室温で4時間撹拌した。混合物を濃縮して粗製物72 (2.2 g)を得た。
72 (167 mg, 0.26 mmol)のMeOH (4 mL)撹拌溶液に、2-(4-クロロフェニル)アセトアルデヒド(40 mg, 0.26 mmol)を加え、20分間室温で撹拌した。その後、Na(OAc)3BH (83 mg, 0.39 mmol)およびHOAc (0.4 mL)を加え、終夜撹拌した。その後、NaHCO3 (aq)を加え、DCM (25 mL×3)で抽出し、塩水で洗浄し、Na2SO4で乾燥させ、濃縮した。粗生成物を分取TLC (DCM / MeOH = 10: 1)により精製して、73 (30 mg, 収率: 14%)を白色の粉末として得た。LC/MS (m/z): 779.7 [M+1]+。
73 (30 mg, 0.038 mmol)および10% Pd/C (15 mg)のMeOH (2 mL)混合物を終夜H2下、室温で撹拌した。混合物をろ過し、ろ液を濃縮して粗生成物を得た。粗生成物を分取TLC (DCM / MeOH = 8: 1)により精製して、74 (20 mg, 収率: 69%)を白色の粉末として得た。LC/MS (m/z): 689.7 [M+1]+。
74 (20 mg, 0.028 mmol)の90% TFA (1 mL)溶液を1時間室温で撹拌し、固形物として濃縮し、TFAを除去して、化合物75 (TFA塩)を精製なしに無色の油状物として得た。LC/MS (m/z): 549.7 [M+1]+。
S-アデノシル-L-ホモシステイン(SAH)を10点についてDMSO中で連続的に3倍希釈し、1 μLを384ウェルマイクロタイタープレートに配した。陽性対照(100%阻害の標準物質)は終濃度100 μMのSAHとし、陰性対照(0%阻害の標準物質)にはDMSO 1 μLを含めた。SAHを次いで、pH 7.6のアッセイ緩衝液(20 mM BICINE、100 mM KCl、1 mM DTT、0.002% Tween 20、0.005% BSG)中8 nMのEZH2野生型および変異体40 μL/ウェルとともに30分間インキュベートした。pH 7.6のアッセイ緩衝液中150 nMのS-アデノシルメチオニン-Cl (SAM)および100 nMのトリチウム化SAMおよび150 nMのビオチン化オリゴヌクレオソームを含めた基質混合物を、10 μL/ウェルで加えた。反応停止された酵素反応液をストレプトアビジンでコーティングされたフラッシュプレート(Perkin Elmer、カタログ番号SMP410)に移し、1時間結合させ、TopCount NXT HTS (Perkin Elmer)にて検出した。
化合物75を10点についてDMSO中で連続的に3倍希釈し、1 μLを384ウェルマイクロタイタープレートに配した。陽性対照(100%阻害の標準物質)は終濃度100 μMのSAHとし、陰性対照(0%阻害の標準物質)にはDMSO 1 μLを含めた。化合物75を次いで、pH 7.6のアッセイ緩衝液(20 mM BICINE、100 mM KCl、1 mM DTT、0.002% Tween 20、0.005% BSG)中8 nMのEZH2野生型および変異体40 μL/ウェルとともに30分間インキュベートした。pH 7.6のアッセイ緩衝液中150 nMのS-アデノシルメチオニン-Cl (SAM)および100 nMのトリチウム化SAMおよび150 nMのビオチン化オリゴヌクレオソームを含めた基質混合物を、10 μL/ウェルで加えた。反応停止された酵素反応液をストレプトアビジンでコーティングされたフラッシュプレート(Perkin Elmer、カタログ番号SMP410)に移し、1時間結合させ、TopCount NXT HTS (Perkin Elmer)にて検出した。
EZH2 (Y641)変異についてヘテロ接合性の腫瘍細胞株は、H3-K27me3のレベルの増加を示し、H3-K27のメチル化状態が腫瘍形成には重要であるものと考えられた。EZH2についてWTであった、またはEZH2 (Y641)変異についてヘテロ接合性であった細胞株のパネルにおけるH3-K27のモノメチル化(H3-K27me1)、ジメチル化(H3-K27me2)またはトリメチル化(H3-K27me3)形態のレベルを評価した。用いた細胞株は表4に記載されている。細胞株の大半はB細胞性リンパ腫系列であるが、しかし2種の黒色腫系列も含めた。IGR1は、EZH2におけるY641N変異を含むことが最近になって分かった黒色腫系列であり、A375細胞はWT EZH2の黒色腫対照系列として含めた。図9AおよびBは、H3-K27me1、H3-K27me2またはH3-K27me3を認識する抗体で、この細胞株パネルから単離されたヒストンをプローブしたウエスタンブロット分析の結果を示す。概して、WT EZH2を排他的に発現している細胞株でよりもY641変異体を含んだ細胞株で全体的なH3-K27me3レベルは高い。2つの例外はFarage細胞およびPfeiffer細胞であり、この場合にH3-K27me3レベルはWT系列におけるものと類似していた。より顕著なのは、野生型細胞株と比べてEZH2 Y641変異体細胞株におけるH3-K27me2の劇的に低いレベルである。