JP6279726B2 - メタン化触媒 - Google Patents
メタン化触媒 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP6279726B2 JP6279726B2 JP2016523707A JP2016523707A JP6279726B2 JP 6279726 B2 JP6279726 B2 JP 6279726B2 JP 2016523707 A JP2016523707 A JP 2016523707A JP 2016523707 A JP2016523707 A JP 2016523707A JP 6279726 B2 JP6279726 B2 JP 6279726B2
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- Prior art keywords
- catalyst
- ppm
- feedstock
- gas
- methanation catalyst
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims description 152
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 107
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 101
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 77
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 72
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 61
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 52
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 47
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims description 46
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 45
- 238000002309 gasification Methods 0.000 claims description 44
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 42
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 42
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 38
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 35
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 30
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 25
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 25
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 25
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 24
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 24
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
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- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
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- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphur dioxide Chemical compound O=S=O RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- JJWKPURADFRFRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonyl sulfide Chemical compound O=C=S JJWKPURADFRFRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
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- 125000003396 thiol group Chemical class [H]S* 0.000 claims 1
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- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N palladium Substances [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 28
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- -1 Gd or Sm) Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
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- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- LSDPWZHWYPCBBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanethiol Chemical compound SC LSDPWZHWYPCBBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- NPXOKRUENSOPAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Raney nickel Chemical compound [Al].[Ni] NPXOKRUENSOPAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 1
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- DRVWBEJJZZTIGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium(3+);oxygen(2-) Chemical class [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Ce+3].[Ce+3] DRVWBEJJZZTIGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003077 lignite Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoceriooxy)cerium Chemical compound [Ce]=O.O=[Ce]=O BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Description
本明細書で言及するメタン化反応には、炭素の酸化物と水素、例えば、一酸化炭素と水素とを含む供給原料からのメタンの生成が含まれる。化学反応式は、式1によって表されてもよい。
CO+3H2→CH4+H2O …式1
CO2+4H2→CH4+2H2O …式2
本発明に係る触媒の担体は、粒子状物質であってもよい。担体の粒子は、顕微鏡使用、光散乱、又は、当業者にとって既知のその他の好適な粒径測定方法等の技術を用いて測定した、既知の平均粒径を有してもよい。担体の粒子の形状は、球状、針状、平坦形状、フレーク状、角錐台状、多面体状、繊維状、不規則形状、回転楕円体状、又は粒状であってもよい。本明細書での使用において、用語「平均粒径」は、複数の粒子の平均直径、例えば、複数の粒子の平均流体力学直径を意味してもよく、複数の粒子の最小直径と最大直径との全体平均と理解されてもよく、或いは、用語「平均粒径」は、単一の粒子の最小直径及び最大直径の平均を意味してもよい。例えば、担体の粒子は、約0.5μm未満、約0.4μm未満、約0.3μm、約0.2μm、約0.1μm(すなわち、約100nm)、約90nm、約80nm、約70nm、約60nm、又は約50nm未満の平均粒径を有してもよい。担体の粒子は、約0.5〜約0.1μm、約0.25μm〜75nm、又は約100nm〜約10nmの平均粒径を有してもよい。担体の粒子は、約0.4μm、約0.3μm、約0.2μm、約0.1μm(すなわち、約100nm)、約90nm、約80nm、約70nm、約60nm、又は約50nmの平均粒径を有してもよい。
