JP6268237B2 - 癌療法のためのabcb5標的化 - Google Patents
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- JP6268237B2 JP6268237B2 JP2016153402A JP2016153402A JP6268237B2 JP 6268237 B2 JP6268237 B2 JP 6268237B2 JP 2016153402 A JP2016153402 A JP 2016153402A JP 2016153402 A JP2016153402 A JP 2016153402A JP 6268237 B2 JP6268237 B2 JP 6268237B2
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Description
本発明は、NIH補助金第1R01CA113796−01A1のもと政府の支援でなされた。政府は、本発明に特定の権利を有す。
本発明の好ましい実施形態では、例えば以下が提供される:
(項目1)
細胞を、該細胞の細胞内区画に治療剤を送達するのに有効な量の、治療剤にコンジュゲートされたABCB5に選択的に結合する単離された分子と接触させることを含む、細胞の細胞内区画に治療剤を送達する方法。
(項目2)
ABCB5に選択的に結合する該単離された分子が単離されたペプチドである、項目1記載の方法。
(項目3)
前記単離されたペプチドが抗体またはその抗原結合断片である、項目2記載の方法。
(項目4)
前記治療剤が毒素である、項目1記載の方法。
(項目5)
前記治療剤がsiRNAである、項目1記載の方法。
(項目6)
前記治療剤が化学治療剤である、項目1記載の方法。
(項目7)
前記治療剤が治療抗体である、項目1記載の方法。
(項目8)
さらに細胞を、CD49e、CD133、およびCD166よりなる群から選択される表面マーカーに選択的に結合する単離された分子と接触させることを含む、項目1記載の方法。
(項目9)
さらに細胞を、BMPR−1a、TIR−1、VE−カドヘリン(CD144)およびネスチンよりなる群から選択される表面マーカーに選択的に結合する単離された分子と接触させることを含む、項目1記載の方法。
(項目10)
ABCB5に選択的に結合し、かつ配列番号1、配列番号2、配列番号3、配列番号4、配列番号5、配列番号6、配列番号7および配列番号8よりなる群から選択されるアミノ酸配列、または保存的置換を含有するその機能的に同等な変異体を含む単離されたペプチドを含み、ここで、該単離されたペプチドはmAb 3C2−1D12ではない、組成物。
(項目11)
ABCB5に選択的に結合し、かつ配列番号1、配列番号2、配列番号3、配列番号4、配列番号5、配列番号6、配列番号7および配列番号8よりなる群から選択されるアミノ酸配列、または保存的置換を含有するその機能的に同等な変異体を含む単離されたペプチドを含み、ここで、該単離されたペプチドはヒト被験体において化学的増感を増強するのに有効な量にて存在する、組成物。
(項目12)
ABCB5に選択的に結合し、かつ配列番号1、配列番号2、配列番号3、配列番号4、配列番号5、配列番号6、配列番号7および配列番号8よりなる群から選択されるアミノ酸配列、または保存的置換を含有するその機能的に同等な変異体を含む単離されたペプチドを含み、ここで、該単離されたペプチドは治療剤と同時製剤化される、組成物。
(項目13)
前記単離されたペプチドが治療剤にコンジュゲートされている、項目12記載の組成物。
(項目14)
前記治療剤がカンプトテシン9−NH2、ミトキサントロン、カンプトテシン7−Cl、ピラゾフリン、メノガリル、カンプトテシン20エステル、カンプトテシン、アムサクリン、エトポシド、アントラピラゾール誘導体、テルニポシド、カンプトテシン11−ホルミル、カンプトテシン10−OH、ダウノルビシン、デオキシドキソルビシン、ドキソルビシン、オキサントラゾール、カンプトテシン11−HOMe、ゾルビシン、ウラシルマスタード、ピペラジンジオン、ヘプスルファム、メルファラン、ビサントレン、トリエチレンメラミン、スピロムスチン、Yoshi−864、クロラムブシル、ピペラジンマスタード、ヒドロキシ尿素、ポルフィロマイシン、メクロレタミン、フルオロドパン、マイトマイシン、シタラビン(araC)、ジアンヒドロガラクチトール、ゲムシタビン、チオテパ、N,N−ジベンジルダウノマイシン、テロキシロンおよびアフィジコリングリシネートよりなる群から選択される、項目12記載の組成物。
(項目15)
ABCB5に選択的に結合し、かつ配列番号1、配列番号2、配列番号3、配列番号4、配列番号5、配列番号6、配列番号7および配列番号8よりなる群から選択されるアミノ酸配列、または保存的置換を含有するその機能的に同等な変異体を含む単離されたペプチドを収容する容器、および該単離されたペプチドをヒト被験体に投与するための指示書を含む、キット。
(項目16)
ABCB5に選択的に結合し、かつ配列番号1、配列番号2、配列番号3、配列番号4、配列番号5、配列番号6、配列番号7および配列番号8よりなる群から選択されるアミノ酸配列、または保存的置換を含有するその機能的に同等な変異体を含む単離されたペプチドを、癌を治療するのに有効な量にて癌を有する被験体に全身投与することを含む、被験体を治療する方法。
(項目17)