Y641変異体細胞株から抽出されたヒストンのウエスタンブロットにおいてH3-K27me2シグナルは、ほとんどまたは全く認められなかったが、WT細胞株において同じ抗体で認められたシグナルは、H3-K27me3に特異的な抗体で認められたシグナルよりも強かった。全体としては、WT細胞株において、HK27me2抗体でのウエスタンブロット・シグナルはH3-K27me3抗体で認められたシグナルよりも高かったが、Y641変異体細胞株では逆のことが当てはまった。このように、Y641系列におけるH3-K27me3/me2シグナルの比率は、WT系列で認められたものよりも高い。これに対する1つの例外はPfeiffer細胞株であり、この細胞株はY641 EZH2変異を含まないが、しかし高いH3-K27me3シグナルを持ち、H3-K27me2シグナルをほとんどまたは全く持たない。Pfeiffer細胞は、それゆえ、Y641変異体細胞株と類似のH3-K27me3/me2比を有する。
本発明のいくつかの態様を本明細書において記述し、例示してきたが、当業者は、機能を果たすための、ならびに/あるいは本明細書において記述される結果および/または利点の1つもしくは複数を得るための種々の他の手段および/または構造を容易に想定するものと考えられ、そのような変形および/または修正のそれぞれが本発明の範囲内にあると見なされる。より一般的には、当業者は、本明細書において記述される全てのパラメータ、寸法、材料および構成が例示的であると意図されること、ならびに実際のパラメータ、寸法、材料および/または構成は、本発明の教示が用いられる具体的な用途に依存することを容易に理解するであろう。当業者は、通常の実験を用いるだけで、本明細書において記述される本発明の具体的な態様の多くの均等物を認識するか、または均等物を確認することができるであろう。それゆえ、前述の態様は例として提示されているにすぎないこと、ならびに添付の特許請求の範囲およびそれらの均等物の範囲内で、本発明は、具体的に記述され、主張されるようなもの以外の別のやり方で実践されてもよいことが理解されるべきである。本発明は、本明細書において記述される各個々の特徴、システム、物品、材料、キットおよび/または方法に関する。さらに、2つまたはそれ以上のそのような特徴、システム、物品、材料、キットおよび/または方法の任意の組み合わせは、そのような特徴、システム、物品、材料、キットおよび/または方法が相互に矛盾していないなら、本発明の範囲内に含まれる。
Claims (6)
- 非メチル化H3-K27、モノメチル化H3-K27、ジメチル化H3-K27、およびそれらの任意の組み合わせからなる群より選択されるH3-K27の形態を含むヒストン基質、メチル基供与体、ならびに試験化合物と、単離されたEZH2ポリペプチドのY641変異体とを混ぜ合わせて、試験混合物を形成させる段階; および
ヒストン基質におけるH3-K27のトリメチル化を検出し、それによって、試験化合物の存在下でのH3-K27のトリメチル化が試験化合物の非存在下でのH3-K27のトリメチル化よりも少ない場合に、試験化合物を、がんを処置するための、EZH2のY641変異体の阻害剤と特定する段階
を含む方法。 - モノメチル化H3-K27、ジメチル化H3-K27、およびモノメチル化H3-K27とジメチル化H3-K27との組み合わせからなる群より選択されるH3-K27の形態を含むヒストン基質、メチル基供与体、ならびに試験化合物と、単離された野生型EZH2とを混ぜ合わせ、それによって対照混合物を形成させる段階;
試験混合物および対照混合物のそれぞれにおけるヒストン基質のトリメチル化を検出する段階;
(a)試験化合物ありでのEZH2のY641変異体(M+)によるトリメチル化と(b)試験化合物なしでのEZH2のY641変異体(M-)によるトリメチル化の比率を算出する段階;
(c)試験化合物ありでの野生型EZH2(WT+)によるトリメチル化と(d)試験化合物なしでの野生型EZH2(WT-)によるトリメチル化の比率を算出する段階;
比率(a)/(b)を比率(c)/(d)と比較する段階; ならびに
比率(a)/(b)が比率(c)/(d)未満である場合に、試験化合物をEZH2のY641変異体の選択的阻害剤と特定する段階
をさらに含む、請求項1記載の方法。 - EZH2ポリペプチドのY641変異体が、Y641F、Y641H、Y641N、およびY641Sからなる群より選択される変異を有する、請求項1〜2のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 検出する段階が、標識されたメチル基の取り込みを測定することを含む、請求項1〜3のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 標識されたメチル基が同位体で標識されたメチル基である、請求項4記載の方法。
- 検出する段階が、ヒストン基質を、トリメチル化H3-K27に特異的に結合する抗体と接触させることを含む、請求項1〜2のいずれか一項記載の方法。
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