「触媒」の見出しの欄に上述した本発明に係る触媒は、メタン化反応向けの触媒に用いられてもよい。
本発明によると、一酸化炭素及び水素を含む供給原料をメタン化する方法を提供し、この方法は、供給原料を、「触媒」の見出しの欄に上述した触媒と接触させるステップを備える。また一酸化炭素及び水素を含む混合ガスの一酸化炭素含有量を低減する方法も提供し、この方法は、供給原料を、「触媒」の見出しの欄に上述した触媒と接触させるステップを備える。
Ni前駆体としてNi(NO3)3・6H2Oを用い、市販のCe1−xMxO2(Sigma Aldrich社)を用いた従来の湿式含浸法により、xが約0〜約0.3であり、好ましくは約0.01〜約0.3であり、Mが存在する場合、Ce以外の金属元素であるNi/Ce1−xMxO2を調製した。
酸化セリウムは、その酸素貯蔵特性及び酸化還元特性がよく知られている。Ceを部分的に他の要素、例えばZr、Gd、Sm等で置換することにより、安定性、酸素貯蔵能力、及び還元能力を増すと考えられている。本例では、触媒担体として、Y、Sm、Gd、及びCaのドーパントを有する種々のナノサイズの酸化セリウム、つまり、ナノサイズ及びマイクロサイズのCeO2を用いた。図1は、20ppmのH2Sを含有した、500度、1バールの原料ガスの条件において、Al2O3、Ce0.9Ca0.1O2、Ce0.9Gd0.1O2、Ce0.85Y0.15O2、及びC0.85Sm0.15O2に担持された5%Niの性能の結果を示している。5%Ni/Al2O3におけるCH4の濃度は、反応開始時の22%(乾燥ベース)から当初の4.4%に低下し、これは約150分で触媒の失活が完了したことを示している。5%Ni/Ce0.9Gd0.1O2の失活には、約350分掛かっている。しかしながら、470分の時点でも、5%Ni/Ce0.9Gd0.1O2触媒の活動の一部は維持されている。
H2S(ガス)+Ni→Ni−S+H2(ガス) …式3
2CeO2+H2S→Ce2O2S+H2O+0.5O2 …式4
XPS分析は、(a)焼成した5%Ni/Ce0.9Ca0.1O2と、(b)20ppmのH2S内で5時間メタン化した後の、使用済みの5%Ni/Ce0.9Ca0.1O2と、(c)500度で100ppmのH2Sに16時間接触したCe0.9Ca0.1O2と、(d)還元後、500度で100ppmのH2Sに16時間接触した5%Ni/Ce0.9Ca0.1O2との表面特性を調べるために実施した。図5(a)は、これらのサンプルのCa(2p1/2、2p3/2)の微細構造を示している。焼成5%Ni/Ce0.9Ca0.1O2(図5(a))と、使用済みの5%Ni/Ce0.9Ca0.1O2(図5(b))のCa 2pスペクトルは、類似しており、345.5eVにおけるCa 2p3/2のピークがCaOの特徴であった。これらの結果は、20ppmのH2Sにおける5時間の硫黄と触媒担体との相互反応が、XPSでは検出できないことがある旨を示している。従って、硫黄とこれらの触媒との相互反応は、Ce0.9Ca0.1O2を硫化し、100ppmのH2S内で16時間、5%Ni/Ce0.9Ca0.1O2を還元することによって調べた。Ce0.9Ca0.1O2(図5(c))の解析を通じてスペクトルの2つのCaの種を判定することができ、これらを、各々Ca 2p3/2結合エネルギーが345.5eVと347.9eVであるCaOとCaSO4とに割り当てた(B.DEMRI、D.Muster、材料加工技術ジャーナル55(1995)311−314)。Niの存在下において、再びCaO及びCaSO4に対応して、2つの明らかなピークが特定された(図5(d))。さらに、CaSO4のCaOに対する比率は、Niの存在で増加した。これは、NiがCaSO4の形成を促進することを示している。図6に示すS2p XPSスペクトルから、CeSO3の種も見出すことができる。
Claims (30)
- メタン化触媒であって、
担体上に担持されたCo、Fe、Pt、Ru、Rh、Pd、Ni、又はIrからなる群より選択される触媒活性元素を備え、
前記担体は、化学式Ce1−xMxO2で表され、xは約0.01〜約0.3であり、Mが存在し、Ce以外のランタノイド、又はアルカリ土類金属であるメタン化触媒。 - 前記触媒活性元素は、遷移金属である請求項1に記載のメタン化触媒。
- 前記触媒活性元素は、金属ニッケルである請求項1〜2のいずれか一項に記載のメタン化触媒。
- 前記担体は、粒子状物質である請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載のメタン化触媒。
- xは、約0.01〜約0.25である請求項1〜4のいずれか一項に記載のメタン化触媒。
- xは、約0.1〜約0.2である請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載のメタン化触媒。
- 前記金属元素は、遷移金属である請求項6に記載のメタン化触媒。
- 前記遷移金属は、Yである請求項7に記載のメタン化触媒。
- 前記金属元素は、ランタノイドである請求項1に記載のメタン化触媒。
- 前記ランタノイドは、Sm及びGdからなる群より選択される請求項9に記載のメタン化触媒。
- 前記金属元素は、アルカリ土類である請求項1に記載のメタン化触媒。
- 前記アルカリ土類は、Caである請求項11に記載のメタン化触媒。
- 前記触媒は、前記担体の表面に分散された金属ニッケルの領域を含む請求項1〜12のいずれか一項に記載のメタン化触媒。
- 前記触媒は、重量で約1〜約40%の触媒活性元素を含む請求項1〜13のいずれか一項に記載のメタン化触媒。
- 前記担体は、約10〜約300m2/gの比表面積を有する請求項1〜14のいずれか一項に記載のメタン化触媒。
- メタン化反応向けの触媒を目的とする、請求項1〜15のいずれか一項に記載のメタン化触媒の使用。
- 請求項1〜15のいずれか一項に記載のメタン化触媒の使用であって、
前記使用は、一酸化炭素及び水素を含む混合ガス内の一酸化炭素含有量を低減することを目的とする使用。 - 一酸化炭素及び水素を含む供給原料をメタン化する方法であって、
前記供給原料を、請求項1〜15のいずれか一項に記載のメタン化触媒に接触させるステップを備える方法。 - 前記供給原料はさらに、二酸化炭素ガスを含む請求項18に記載の方法。
- 前記供給原料はさらに、水蒸気を含む請求項18又は19に記載の方法。
- 前記供給原料は、石炭ガス化ガス及び/又はバイオマスガス化ガスを含む請求項18〜20のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記供給原料はさらに、硫黄含有ガス又はガス化ガス請求項18〜21のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記硫黄含有ガス又はガス化ガスは、約0.1〜約5000ppmの濃度で存在する請求項22に記載の方法。
- 前記硫黄含有ガス又はガス化ガスは、硫化水素、硫化カルボニル、二酸化硫黄、及び有機チオールのいずれか1つ以上を含む請求項22又は23に記載の方法。
- 前記供給原料における水素対一酸化炭素のモル比は、約4:1〜約1:1である請求項18〜24のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記接触させるステップは、前記供給原料を、前記触媒を含む充填層反応器に通すステップを含む請求項18〜25のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記供給原料は、前記接触させるステップの際、約1〜約40バールの圧力を有する請求項18〜26のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記接触させるステップは、少なくとも約250度、又は約250〜約750度の温度で実施される請求項18〜27のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記供給材料は、約1000〜約100000h−1のガス空間速度を有する請求項18〜28のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記接触させるステップの際の前記温度及び前記供給原料のガス空間速度は、酸化炭素のメタンへの変換平衡を達成するのに十分である請求項18〜29のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
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