項目10〜12の組成物のうちのいずれか1つを、癌を治療するのに有効な量にて癌を有する被験体に投与することを含む、被験体を治療する方法。
(項目18)
ABCB5に選択的に結合し、かつ配列番号1、配列番号2、配列番号3、配列番号4、配列番号5、配列番号6、配列番号7および配列番号8よりなる群から選択されるアミノ酸配列、または保存的置換を含有するその機能的に同等な変異体を含む単離されたペプチド、および化学治療剤を、癌を治療するのに有効な量にて癌を有する被験体に投与することを含む、被験体を治療する方法。
(項目19)
ABCB5に選択的に結合する単離された抗体または抗体断片、および化学治療剤を、癌を治療するのに有効な量にて癌を有する被験体に全身投与することを含む、被験体を治療する方法。
(項目20)
免疫グロブリン重鎖可変ドメインを含む単離されたペプチドであって、ここで:(i)CDR1−H1は配列番号3のアミノ酸配列を含み;(ii)CDR2−H2は配列番号4のアミノ酸配列を含み;および(iii)CDR3−H3配列、ここで、該単離されたペプチドはmAb 3C2−1D12ではない、単離されたペプチド。
(項目21)
前記CDR3−H3が配列番号3のアミノ酸配列を含む、項目20記載の単離されたペプチド。
(項目22)
ヒトABCB5に結合する、項目20記載の単離されたペプチド。
(項目23)
抗体である、項目22記載の単離されたペプチド。
(項目24)
さらに、軽鎖可変ドメインを含み、ここで、CDR1−L1が配列番号6のアミノ酸配列を含む、項目20記載の単離されたペプチド。
(項目25)
さらに、配列番号7のアミノ酸配列を含むCDR2−L2を含む、項目24記載の単離されたペプチド。
(項目26)
さらに、配列番号8のアミノ酸配列を含むCDR3−L3を含む、項目24記載の単離されたペプチド。
(項目27)
免疫グロブリン軽鎖可変ドメインを含み、ここで:(i)CDR1−L1は配列番号6のアミノ酸配列を含み;(ii)CDR2−L2は配列番号7のアミノ酸配列を含み;および(iii)CDR3−L3配列、ここに、該単離されたペプチドはmAb 3C2−1D12ではない、単離されたペプチド。
(項目28)
前記CDR3−L3が配列番号8のアミノ酸配列を含む、項目27記載の単離されたペプチド。
(項目29)
(a)項目20記載の単離されたペプチドを含む重鎖抗体可変ドメイン;および(b)項目27記載の単離されたペプチドを含む軽鎖抗体可変ドメインを含む少なくとも2つの抗体可変ドメインを含む、単離されたペプチド。
(項目30)
単一鎖Fvである、項目29記載の単離されたペプチド。
(項目31)
Fab単離ペプチドである、項目29記載の単離されたペプチド。
(項目32)
完全にヒトの単離されたペプチドである、項目29記載の単離されたペプチド。
(項目33)
さらに、変異体CDR1−H1、CDR2−H2、CDR3−H3に対応する単離されたペプチド変異体ドメインについてのフレームワーク領域FR1、FR2、FR3および/またはFR4を含み、ここで、該フレームワーク領域は単一のポリペプチド鋳型から得られる、項目29記載の単離されたペプチド。
(項目34)
前記フレームワーク領域の各々が、ポリペプチド配列番号1のフレームワーク領域アミノ酸配列に対応するアミノ酸配列を含む、項目33記載の単離されたペプチド。
(項目35)
さらに、重鎖ポリペプチド可変ドメインのC末端領域に連結された二量体化ドメインを含む、項目29記載の単離されたペプチド。
(項目36)
前記二量体化ドメインがロイシンジッパードメイン、または少なくとも1つのシステイン残基を含む配列を含む、項目35記載の単離されたペプチド。
(項目37)
前記二量体化ドメインがポリペプチドからのヒンジ領域、およびロイシンジッパーを含む、項目35記載の単離されたペプチド。
(項目38)
前記二量体化ドメインが単一システインである、項目35記載の単離されたペプチド。
(項目39)
前記単離されたペプチドがモノクローナル抗体である、項目20記載の単離されたペプチド。
(項目40)
前記単離されたペプチドが二重特異性抗体である、項目20記載の単離されたペプチド。
(項目41)
前記単離されたペプチドが合成抗体である、項目20記載の単離されたペプチド。
(項目42)
少なくとも1つのヒト領域を有する、抗ABCB5抗体またはその抗原結合断片であって、ここで、該抗ABCB5抗体または抗原結合断片はmAb 3C2−1D12のABCB5への結合を競合的に阻害する、抗ABCB5抗体またはその抗原結合断片。
(項目43)
前記抗原結合断片がFab、Fab’、F(ab’)2、Fv、scFv、dsFv、Fd、VH dAb、およびVL dAbよりなる群から選択される、項目42記載の抗体。
(項目44)
前記抗体または抗原結合断片が免疫グロブリンクラスIgA、IgGb1、IgG2、IgG3、IgG4またはIgMのものである、項目42記載の抗体。
(項目45)
前記抗体または抗原結合断片がヒト定常領域およびヒト可変フレームワーク領域を含む、項目42記載の抗体。
(項目46)
前記抗原結合断片が単一鎖抗体である、項目42記載の抗体。
(項目47)
前記単一鎖抗体がラクダ科動物抗体である、項目46記載の抗体。
(項目48)
機能的抗原結合領域を有するヒト化抗体可変ドメインであって、前記ヒト化抗体可変ドメインは、ヒト抗体可変ドメインに一体化されたmAb 3C2−1D12のCDR1−H1、CDR2−H2、CDR3−H3、CDR1−L1、CDR2−L2、およびCDR3−L3に対して少なくとも90%相同性を有する非ヒトCDR1−H1、CDR2−H2、CDR3−H3、CDR1−L1、CDR2−L2、およびCDR3−L3を含む、ヒト化抗体可変ドメイン。
