JP6110545B2 - 孔を形成したウェブの作製方法 - Google Patents
孔を形成したウェブの作製方法 Download PDFInfo
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C43/00—Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding material; Apparatus therefor
- B29C43/32—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C43/44—Compression means for making articles of indefinite length
- B29C43/46—Rollers
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F13/00—Bandages or dressings; Absorbent pads
- A61F13/15—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators
- A61F13/15577—Apparatus or processes for manufacturing
- A61F13/15707—Mechanical treatment, e.g. notching, twisting, compressing, shaping
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F13/00—Bandages or dressings; Absorbent pads
- A61F13/15—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators
- A61F13/15577—Apparatus or processes for manufacturing
- A61F13/15707—Mechanical treatment, e.g. notching, twisting, compressing, shaping
- A61F13/15731—Treating webs, e.g. for giving them a fibrelike appearance, e.g. by embossing
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F13/00—Bandages or dressings; Absorbent pads
- A61F13/15—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators
- A61F13/15577—Apparatus or processes for manufacturing
- A61F13/15804—Plant, e.g. involving several steps
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B26—HAND CUTTING TOOLS; CUTTING; SEVERING
- B26F—PERFORATING; PUNCHING; CUTTING-OUT; STAMPING-OUT; SEVERING BY MEANS OTHER THAN CUTTING
- B26F1/00—Perforating; Punching; Cutting-out; Stamping-out; Apparatus therefor
- B26F1/18—Perforating by slitting, i.e. forming cuts closed at their ends without removal of material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B26—HAND CUTTING TOOLS; CUTTING; SEVERING
- B26F—PERFORATING; PUNCHING; CUTTING-OUT; STAMPING-OUT; SEVERING BY MEANS OTHER THAN CUTTING
- B26F1/00—Perforating; Punching; Cutting-out; Stamping-out; Apparatus therefor
- B26F1/18—Perforating by slitting, i.e. forming cuts closed at their ends without removal of material
- B26F1/20—Perforating by slitting, i.e. forming cuts closed at their ends without removal of material with tools carried by a rotating drum or similar support
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B26—HAND CUTTING TOOLS; CUTTING; SEVERING
- B26F—PERFORATING; PUNCHING; CUTTING-OUT; STAMPING-OUT; SEVERING BY MEANS OTHER THAN CUTTING
- B26F1/00—Perforating; Punching; Cutting-out; Stamping-out; Apparatus therefor
- B26F1/24—Perforating by needles or pins
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B26—HAND CUTTING TOOLS; CUTTING; SEVERING
- B26F—PERFORATING; PUNCHING; CUTTING-OUT; STAMPING-OUT; SEVERING BY MEANS OTHER THAN CUTTING
- B26F1/00—Perforating; Punching; Cutting-out; Stamping-out; Apparatus therefor
- B26F1/38—Cutting-out; Stamping-out
- B26F1/40—Cutting-out; Stamping-out using a press, e.g. of the ram type
- B26F1/42—Cutting-out; Stamping-out using a press, e.g. of the ram type having a pressure roller
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C43/00—Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding material; Apparatus therefor
