JP6242860B2 - 非水電解質二次電池 - Google Patents
非水電解質二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6242860B2 JP6242860B2 JP2015508638A JP2015508638A JP6242860B2 JP 6242860 B2 JP6242860 B2 JP 6242860B2 JP 2015508638 A JP2015508638 A JP 2015508638A JP 2015508638 A JP2015508638 A JP 2015508638A JP 6242860 B2 JP6242860 B2 JP 6242860B2
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- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010281 constant-current constant-voltage charging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011889 copper foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000005676 cyclic carbonates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001351 cycling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 description 1
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004993 emission spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005038 ethylene vinyl acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 1
- IVJISJACKSSFGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N formaldehyde;1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine Chemical compound O=C.NC1=NC(N)=NC(N)=N1 IVJISJACKSSFGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229920002681 hypalon Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 101150004907 litaf gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000001989 lithium alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002102 lithium manganese oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VLXXBCXTUVRROQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido-oxo-(oxomanganiooxy)manganese Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Mn](=O)O[Mn]=O VLXXBCXTUVRROQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000691 measurement method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021382 natural graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 235000013808 oxidized starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 238000005192 partition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000005011 phenolic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920000233 poly(alkylene oxides) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001485 poly(butyl acrylate) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001490 poly(butyl methacrylate) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002755 poly(epichlorohydrin) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001483 poly(ethyl methacrylate) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001200 poly(ethylene-vinyl acetate) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000196 poly(lauryl methacrylate) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920003229 poly(methyl methacrylate) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002627 poly(phosphazenes) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005569 poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000058 polyacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000768 polyamine Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001225 polyester resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004645 polyester resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000120 polyethyl acrylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002720 polyhexylacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000129 polyhexylmethacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000197 polyisopropyl acrylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000003505 polymerization initiator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004926 polymethyl methacrylate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002717 polyvinylpyridine Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000036 polyvinylpyrrolidone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001267 polyvinylpyrrolidone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013855 polyvinylpyrrolidone Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- KTZUEEIBRDOPPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-2-ynyl