(項目49)
ABCB5に特異的に結合する可変ドメイン、および定常ドメインを含み、ここで、該可変ドメインおよび該定常ドメインは異なる種からのものである、キメラ抗体。
(項目50)
前記単離されたペプチドがABCB5結合CDR3−H3のアミノ酸配列またはその機能的に同等な変異体を含む、項目10記載の組成物。
(項目51)
前記単離されたペプチドがABCB5結合CDR2−H2のアミノ酸配列またはその機能的に同等な変異体を含む、項目10記載の組成物。
(項目52)
前記単離されたペプチドがABCB5結合CDR1−H1のアミノ酸配列またはその機能的に同等な変異体を含む、項目10記載の組成物。
(項目53)
前記単離されたペプチドがABCB5結合CDR3−L3のアミノ酸配列またはその機能的に同等な変異体を含む、項目10記載の組成物。
(項目54)
前記単離されたペプチドがABCB5結合CDR2−L2のアミノ酸配列またはその機能的に同等な変異体を含む、項目10記載の組成物。
(項目55)
前記単離されたペプチドがABCB5結合CDR1−L1のアミノ酸配列またはその機能的に同等な変異体を含む、項目10記載の組成物。
(項目56)
前記単離されたペプチドが単離された抗体または抗体断片である、項目10記載の組成物。
(項目57)
前記単離された抗体または抗体断片が完全な可溶性モノクローナル抗体である、項目56記載の組成物。
(項目58)
前記単離された抗体または抗体断片がFab、Fab’、F(ab’)2、Fv、scFv、dsFv、Fd、VH dAb、およびVL dAbよりなる群から選択される単離されたモノクローナル抗体断片である、項目56記載の組成物。
(項目59)
前記単離された抗体または抗体断片が化学増感を増強させる、項目56記載の組成物。
(項目60)
前記単離されたペプチドが検出可能な標識にコンジュゲートされている、項目10記載の組成物。
(項目61)
さらに、医薬上許容される担体を含む、項目10記載の組成物。
(項目62)
前記単離されたペプチドがABCB5に選択的に結合する、項目10記載の組成物。
(項目63)
前記単離された抗体または抗体断片がヒト化抗体である、項目56記載の組成物。
(項目64)
前記単離されたペプチドがscFvである、項目10記載の組成物。
(項目65)
ABCB5に選択的に結合し、かつ配列番号1、配列番号2、配列番号3、配列番号4、配列番号5、配列番号6、配列番号7および配列番号8よりなる群から選択されるアミノ酸配列、または保存的置換を含有するその機能的に同等な変異体を含む単離されたペプチドを含む、癌を有する被験体の治療に用いる組成物であって、ここで、該組成物は全身投与のために製剤化される、組成物。
(項目66)
項目10〜12の組成物のいずれか1つを含む、癌を有する被験体の治療用組成物。
(項目67)
ABCB5に選択的に結合し、かつ配列番号1、配列番号2、配列番号3、配列番号4、配列番号5、配列番号6、配列番号7および配列番号8よりなる群から選択されるアミノ酸配列、または保存的置換を含有するその機能的に同等な変異体を含む単離されたペプチド、および化学治療剤を含む、癌を有する被験体の治療用組成物。
(項目68)
ABCB5に選択的に結合する単離された抗体または抗体断片、および化学治療剤を含む、癌を有する被験体の治療用組成物であって、ここで、該組成物は全身投与用に製剤化される、組成物。
(項目69)
ABCB5に選択的に結合し、かつ配列番号1、配列番号2、配列番号3、配列番号4、配列番号5、配列番号6、配列番号7および配列番号8よりなる群から選択されるアミノ酸配列、または保存的置換を含有するその機能的に同等な変異体を含む単離されたペプチドを含む組成物の使用であって、ここで、該組成物は癌を有する被験体の治療において全身投与用に製剤化される、使用。
(項目70)
癌を有する被験体の治療における、項目10〜12の組成物のいずれか1つを含む組成物の使用。
(項目71)
ABCB5に選択的に結合し、かつ配列番号1、配列番号2、配列番号3、配列番号4、配列番号5、配列番号6、配列番号7および配列番号8よりなる群から選択されるアミノ酸配列、または保存的置換を含有するその機能的に同等な変異体を含む単離されたペプチド、および化学治療剤を含む組成物の、癌を有する被験体の治療における使用。
cell fusion by ABCB5 P−glycoprotein,a novel human ATP−binding casette transporter.J Biol Chem 278,47156−65(2003))。これらの知見は、全身投与された抗ABCB5 mAbの結果、効果的なインビボmAb血清レベルがもたらされることを示す。本明細書中に記載されたデータは、さらに、全身投与された抗ABCB5 mAbがインビボにて異種移植されたABCB5+ヒトメラノーマ細胞に効果的にかつ優先的に結合し、インビボ治療標的化アプローチについてのその適当性に関する証拠を提供することを示す。ヌードマウスへのヒトメラノーマ細胞異種移植片を用い、抗体によるABCB5+メラノーマ幹細胞区画の特異的標的化が、メラノーマ療法に対する有効な幹細胞標的化アプローチであったことが示された。