- B29C43/22—Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding material; Apparatus therefor of articles of indefinite length
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C43/00—Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding material; Apparatus therefor
- B29C43/32—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C43/56—Compression moulding under special conditions, e.g. vacuum
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C55/00—Shaping by stretching, e.g. drawing through a die; Apparatus therefor
- B29C55/02—Shaping by stretching, e.g. drawing through a die; Apparatus therefor of plates or sheets
- B29C55/04—Shaping by stretching, e.g. drawing through a die; Apparatus therefor of plates or sheets uniaxial, e.g. oblique
- B29C55/08—Shaping by stretching, e.g. drawing through a die; Apparatus therefor of plates or sheets uniaxial, e.g. oblique transverse to the direction of feed
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B26—HAND CUTTING TOOLS; CUTTING; SEVERING
- B26D—CUTTING; DETAILS COMMON TO MACHINES FOR PERFORATING, PUNCHING, CUTTING-OUT, STAMPING-OUT OR SEVERING
- B26D1/00—Cutting through work characterised by the nature or movement of the cutting member or particular materials not otherwise provided for; Apparatus or machines therefor; Cutting members therefor
- B26D1/0006—Cutting members therefor
- B26D2001/006—Cutting members therefor the cutting blade having a special shape, e.g. a special outline, serrations
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C43/00—Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding material; Apparatus therefor
- B29C43/32—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C43/44—Compression means for making articles of indefinite length
- B29C43/46—Rollers
- B29C2043/461—Rollers the rollers having specific surface features
- B29C2043/464—Rollers the rollers having specific surface features having projections or knives, e.g. for cutting-out or for forming local depressions
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C43/00—Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding material; Apparatus therefor
- B29C43/32—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C43/56—Compression moulding under special conditions, e.g. vacuum
- B29C2043/561—Compression moulding under special conditions, e.g. vacuum under vacuum conditions
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C43/00—Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding material; Apparatus therefor
- B29C43/32—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C43/56—Compression moulding under special conditions, e.g. vacuum
- B29C2043/567—Compression moulding under special conditions, e.g. vacuum in a liquid, i.e. the moulded parts being embedded in liquid
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2995/00—Properties of moulding materials, reinforcements, fillers, preformed parts or moulds
- B29K2995/0037—Other properties
- B29K2995/0092—Other properties hydrophilic
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29L—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS B29C, RELATING TO PARTICULAR ARTICLES