hydrogen carbonate Chemical compound OC(=O)OCC#C KTZUEEIBRDOPPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000018102 proteins Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- HNJBEVLQSNELDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrrolidin-2-one Chemical compound O=C1CCCN1 HNJBEVLQSNELDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002964 rayon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000036647 reaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007127 saponification reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000002639 sodium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910021384 soft carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940001941 soy protein Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011029 spinel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052596 spinel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920001909 styrene-acrylic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000008961 swelling Effects 0.000 description 1
- BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoroethene Chemical group FC(F)=C(F)F BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012719 thermal polymerization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005992 thermoplastic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000319 transition metal phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000385 transition metal sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
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- H01M50/30—Arrangements for facilitating escape of gases
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- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
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- H01M10/0468—Compression means for stacks of electrodes and separators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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- H01M10/049—Processes for forming or storing electrodes in the battery container
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/021—Physical characteristics, e.g. porosity, surface area
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
- H01M2220/20—Batteries in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/133—Electrodes based on carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
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- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
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- Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
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- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Composite Materials (AREA)
- Secondary Cells (AREA)
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
- Cell Separators (AREA)
- Battery Mounting, Suspending (AREA)
Description
負極活物質層は、負極活物質を含む。負極活物質としては、例えば、グラファイト(黒鉛)、ソフトカーボン、ハードカーボン等の炭素材料、リチウム−遷移金属複合酸化物(例えば、Li4Ti5O12)、金属材料、リチウム合金系負極材料などが挙げられる。場合によっては、2種以上の負極活物質が併用されてもよい。好ましくは、容量、出力特性の観点から、炭素材料またはリチウム−遷移金属複合酸化物が、負極活物質として用いられる。なお、上記以外の負極活物質が用いられてもよいことは勿論である。
正極活物質層は活物質を含み、必要に応じて、導電助剤、バインダー、電解質(ポリマーマトリックス、イオン伝導性ポリマー、電解液など)、イオン伝導性を高めるためのリチウム塩などのその他の添加剤をさらに含む。
セパレータは、電解質を保持して正極と負極との間のリチウムイオン伝導性を確保する機能、および正極と負極との間の隔壁としての機能を有する。
集電体を構成する材料に特に制限はないが、好適には金属が用いられる。
集電板(25、27)を構成する材料は、特に制限されず、リチウムイオン二次電池用の集電板として従来用いられている公知の高導電性材料が用いられうる。集電板の構成材料としては、例えば、アルミニウム、銅、チタン、ニッケル、ステンレス鋼(SUS)、これらの合金等の金属材料が好ましい。軽量、耐食性、高導電性の観点から、より好ましくはアルミニウム、銅であり、特に好ましくはアルミニウムである。なお、正極集電板25と負極集電板27とでは、同一の材料が用いられてもよいし、異なる材料が用いられてもよい。
また、図示は省略するが、集電体11と集電板(25、27)との間を正極リードや負極リードを介して電気的に接続してもよい。正極および負極リードの構成材料としては、公知のリチウムイオン二次電池において用いられる材料が同様に採用されうる。なお、外装から取り出された部分は、周辺機器や配線などに接触して漏電したりして製品(例えば、自動車部品、特に電子機器等)に影響を与えないように、耐熱絶縁性の熱収縮チューブなどにより被覆することが好ましい。
電池外装体29は、その内部に発電要素を封入する部材であり、発電要素を覆うことができる、アルミニウムを含むラミネートフィルムを用いた袋状のケースなどが用いられうる。該ラミネートフィルムとしては、例えば、PP、アルミニウム、ナイロンをこの順に積層してなる3層構造のラミネートフィルム等を用いることができるが、これらに何ら制限されるものではない。高出力化や冷却性能に優れ、EV、HEV用の大型機器用電池に好適に利用することができるという観点から、ラミネートフィルムが望ましい。また、外部から掛かる発電要素への群圧を容易に調整することができることから、外装体はアルミニウムを含むラミネートフィルムがより好ましい。