D.C.参照)。抗体のpFc’およびFc領域は、例えば補体カスケードのエフェクターであり、ファゴサイトーシス細胞上のFc受容体への結合を媒介することができるが、抗原結合には関与しない。F(ab’)2断片と命名される、pFc’領域がそれから酵素的に切断された、またはpFc’領域なくして産生された抗体は、無傷抗体の抗原結合部位の双方を保有する。単離されたF(ab’)2断片は、その2つの抗原結合部位のため二価モノクローナル断片といわれる。同様に、Fab断片と命名される、Fc領域がそれから酵素的に切断された、またはFc領域なくして産生された抗体は、無傷の抗体分子の抗原結合部位の1つを保有する。さらに進めると、Fab断片は、共有結合した抗体軽鎖、およびFdで示される抗体重鎖の一部(重鎖可変領域)よりなる。Fd断片は抗体特異性の主な決定基であり(単一のFd断片は、抗体の特異性を改変することなく10までの異なる軽鎖と会合することができる)、Fd断片は単離においてエピトープ結合能力を保有する。
(1) 非極性:Ala(A)、Val(V)、Leu(L)、Ile(I)、Pro(P)、Phe(F)、Trp(W)、Met(M)
(2)非荷電極性:Gly(G)、Ser(S)、Thr(T)、Cys(C)、Tyr(Y)、Asn(N)、Gln(Q)
(3) 酸性:Asp(D)、Glu(E)
(4) 塩基性:Lys(K)、Arg(R)、His(H)
あるいは、天然に生じる残基は、共通の側鎖の特性:(1)疎水性:ノルロイシン、Met、Ala、Val、Leu、Ile;(2)中性親水性:Cys、Ser、Thr、Asn、Gln;(3)酸性:Asp、Glu;(4)塩基性:His、Lys、Arg;(5)鎖の向きに影響する残基:Gly、Pro;(6)芳香族:Trp、Tyr、Pheに基づいてグループに分けることができる。
Duanら、1994)。
Diego,CA)から入手可能なpcDNAIIのような誘導されたベクターである。
Pharmaceutical Sciences 16th edition Osol,A.Ed.(1980))と混合することによって貯蔵のために調製することができる。許容される担体、賦形剤または安定化剤は、使用する用量および濃度においてレシピエントに対して非毒性であり、リン酸塩、クエン酸塩、および他の有機酸のような緩衝液;アスコルビン酸およびメチオニンを含めた抗酸化剤;(塩化オクタデシルジメチルベンジルアンモニウム;塩化ヘキサメトニウム;塩化ベンザルコニウム、塩化ベンゼトニウム;フェノール、ブチルまたはベンジルアルコール;メチルまたはプロピルパラベンのようなアルキルパラベン;カテコール;レゾルシノール;シクロヘキサノール;3−ペンタノール;およびm−クレゾールのような)保存剤;低分子量(約10残基未満)ポリペプチド;血清アルブミン、ゼラチン、または免疫グロブリンのような蛋白質;ポリビニルピロリドンのような親水性ポリマー;グリシン、グルタミン、アスパラギン、ヒスチジン、アルギニン、またはリシンのようなアミノ酸;グルコース、マンノースまたはデキストリンを含めた単糖類、二糖類、および他の炭水化物;EDTAのようなキレート化剤;スクロース、マンニトール、トレハロースまたはソルビトールのような糖類;ナトリウムのような塩形成対イオン;金属錯体(例えば、Zn蛋白質錯体);および/またはTWEENTM、PLURONICSTMまたはポリエチレングリコール(PEG)のような非イオン性界面活性剤を含む。
メラノーマ細胞および培養方法。軟寒天中でクローン化された単一腫瘍細胞に由来するG3361ヒト悪性メラノーマ細胞系は、Emil Frei第三世博士(Dana−Farber Cancer Institute,Boston,MA)から贈られ、A375細胞系はAmerican Type Culture Collection(ATCC)(Manassas,VA)から商業的に入手可能である。全ての細胞系を、従前に記載されているように、加湿インキュベーター中で37℃および5%CO2にて、10%胎児ウシ血清、6ミリモル/L HEPES、2ミリモル/l L−グルタミン、および100IU/mlペニシリン/ストレプトマイシンを補足したRPMI 1640培地中で培養した。G3361/DsRed2およびG3361/EYFP細胞系は、従前に記載されているように、ネオマイシン耐性カセット(BD Biosciences,Palo Alto,CA)およびリポフェクタミン2000試薬(Invitrogen)も含有するpDsRed2−NucまたはpEYFP−Nuc哺乳動物発現ベクターを用い、サルウイルス40ラージT抗原核保持シグナル(Kalderon,D.,Roberts,B.L.,Richardson,W.D.&Smith,A.E.A short amino acid sequence able to specify nuclear location.Cell 39,499−509(1984))と組合せた、Discosoma sp.赤色蛍光蛋白質(DsRed2)またはAequorea Victoria緑色蛍光蛋白質(GFP)の増強された黄色−緑色変異体(EYFP)いずれかでのG3361メラノーマ細胞の安定なトランスフェクションによって生じさせた。クローンG3361/DsRedおよびG3361/EYFP培養物は、限界希釈法によって安定にトランスフェクトされた培養物から生じさせた。新鮮な臨床メラノーマ細胞(n=6患者)は、University of Wuerzburg
Medical SchoolまたはWistar Institute,Philadelphia,PAのIRBによって認可されたヒト対象リサーチプロトコルに従って、外科的検体由来のものであった。