- B29L2031/00—Other particular articles
- B29L2031/48—Wearing apparel
- B29L2031/4871—Underwear
- B29L2031/4878—Diapers, napkins
Description
本明細書及び請求項中で使用するとき、用語「含む」は、包括的又は非制限的であって、列挙されていない追加の要素、構成要素、又は方法工程を排除しない。
2つの代表的な3次元の孔を形成した成形フィルムウェブ1を図11〜14の顕微鏡写真に示す。図11は、1平方メートル当たり約25グラムの坪量を有する概ね平面のポリエチレンフィルム前駆体ウェブ20から作製した3次元の孔を形成したウェブ1の部分を示す。図11に示される孔6は、前駆体ウェブ20を恒久的に変形させて第1の側面12から外向きに延びる複数の個別の離間配置された火山様構造物8を形成するために、伸張され押し通された前駆体ウェブ20を有する加熱されたロール104上の歯110の作用によって形成された。図12〜15に示されるようなウェブは、約93℃(200°F)に加熱されたロール102及び104のニップ116を通して加工することによって作製することができる。概して、装置100のライン速度及び十分な加熱は、歯110のサイズ、いずれかのロールの巻きの角度、並びに/又は前駆体ウェブ20の型式及び坪量に依存するものであり、それら全ては当該技術分野において周知の手段によって必要に応じて変えてもよい。
試料は、マイクロ孔を有する100メッシュのフィルムを0.13cm(0.050インチ)のピッチの成形装置に通すことによって作製した。試料1では、歯をMDに配向した。試料2では、歯をCDに配向した。両方のフィルムを、温度75℃及びライン速度15メートル/分(50フィート/分)で加工した。試料1の図15aは、MD配向の歯によって生成された孔を示し、試料2の図15bは、CDに配向された歯によってもたらされた。図のように、孔の長さは同じままだが、幅は増加し、それによってアスペクト比は減少している。
フィルムの分子配向に対する歯の配向の影響を評価することができるように、歯に対してフィルム試料を配向することによって試料に孔を形成した。0.13cm(0.050インチ)のピッチの噛み合いプレートを、米国特許第7,024,939号及び同第7,062,983号に記載されている高速リサーチプレス上で用いて、100メッシュのフィルム試料に孔を形成した。試料を矩形の試験片(50mm×200mm)に切断した。5つの異なる試料を用意し、それぞれをフィルムの機械方向に対して異なる角度で切断した。試料3では、試料はフィルムの機械方向と整列させて切断し、したがってこれは、0°の配向角度を有するとして指定される。試料7は、試料の長さ寸法をフィルムの横断方向と整列させて切断し、したがってこれは、90°の配向角度を有するとして指定される。その他の試料は、フィルムの機械方向に対して30°、45°、及び60°で切断した。試験では、試料の長さ寸法を噛み合いプレート上の歯の横断面長さ寸法と整列させた。このようにして、歯の横断面長さ寸法と、フィルムの優勢な分子配向(MD)との間の角度を変えて、孔の質への影響を決定した。両方の工具プレートの温度は100℃に設定し、条件は、ロール直径205.84mm、ウェブ速度7.0メートル/秒(滞在時間69ミリ秒)、及び係合深さ2.39mmとなるように設定した。10個の孔の長さ及び幅を測定して平均し、アスペクト比を計算した。下表に示す結果は、フィルムの機械方向に対して角度をなして配向された歯で孔が形成された試料のアスペクト比が、歯とフィルムの機械方向とを同じ方向に整列させたものより低いアスペクト比を有することを実証している。図16a〜16eは試料3〜7にそれぞれ形成された孔の顕微鏡写真である。
フィルム試料は、ASTM D2732−03の方法に従って収縮試験される。正方形の試料(それぞれの片は10cm(4インチ))を100メッシュのフィルムから切断し、100℃のグリセロールに30秒間含浸してから取り出し、寸法を再測定した。それぞれの材料について5つの標本を試験し、結果を平均した。予ひずみを与えないと、100メッシュのフィルム試料は機械方向での収縮を呈したが、横断方向では呈さず、この材料が機械方向において優勢な配向であることを示した。ウェブを横断方向に漸増的に伸張することによってフィルムに予ひずみを与えた。漸増的伸張後、100メッシュの試料は横断方向での追加的収縮を呈し、分子配向が横断方向にも導入されたことを示した。表1のデータは、横断方法の収縮の規模(及びしたがって分子配向)が、リングロール加工中に採用された係合深さとともに増加することを実証している。
ウェブの予ひずみが孔に与える影響を例示するために、孔開け前に100メッシュのフィルムをリングロール加工した。0.13cm(0.050インチ)のピッチの噛み合いロールを396メートル/分(1300フィート/分)の速度でオンラインで使用し、100メッシュのフィルムに孔を形成した。下記に示したデータは、孔開け前にフィルムをリングロール加工することが孔のアスペクト比の減少、孔のサイズの増加、及びフィルムの空気透過性の増加をもたらすことを例示している。図18a〜18dは試料8〜11にそれぞれ形成された孔の顕微鏡写真である。
フィルムへの予ひずみあり及びなしで、平らなフィルムに孔を形成した。0.13cm(0.050インチ)のピッチの噛み合いプレートを高速リサーチプレス上で使用して、平らなフィルム試料(インディアナ州Terra HauteのTredegar Film Productsから入手したTS3 Flatフィルム)に孔を形成した。孔形成プレート温度は100℃に設定し、結合リングロールプレート温度は22℃に設定した。プロセス条件は、2.6mmの係合深さで3.125メートル/秒のウェブ速度になるように設定した。その結果得られたフィルム(試料12)は、わずかに開いた、スリットのように見える、アスペクト比が20の孔を有していた。同じフィルムの別の試料は、高速リサーチプレス上で同じ条件下で孔を開ける前に、横断方向に手で50%伸張した。その結果得られたフィルム(試料13)は、アスペクト比が3.4の開いた孔を有していた。図19a及び19bは試料12及び13にそれぞれ形成された孔の顕微鏡写真である。
孔を開ける前に、100メッシュのフィルムをゾーンで漸増的に伸張して、それぞれのゾーンが異なる孔径を有する孔のゾーンを形成した。100メッシュのフィルムの試料を、その中央部分だけが作用されるように、ピッチ0.10cm(0.040インチ)、幅7.6cm(3インチ)のリングロールに通した。リングロールの係合深さは、0.11cm(0.045インチ)であった。次いで、ピッチ0.13cm(0.050インチ)の成形装置を、係合深さ0.11cm(0.045インチ)、ライン速度396メートル/分(1300フィート/分)で使用して、フィルムに孔を形成した。歯付きロールの温度は94℃、結合ロールの温度は99℃であった。得られた孔を形成したフィルムは、大きい孔を有する中央帯と、より小さい孔を有する側部帯を有していた。