本発明において、発電要素に掛かる群圧は、0.07〜0.7kgf/cm2(6.86〜68.6kPa)であることが好ましい。群圧を0.07〜0.7kgf/cm2となるように発電要素を加圧することで、ガスの系外への排出が向上し、また、電池中の余剰の電解液が電極間にあまり残らないので、セル抵抗の上昇を抑制することができる。さらに、電池の膨らみが抑制されてセル抵抗および長期サイクル後の容量維持率が良好となる。より好適には、発電要素に掛かる群圧が0.1〜0.7kgf/cm2(9.80〜68.6kPa)である。ここで、群圧とは、発電要素に付加された外力を指し、発電要素にかかる群圧は、フィルム式圧力分布計測システムを用いて容易に測定することができ、本明細書においてはtekscan社製フィルム式圧力分布計測システムを用いて測定する値を採用する。
組電池は、電池を複数個接続して構成した物である。詳しくは少なくとも2つ以上用いて、直列化あるいは並列化あるいはその両方で構成されるものである。直列、並列化することで容量および電圧を自由に調節することが可能になる。
上記電気デバイスは、出力特性に優れ、また長期使用しても放電容量が維持され、サイクル特性が良好である。電気自動車やハイブリッド電気自動車や燃料電池車やハイブリッド燃料電池自動車などの車両用途においては、電気・携帯電子機器用途と比較して、高容量、大型化が求められるとともに、長寿命化が必要となる。したがって、上記電気デバイスは、車両用の電源として、例えば、車両駆動用電源や補助電源に好適に利用することができる。
1.電解液の作製
エチレンカーボネート(EC)、エチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)、ジエチルカーボネート(DEC)の混合溶媒(30:30:40(体積比))を溶媒とした。また1.0MのLiPF6をリチウム塩とした。さらに上記溶媒と上記リチウム塩との合計100質量%に対して2質量%のビニレンカーボネートを添加して電解液を作製した。なお、「1.0MのLiPF6」とは、当該混合溶媒およびリチウム塩の混合物におけるリチウム塩(LiPF6)濃度が1.0Mであるという意味である。
正極活物質としてLiMn2O4(平均粒子径:15μm)85質量%、導電助剤としてアセチレンブラック 5質量%、およびバインダーとしてPVdF 10質量%からなる固形分を用意した。この固形分に対し、スラリー粘度調整溶媒であるN−メチル−2−ピロリドン(NMP)を適量添加して、正極スラリーを作製した。次に、正極スラリーを、集電体であるアルミニウム箔(20μm)の両面に塗布し乾燥・プレスを行い、正極活物質層の片面塗工量18mg/cm2,両面厚み157μm(箔込み)の正極を作成した。また、正極活物質層の密度は、2.95g/cm3とした。
負極活物質として人造黒鉛(平均粒子径:20μm)95質量%、導電助剤としてアセチレンブラック2質量%およびバインダとしてSBR2質量%、CMC1質量%からなる固形分を用意した。この固形分に対し、スラリー粘度調整溶媒であるイオン交換水を適量添加して、負極スラリーを作製した。次に、負極スラリーを、集電体である銅箔(15μm)の両面に塗布し乾燥・プレスを行い片面塗工量5.1mg/cm2、両面厚み87μm(箔込み)負極を作製した。また、負極活物質層の密度は、1.48g/cm3とした。
上記で作製した正極を210×184mmの長方形状に切断し、負極を215×188mmの長方形状に切断した(正極15枚、負極16枚)。この正極と負極とを219×191mmのセパレータ(ポリオレフィン微多孔膜、厚さ25μm、空隙率50%)を介して交互に積層して発電要素を作製した。このように作製された電池の定格容量は14.6Ahであり、定格容量に対する電池面積の比は34.8cm2/Ahであった。ここで、電池の定格容量は、以下により求めた。
定格容量は、試験用電池について、電解液を注入した後で、10時間程度放置し、電池電圧が2.0V以上になってから初期充電を行う。その後、温度25℃、3.0Vから4.1Vの電圧範囲で、次の手順1〜5によって測定される。
外装体の内部に注入する電解液量(L)、および、上記V1に対する外装体の内部における余剰空間の体積V2の比の値(V2/V1)を下記の表1に記載の値に変更したこと、並びに、下記の表1に記載の外装体群圧となるように加圧したこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして電池を作製した。
1.単電池の初回充電工程
上記のようにして作製した非水電解質二次電池(単電池)を充放電性能試験により評価した。この充放電性能試験は、25℃に保持した恒温槽において24時間保持し、初回充電を実施した。初回充電は、0.05CAの電流値で4.2Vまで定電流充電(CC)し、その後定電圧(CV)で、あわせて25時間充電した。その後、40℃に保持した恒温槽において96時間保持した。その後、25℃に保持した恒温槽において、1Cの電流レートで2.5Vまで放電を行い、その後に10分間の休止時間を設けた。
続いて、45℃に保持した恒温槽において、電池温度を45℃とした後、性能試験を行った。充電は1Cの電流レートで4.2Vまで定電流充電(CC)し、その後定電圧(CV)で、あわせて2.5時間充電した。その後、10分間休止時間を設けた後、1Cの電流レートで2.5Vまで放電を行い、その後に10分間の休止時間を設けた。これらを1サイクルとして充放電試験を実施した。初回の放電容量に対して300サイクル後に放電した割合を容量維持率とした。結果を下記の表1に示す。なお、表1に示す容量維持率の値は、比較例1の容量維持率の値を100としたときの相対値である。
2 加圧部材、
3 固定部材、
4 電極タブ、
10 リチウムイオン二次電池、
11 正極集電体、
12 負極集電体、
13 正極活物質層、
15 負極活物質層、
17 セパレータ、
17’ セパレータの端部、
17a 樹脂多孔質基体、
17b セラミック層(耐熱絶縁層)、
19 単電池層、
21 発電要素、
25 正極集電板、
27 負極集電板、
29 電池外装材、
31 電池外装体の内部における余剰空間。
Claims (10)
- 発電要素が外装体の内部に封入されてなる非水電解質二次電池であって、
前記発電要素が、
正極集電体の表面に正極活物質層が形成されてなる正極と、
負極集電体の表面に水系バインダーを含む負極活物質層が形成されてなる負極と、
電解液を保持するセパレータと、
前記発電要素の内部で発生したガスを前記外装体の内部における余剰空間へと放出させるガス放出手段と、
を有し、前記発電要素の有する空孔の体積V1に対する前記余剰空間の体積V2の比の値(V2/V1)が0.5〜1.0であり、
前記セパレータの空孔率が40〜65%であり、
前記外装体に注入された前記電解液の体積Lと前記発電要素の有する空孔の体積V 1 との差(L−V 1 )の前記外装体の内部における余剰空間の体積V 2 に対する比の値((L−V 1 )/V 2 )が0.4〜0.7であり、
前記発電要素に掛かる群圧が0.07〜0.7kgf/cm 2 となるように外装体に圧力を付加させる加圧部材をさらに有する、非水電解質二次電池。 - 前記セパレータが、無機粒子およびバインダーを含むセラミック層が樹脂多孔質基体の少なくとも一方の面に積層されてなるものであり、
前記ガス放出手段は前記セラミック層である、請求項1に記載の非水電解質二次電池。 - 前記外装体の内部における余剰空間が前記発電要素の鉛直上方に少なくとも配置されてなる、請求項1または2記載の非水電解質二次電池。
- 前記負極活物質層が長方形状であり、前記長方形の短辺に平行な前記発電要素の積層方向の断面における空孔断面積が、前記長方形の長辺に平行な前記発電要素の積層方向の断面における空孔断面積よりも大きい、請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の非水電解質二次電池。
- 前記負極活物質層が長方形状であり、前記長方形の短辺の長さが100mm以上である、請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の非水電解質二次電池。
- 定格容量に対する電池面積(電池外装体まで含めた電池の投影面積)の比の値が5cm2/Ah以上であり、かつ、定格容量が3Ah以上である、請求項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載の非水電解質二次電池。
- 矩形状の正極活物質層の縦横比として定義される電極のアスペクト比が1〜3である、請求項1〜6のいずれか1項に記載の非水電解質二次電池。
- 前記負極活物質層の密度が1.4〜1.6g/cm3である、請求項1〜7のいずれか1項に記載の非水電解質二次電池。
- 前記水系バインダーは、スチレン−ブタジエンゴム、アクリロニトリル−ブタジエンゴム、メタクリル酸メチル−ブタジエンゴム、およびメタクリル酸メチルゴムからなる群から選択される少なくとも1つのゴム系バインダーを含む、請求項1〜8のいずれか1項に記載の非水電解質二次電池。
- 前記水系バインダーは、スチレン−ブタジエンゴムを含む、請求項9に記載の非水電解質二次電池。
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