by ABCB5 P−glycoprotein,a novel human ATP−binding cassette transporter.J Biol Chem 278,47156−65(2003))、HRPコンジュゲーデッドウマ抗マウスIgG二次Ab(Vector Laboratories,Burlingame,CA)、FITCコンジュゲート型ウサギ抗マウスIgG二次Ab(ZYMED Laboratories, San Franscisco,CA)、(Cell Signaling Technology,Danvers,MAによって親切にも提供された)未コンジュゲート型ウサギ抗ヒトVE−カドヘリンAb、マウス対照IgG Ab(DAKO,Carpinteria,CA)、未コンジュゲート型ウサギ抗ヒトTIE−1 mAb(Santa Cruz Biotechnologies,Santa Cruz,CA)、FITCコンジュゲート型ロバ抗マウスIgG二次Ab、テキサスレッドコンジュゲート型ロバ抗ウサギIgG二次Ab、Cy3コンジュゲート型ロバ抗ウサギIgG二次Ab、およびウサギ対照IgG Ab(全て、Jacson ImmunoResarch,West Grove,PA)。
我々は、まず、より進行した疾患のマーカーであるCD166との密接な関連のため、ABCB5の臨床的悪性メラノーマ進行に対する関係を調べた。これは、ABCB5免疫組織化学染色、および4つの主な診断腫瘍タイプ:良性メラノーマ細胞母斑、初代皮膚メラノーマ、リンパ節へのメラノーマ転移、および内臓へのメラノーマ転移(図1a)を表わす、480人の患者由来メラノーマ組織コア(0.6mm)を含有する確立されたメラノーマ進行組織マイクロアレイ(TMA)の定量的イメージ分析を介して評価した。我々は、初代または転移性メラノーマが良性メラノーマ細胞母斑よりもABCB5をより有意に発現し(P<0.001)、厚い初代メラノーマが薄い初代メラノーマよりもよりABCB5を発現し(P=0.004)、およびリンパ節へ転移するメラノーマが初代病変よりもよりABCB5を発現する(P=0.001)ことを見出し、ABCB5を、ヒト悪性メラノーマにおける新形成進行の新規な分子マーカーとして同定した。ABCB5発現における見掛けの不均一性が転移で認められ、内臓転移よりもリンパ節におけるより大きな染色が伴った(P=0.025)。
より小さな一連の外科的に切開された臨床メラノーマ(n=6患者、表1)に新たに由来する単一細胞懸濁液のフローサイトメトリーによってアッセイすると、ABCB5は、6つの検体のうち6つにおいて終始一貫して発現されることも見出され、ABCB5+腫瘍細胞頻度は1.6〜20.4%(9.2±3.2%、平均±SEM)の範囲であった(図1b、表1)。より原始的な分子表現型に関連する抗原に関するさらなる表現型特徴付けにより、6つの検体のうち3つにおけるCD20(全ての試料における頻度:0.3±0.2%、平均±SEM)、6つのうち6つにおけるネスチン(31.9±7.8%)、6つのうち6つにおけるTIE−1(24.9±6.9%)、6つのうち4つにおけるVE−カドヘリン(0.2±0.1%)、6つのうち6つにおけるBMPR1a(1.8±1.0%)、および6つの検体のうち5つにおける間質マーカーCD31(0.8±0.4%)の有意な発現が明らかとなった(図1b)。幹細胞決定基CD133について従前に同定されたABCB5−亜集団と比較したABCB5+による優先的な発現が、ここに、ネスチン(各々、49.45±6.6%対26.6±4.9%、平均±SEM、P=0.026)、TIE−1(59.4±7.8%対23.8±7.5%、P=0.015)、VE−カドヘリン(6.4±1.2%対0.1±0.1%、P=0.029)、およびBMPR1a(37.0±4.4対2.0±0.2%、P=0.002)について各マーカーを発現する試料中で示されたが、CD20(0.2±0.2%対1.1±0.7%、NS)またはCD31(2.4±1.2%対0.5±0.3%、NS)については示されなかった(図1c)。インサイチュ免疫組織化学により、臨床的腫瘍内の少数派亜集団を占めるABCB5+単一細胞またはクラスターが明らかにされ、陽性に染色された細胞は、主に非メラニン化未分化領域またはTIE−1発現に相関し、未反応領域はメラニン化されたより分化した領域に対応した。
実施例3
ABCB5によって規定されるメラノーマ細胞サブセットがMMICについて増大されたか否かを決定するために、我々は、NOD/SCIDマウス腫瘍異種移植実験に対してヒトにおける樹立されたクローン皮膚ヒトメラノーマ培養物(G3361:2〜10%ABCB5陽性;A375:1〜10%陽性、図5a)、または新たに患者に由来するメラノーマ細胞(図1b、表1)いずれかを用い、インビボにて腫瘍形成を開始するABCB5+精製(ABCB5+)対ABCB5+枯渇(ABCB5−)メラノーマ細胞の能力を比較した。NOD/SCIDマウスの群に、腫瘍成長を有効に開始することができない細胞用量(G3361:105細胞、A375:2×104細胞)からABCB5+細胞を用いた場合に腫瘍形成を終始一貫して開始した用量(G3361:107細胞鎖、A375:2×106細胞、新鮮な患者単離体:106細胞)までのlog倍範囲にわたって、未分離のABCB5+またはABCB5−ヒトメラノーマ細胞の複製(n=2〜10)接種物を移植した。カルセイン−AM染色によって決定された細胞生存率は、全ての腫瘍細胞接種物において90%を超え、単離体の間では有意には異ならなかった(図5b)。