孔を形成したウェブ1は、例示の実施形態において、単層の前駆体ウェブ20から作製される単層のウェブとして開示されているが、必ずしもそうでなくてもよい。例えば、2つ以上の層又はプライを有する積層体又は複合体である前駆体ウェブ20を使用してもよい。概して、孔を形成したウェブ1の上記説明は、側壁9が1つ以上の前駆体ウェブ材料を含む積層前駆体から形成されたウェブ1が火山様構造物8で構成され得るという認識を含む。例えば、複合前駆体ウェブの材料の1つが非常に低い伸展性を有する場合、歯110は概ねきれいに穿刺することができ、したがって、火山様構造物の側壁9に材料を寄与しない。したがって、複合体又は積層体の前駆体ウェブ20から作製された3次元ウェブは、全ての前駆体ウェブ材料より少ない材料を含む火山様の側壁9を孔6に含むことができる。
Claims (10)
- ウェブに孔を開ける方法であって、
a.機械方向及び機械横方向を有する前駆体ウェブ材料を提供する工程であって、前記ウェブが優勢な分子配向を有し、前記優勢な分子配向は前記機械方向である、工程と、
b.噛み合い部材を備える成形装置を提供する工程であって、前記噛み合い部材は、第1の部材と第2の部材とを備え、前記第1の部材が前記第2の部材と噛み合う表面を備え、前記第2の部材が基底部、及び先端からテーパー状に形成された歯を複数備え、前記歯は前記基底部で前記第2の部材に接合され、それぞれの歯の前記基底部は横断面幅の寸法より大きい横断面長さの寸法を有し、それぞれの歯は、前記歯の前記横断面長さの方向が前記ウェブの前記優勢な分子配向に関してゼロより大きい角度をなして配置されるように配向される、工程と、
c.前記前駆体ウェブ材料を噛み合い部材に通して移動させる工程であって、前記第2の部材上の前記歯が前記表面を貫通するにつれて前記前駆体ウェブ材料に孔が形成される、工程と、
を含み、前記前駆体ウェブ材料は、フィルム、またはフィルムを含む積層体を含み、前記歯のそれぞれは、前記基底部に平行な横断面の位置で、非丸形の横断面区域を有し、前記横断面幅の寸法に対する前記横断面長さの寸法の比である歯アスペクト比は少なくとも3である方法。 - 前記第1の部材が第1のローラーを備え、前記第2の部材が、列に配列された前記歯を有する第2のローラーを備え、それぞれの列は前記第2のローラーの周辺に少なくとも部分的に延在し、前駆体ウェブが、前駆体ウェブに孔を形成する前記第1および第2のローラーの間に形成されるニップを通って移動し、前記第1および第2のローラーは互いに逆回転する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記第1のローラーが、前記第2のローラー上の前記歯と前記ニップで噛み合う、周囲方向に延在する隆起部及び溝を備える、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記第1のローラーが、ブラシを形成する放射状に延在した剛毛を備えていて、これが前記第2のローラー上の前記歯と前記ニップで結合する、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記第2のローラーが加熱される、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記歯が、少なくとも6面を有する全体として錐体形であり、前記面が実質的に三角形であり、実質的に一点に向かってテーパー状に形成される、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記歯が、前記第2のローラーの一体的な突起部である、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記優勢な分子配向が前記機械方向にあり、それぞれの歯が前記機械方向に関して30度から60度までの角度をなして配向される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記前駆体ウェブ材料に形成された前記孔が、4.0未満のアスペクト比を有する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記方法が、使い捨て吸収性物品製造プロセスにおける単位操作であり、前記方法が、前記孔を形成した前駆体ウェブを、前記使い捨て吸収性物品製造プロセスへ送る工程を更に含み、前記前駆体ウェブが、前記使い捨て吸収性物品の構成要素を形成するために変換される、請求項1に記載の方法。
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US12/366,825 US8158043B2 (en) | 2009-02-06 | 2009-02-06 | Method for making an apertured web |
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CA2749951A1 (en) | 2010-08-12 |
US9962867B2 (en) | 2018-05-08 |
EP2596923A1 (en) | 2013-05-29 |
US20170087748A1 (en) | 2017-03-30 |
CN102292195B (zh) | 2014-12-17 |
JP2012517536A (ja) | 2012-08-02 |
ES2643405T3 (es) | 2017-11-22 |
US20120049404A1 (en) | 2012-03-01 |
KR20110101243A (ko) | 2011-09-15 |
EP2596923B1 (en) | 2017-08-02 |
HUE034208T2 (en) | 2018-02-28 |
JP2014168717A (ja) | 2014-09-18 |
ES2421635T3 (es) | 2013-09-04 |
RU2487012C2 (ru) | 2013-07-10 |
US20180222092A1 (en) | 2018-08-09 |
EP2393640A1 (en) | 2011-12-14 |
RU2011129394A (ru) | 2013-03-20 |
JP5688118B2 (ja) | 2015-03-25 |
KR101318190B1 (ko) | 2013-10-16 |
PL2596923T3 (pl) | 2018-01-31 |
US20100201024A1 (en) | 2010-08-12 |
WO2010090974A1 (en) | 2010-08-12 |
JP2013174043A (ja) | 2013-09-05 |
JP2016138359A (ja) | 2016-08-04 |
US10307942B2 (en) | 2019-06-04 |
BRPI1008115A2 (pt) | 2016-03-08 |
MX2011008327A (es) | 2011-09-01 |
US8158043B2 (en) | 2012-04-17 |
MX347444B (es) | 2017-04-25 |
CN102292195A (zh) | 2011-12-21 |
EP2393640B1 (en) | 2013-05-01 |
US9550309B2 (en) | 2017-01-24 |
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