共異種移植したABCB5+およびABCB5−亜集団の相対的腫瘍成長寄与を直接的に調べ、かつABCB5+自己更新および分化能力をさらに調査するために、我々は、インビボ遺伝子的系列追跡を可能とするために我々の実験室で設計されたモデル系である、各々、赤色蛍光蛋白質(DsRed2)または増強された黄色−緑色蛍光蛋白質(EYFP)いずれかを発現する安定にトランスフェクトされたG3361細胞系変異体からABCB5+またはABCB5−メラノーマ細胞を単離した。我々は、NOD/SCIDマウスへの、各々、14.0±3.0%および86.0±3.0%相対的存在量(平均±SD、n=6)において再構成されたABCB5+G3361/DsRed2およびABCB5−G3361/EYFP蛍光色素トランスフェクタント共培養物の異種移植の結果、6週間の実験終点における51.3±1.4%の頻度までの、接種物と比較した実験的腫瘍におけるABCB5+起源のDsRed2+腫瘍細胞の時間依存的系列的に増大する相対的頻度(回帰直線の傾き6.4±1.0、P<0.0001)をもたらした(図3a、3bおよび3cの頂部および底部パネル)。これらの知見によって、競合腫瘍発生モデルにおける、ABCB5+対共異種移植ABCB5−メラノーマバルク集団のより大きな腫瘍原性を確立した。重要なことには、これらの結果は、腫瘍開始細胞が、さらに、より効率は低いにもかかわらず、より分化した、それ自身の非腫瘍形成性癌についてバルク集団を駆動し、成長する腫瘍塊に寄与することをさらに示す。実験的腫瘍はDsRed2/EYFP二重陽性メラノーマ細胞(図3c、中央パネル)も含有し、ABCB5+由来腫瘍細胞が、生理学的ABCB5+皮膚前駆体((Frank,N.Y.ら、egulation of progenitor cell fusion by ABCB5 P−glycoprotein,a novel human ATP−binding cassette transporter.J Biol Chem 278,47156−65(2003))と同様に、ABCB5−サブセットとの細胞融合に関わることを示す。
10%ABCB5+G3361/DsRed2および90%ABCB5−G3361/EYFP蛍光色素トランスフェクタントとの共異種移植から得られる実験的腫瘍からABCB5+メラノーマ細胞を精製した場合、我々は、蛍光細胞の92.9±6.4%(平均±SD、n=3)がDsRed2+表現型(ABCB5+起源)であることを見出し(図3d、上方左側パネル)、この細胞サブセットの自己更新能力が示される。ABCB5+単離体の中では、EYFP+細胞は有意なレベルで見出されず(7.1±6.4%、平均±SD、n=3)、観察されたより低い頻度は、共移植されたABCB5−EYFP+集団の中で測定された残存ABCB5+細胞汚染によって大きさが十分に占められ(90%EYFP細胞の1.1%=0.99%に対して接種における10%ABCB5+DsRed2+細胞)、ABCB5+腫瘍細胞がABCB5+接種から生じたにすぎず、ABCB5−細胞は専らABCB5−子孫を生起することを示す。さらに、蛍光ABCB5−腫瘍細胞単離体は、52.5±0.8%(平均±SD、n=3)のDsRed2陽性(ABCB5+起源)および47.5±0.8%のEYFP陽性(ABCB5−起源)を呈し(図3d、下方左側パネル)、ABCB5+メラノーマ細胞が、分化し、ABCB5−腫瘍集団を生起させる能力を保有することを示す。これらの知見は、MMICが増大化されたABCB5+メラノーマ細胞が自己更新し、より分化したABCB5−腫瘍子孫を生起させるという腫瘍ヒエラルキーの存在を示す。
未分離腫瘍バルク集団を異種移植した場合に、ABCB5規定MMIC増大化少数派集団が腫瘍原性に必要とされるか否かをメカニズム的に解明するために、我々は、この細胞サブセットの選択的殺傷が腫瘍の成長および形成を阻害できるか否かを調べた。腫瘍開始細胞の予測分子マーカーは、腫瘍成長のインビボ阻害について今日標的化されていない。我々は、ヒトにおいてABCB5に向けられたモノクローナル抗体(mAb)をヌードマウスメラノーマ異種移植片モデルに投与した。なぜならば、NOD/SCIDと反対に、ヌードマウスは抗体依存性細胞傷害性(ADCC)媒介腫瘍細胞殺傷が可能であるからである。メラノーマ細胞をレシピエントBalb/cヌードマウスに皮下異種移植し、該動物に、メラノーマ異種移植の24時間前に、抗ABCB5 mAb、または対照mAbを2週間毎に皮下注射し、経時変化としてのTV測定によって腫瘍の形成および成長を系列的に評価した。抗ABCB5 mAbの投与の結果、58日の観察期間にわたって対照mAb処理または未処理マウスで決定されたのと比較して有意に阻害された腫瘍成長がもたらされた(抗ABCB5 mAb処理(n=11マウス、観察期間の間に死滅なし)対対照mAb処理(n=10マウス、観察期間における1つの死滅を排除)または対未処理(n=18マウス、観察期間における1つの死滅を排除):各々、23±16対325±78mm3、P<0.01、または対295±94mm3、P<0.001、平均±SEM)(図4a)。対照mAb処理は、処理無しと比較して腫瘍成長の有意な差を示さなかった(図4a)。抗ABCB5 mAb処理は、メラノーマ細胞異種移植に続いて58日に評価した腫瘍形成を有意に阻害し、11の抗ABCB5 mAb処理マウスのうち3のみにおいて、対して10の対照mAb処理マウスのうち10において、および18の未処理対照動物のうち18において腫瘍が検出された(各々、P<0.01およびP<0.001)(図4b)。
未処理ヌードマウスにおいて成長したヒトメラノーマ異種移植片は、NOD/SCIDレシピエントにおけるものと同様に、腫瘍不均一性を呈し、未分化の非メラニン化領域、分化したメラニン化領域に対応するABCB5領域と主として相関するABCB5+細胞の少数派集団を含む(図4c)。インビボ結合効率の分析により、フローサイトメトリーによって(図4d)、また陽性に染色する細胞クラスターの検出による免疫組織化学によって、異種移植片由来細胞懸濁液において定量的に決定されるように、ABCB5+腫瘍細胞サブセットと大きさにおいて合致して(図4c)、対照mAbではなく、全身投与された抗ABCB5 mAbが樹立されたメラノーマ異種移植片において腫瘍細胞のサブセットに結合した(図4d)ことが明らかにされた。
腫瘍の形成および成長の抗ABCB5 mAb媒介阻害のメカニズムを決定するために、免疫エフェクター応答ABCCおよび補体依存性細胞傷害性(CDC)を、従前に記載された二色フローサイトメトリーによって評価した。抗ABCB5 mAb処理、対照mAb処理または未処理メラノーマ標的培養物を緑色蛍光膜色素DiOで標識し、Balb/cヌードマウス脾臓に由来する未標識エフェクター免疫細胞または血清との共培養に続いて、赤色蛍光ヨウ化プロピジウム(それに対して溶解した細胞のみが浸透するPI)で逆染色した。イソタイプ対照mAbではなく、抗ABCB5 mAbは、DiO/PI二重陽性細胞のパーセンテージから決定されるように、ABCB5−発現サブセットとサイズが匹敵するメラノーマ亜集団(Frank,N.Y.ら、ABCB5−mediated doxorubicin transport and chemoresistance in human malignant melanoma.Cancer Res 65,4320−33(2005))において、ADCC媒介メラノーマ標的細胞の死滅を有意に誘導した(各々、2.1±0.4%対0.2±0.2%、P<0.05)(図4e)。エフェクター細胞の非存在下におけるAb処理培養への血清の添加、またはこれらの実験条件下での抗ABCB5 mAb単独の添加は、対照と比較して有意な細胞死滅を誘導せず(結果は示さず)、CDCまたは直接的毒性mAb効果はこの実験系において腫瘍要害の有意な原因ではないことを示唆する。
抗体3C1 1D12の配列決定:全RNAは、Fusion Antibodies
Ltdの社内RNA抽出プロトコルを用いてペレットから抽出した。cDNAは、オリゴ(dT)プライマーでの逆転写によってRNAから作製した。モノクローナル抗体DNAの重鎖(HC)可変領域(VR)および軽鎖(LC)VR領域を増幅するために可変ドメインプライマーを用いるPCR反応は、図7に示されるバンドを与えた。HCおよびLC VR PCR産物の双方をInvitrogen配列決定ベクターpCR2.1にクローン化し、TOP10細胞に形質転換した。重鎖および軽鎖についての陽性クローンを、配列決定分析のために選択した。以下の配列が得られた。
2.シグナル配列(下線を施す)を含めた全長LCのDNA配列
3.CRD(下線を施す)HC VRのDNA配列
4.CRD(下線を施す)LC VRのDNA配列
5.マークしたフレームワーク領域(F1、F2、F3、およびF4)およびCRD(CDR−H1、CDR−H2、およびCDR−H3を含めたHC VRのアミノ酸配列。フレームワークおよびCDR領域はKabat命名法に従って決定する。(E.A.Kabatら、Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest,Fifth Edition,1991,NIH)。
6.マークされたフレームワーク領域(マークしたフレームワーク領域(F1、F2、F3、およびF4)およびCDR(CDR−L1、CDR−L2、およびCDR−L3を含めたHC VRのアミノ酸配列。フレームワークおよびCDR領域はKabat命名法に従って決定する(E.A.Kabatら、Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest,Fifth Edition,1991,NIH)。
7.CDR−H1、CDR−H2およびCDR−H3配列:
CDR−H1: DYYMY 配列番号3
CDR−H2: TINDGGTHTY 配列番号4
CDR−H3: DDYYYGSHFDAMDY 配列番号5
8.CDR−L1、 CDR−L2およびCDR−L3配列:
CDR−L1: RASKSVSTSGYSYMH 配列番号6
CDR−L2: LVSNLES 配列番号7
CDR−L3: QHIRELTR 配列番号8
実施例10:将来の研究
我々は、a)ヒトメラノーマの2つの相補的源(樹立されたヒトメラノーマ細胞系、ならびに初代および転移性ヒト腫瘍に由来する新たに単離されたメラノーマ細胞);b)これらの細胞の実験のための2つのモデル系(免疫欠陥マウスにおける腫瘍形成性、およびそれが真性ヒト皮膚異種移植片で起こるのでより関連性のある腫瘍形成性の皮膚スクリーニング);およびc)メラノーマ幹細胞排除のための2つの別の戦略(ABCB5機能的遮断を介する化学増感、およびABCB5+幹細胞標的に特異的に送達されたイムノトキシンまたは阻害性siRNAを介する幹細胞殺傷)を使用することによって、メラノーマの成長および進行に影響する能力を研究するであろう。
樹立された腫瘍の腫瘍進行に対するイムノトキシン(ABCB5 mAb/ゲロニンまたはsFv/ゲロニン)、またはABCB5 sFv−P/MYC siRNAの効果を評価することを目的とする実験の第二の組において、ヒトメラノーマ細胞異種移植片のマウスレシピエントは、表7にまとめられた処理および対照群へ、(腫瘍が樹立された場合)異種移植後7日目にランダム化されるであろう(各メラノーマ細胞系について、およびNOD−SCIDマウスに、皮下、またはヒト皮膚/Rag2−/−/マウスキメラに皮内異種移植された、n=10初代メラノーマおよびn=10メラノーマ転移の各々から新たに単離された各腫瘍細胞検体について、n=10複製動物):
臨床的腫瘍形成/成長は、実験の長さ(45日)について、確立された式[TV(mm3)=π/6×0.5×長さ×(幅)2]に従って腫瘍容量(TV)の決定によって経時変化として毎日アッセイされるであろう。適用された処理養生法の関数としての腫瘍形成の統計学的に有意な差は、Fisher’s Exact検定を用いて評価されるであろう。実験群の間の腫瘍容量の差は、ノンパラメトリックANOVAを用いて決定されるであろう。両側P値<0.05は統計学的に有意と考えられるであろう。実験の45日目に最初に犠牲とした全ての処理群の動物から切開された各移植された腫瘍異種移植片の免疫蛍光および免疫組織化学分析([例えば、10、20、30および45日における]順次の犠牲は、45日目の知見に基づいて行われ、初代腫瘍の調査に加えて、犠牲にした動物を剖験し、全ての転移を評価し、全ての組織を、適用された処理養生法によって媒介される毒性の証拠について病理学的に評価した)。ABCB5の発現、およびABCB5のCD133との共発現は、従前に記載されているように、凍結されたメラノーマ異種移植片切片の順次のHRP/AP免疫酵素二重染色によってアッセイされるであろう。腫瘍切片は明視野顕微鏡観察によって分析され、各マーカーについての細胞染色陽性の平均パーセンテージは、従前に記載されているように、各染色条件につき、3つの顕微鏡観察視野(倍率400×)における細胞数に基づいて半定量的に分類されるであろう(陽性なし:−;<10%陽性:+;10〜50%陽性:++;>50%陽性:++)。蛍光顕微鏡観察および各蛍光色素のための別々のフィルターを用い、RFP陽性細胞(ABCB5+起源)およびGFP陽性細胞(ABCB5−起源)を合計し(100細胞/試料)、各腫瘍内のRFP/GFP細胞比率が計算されるであろう。各処理養生法に付された複製動物に由来する平均比率は、ノンパラメトリックANOVAを用いて統計学的に比較されるであろう。ABCB5+標的化戦略の有効性を評価するために、ネズミ皮下組織、ヒト皮膚異種移植片において、および転移の部位において成長するアポトーシスメラノーマ細胞は、光学顕微鏡観察に用いられる確立された基準に従って同定され、TUNELアッセイによって確認されるであろう。我々はまた、Bax、Bcl−2、およびBcl−XLを含めた、アポトーシス経路に関連する蛋白質発現について免疫組織化学的にスクリーニングするであろう。最後に、これらの結果は、細胞増殖関連マーカー(MIB−1、PCNAおよびサイクリンD1/D3)についてのスクリーニングと相関されるであろう。陽性細胞は断面プロフィールにわたって手動で、および定量の効率をかなり高める共同PI研究所(GFM)において利用可能なコンピューター援助イメージングプログラムの使用によって列挙されるであろう。
Claims (7)
- ABCB5に選択的に結合する単離されたモノクローナル抗体を含む、癌の治療における使用のための組成物であって、該治療は、ABCB5を発現する癌細胞の細胞内区画に治療剤を送達することを含み、該細胞が、該細胞の細胞内区画に治療剤を送達するのに有効な量の、該治療剤にコンジュゲートされたABCB5に選択的に結合する該単離されたモノクローナル抗体と接触させられることを特徴とし、ここで、該単離されたモノクローナル抗体が、配列番号5のアミノ酸配列を含むCDR3−H3配列を有する免疫グロブリン重鎖可変ドメインおよび配列番号8のアミノ酸配列を含むCDR3−L3配列を有する免疫グロブリン軽鎖可変ドメインを含む、組成物。
- 前記治療剤が、毒素、siRNA、化学治療剤または治療抗体である、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 配列番号5のアミノ酸配列を含むCDR3−H3配列を有する免疫グロブリン重鎖可変ドメインおよび配列番号8のアミノ酸配列を含むCDR3−L3配列を有する免疫グロブリン軽鎖可変ドメインを含み、mAb 3C2−1D12ではない、ABCB5に選択的に結合する単離されたモノクローナル抗体。
- ヒトABCB5に結合する、請求項3に記載のABCB5に選択的に結合するモノクローナル抗体。
- 完全にヒトの単離されたモノクローナル抗体である、請求項3に記載のABCB5に選択的に結合するモノクローナル抗体。
- 癌を有する被験体の治療における使用のための組成物であって、該組成物の活性成分が、請求項3に記載のモノクローナル抗体からなり、該組成物は、被験体への全身投与用に製剤化されることを特徴とする、組成物。
- 前記癌が、ABCB5を発現する癌幹細胞を含む、請求項6に記載の組成物。
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