JP5813639B2 - 触媒層 - Google Patents
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- JP5813639B2 JP5813639B2 JP2012525211A JP2012525211A JP5813639B2 JP 5813639 B2 JP5813639 B2 JP 5813639B2 JP 2012525211 A JP2012525211 A JP 2012525211A JP 2012525211 A JP2012525211 A JP 2012525211A JP 5813639 B2 JP5813639 B2 JP 5813639B2
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
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- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
- C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
- C25B11/073—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material
- C25B11/091—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of at least one catalytic element and at least one catalytic compound; consisting of two or more catalytic elements or catalytic compounds
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- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
- C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
- C25B11/073—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material
- C25B11/091—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of at least one catalytic element and at least one catalytic compound; consisting of two or more catalytic elements or catalytic compounds
- C25B11/093—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of at least one catalytic element and at least one catalytic compound; consisting of two or more catalytic elements or catalytic compounds at least one noble metal or noble metal oxide and at least one non-noble metal oxide
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- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
- C25B9/17—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof
- C25B9/19—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms
- C25B9/23—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms comprising ion-exchange membranes in or on which electrode material is embedded
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/8647—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/9016—Oxides, hydroxides or oxygenated metallic salts
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
- H01M4/925—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers
- H01M4/926—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers on carbon or graphite
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04223—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells
- H01M8/04225—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells during start-up
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04223—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells
- H01M8/04228—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells during shut-down
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/36—Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
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Description
時々、電気化学電池は、反対極性に曝される状態の電圧反転状態を受ける。直列の燃料電池は、このような電池の1つが、直列の他の電池により反対極性に曝されるといった、好ましくない電圧反転を受ける可能性がある。燃料電池スタックにおいて、このような電圧反転は、電池が残りの電池によりその電池を通過する電流を燃料電池反応から生成できない際に発生し得る。また、スタック内の電池グループも電圧反転を受けることがあり、全体のスタックもアレイ内の他のスタックにより電圧反転状態で駆動されることがある。電圧反転状態となる1つ以上の電池に関連する電力の損失は別としても、このような状態は信頼性の問題を有する。燃料電池の構成要素に有害な影響を及ぼし得る、好ましくない電気化学的反応が発生することがある。構成要素の分解は、燃料電池およびこれに関連するスタックおよびアレイの信頼性および性能を減少させる。
1/2O2+2H++2e−→H2O
これに対し、アノードでの正常な燃料電池反応である下記の水素酸化反応(HOR)がそれ以上持続することができず、他の電気化学的反応がアノードで生じ、電流を維持する。
H2→2H++2e−
一般的に、このような反応は、水電気分解である下記の酸素発生反応(OER):
H2O→1/2O2+2H++2e−、
または炭素電気化学的酸化:
1/2C+H2O→1/2CO2+2H++2e−
であり得る。
2H+→2e−+H2
このような反転状態において、アノード反応およびこれによるアノード電位は変化しないまま残っているが、カソードの絶対電位はアノードの絶対電位より低くなる(よって、電池反転状態)。このような反応は、有意な分解が起こる電位および反応を伴わない。
多くの燃料電池の場合、始動中に、窒素のような不活性ガスを用いてアノードガス空間から水素をパージングすることは、実用的または経済的でない。これは、アノード上で水素と空気との混合組成が発生してカソードに空気が存在し得ることを意味する。同様に、電池が特定時間停止した後再始動されると、空気はアノードからの置換水素を有することができ、水素がアノードに再導入されることにより、空気と水素との混合組成がカソードに存在し、空気が存在する。この状態で、Tangら(Journal of Power Sources 158(2006)1306−1312)が説明しているように、カソードで高電位をもたらす内部電池が存在し得る。該高電位は、前述した下記の電気化学的炭素酸化反応により炭素を酸化させることができる。
1/2C+H2O→1/2CO2+2H++2e−
このような高電位は、触媒層が炭素を含む場合、その触媒層の構造を大きく損傷させる。しかし、炭素層が水電気分解反応(OER)による酸素の発生を担持できない場合、前記高電位は、炭素の腐食よりは、水電気分解を誘導するために使用できる。
再生燃料電池において、電極は二重機能性(bi−functional)であり、アノードおよびカソードはいずれも互いに異なる時期に2種の電気化学的反応を担持しなければならない。燃料電池として作動する場合、カソードは酸素を還元(OER)させなければならず、アノードは水素を酸化(HOR)させなければならず、電解槽として作動する場合、カソードは水素を発生(HER)しなければならず、アノードは酸素を発生(OER)しなければならない。本発明の触媒層は、水素および酸素反応すべてを効果的に行うことができるため、再生燃料電池のアノードとして用いるのに非常に適している。
(i)電極触媒と、
(ii)水電気分解触媒とを含む触媒層であって、
前記水電気分解触媒は、イリジウムまたは酸化イリジウムを含み、ルテニウムを除く遷移金属およびSnからなる群より選択される1種以上の金属Mまたはその酸化物をさらに含むものである触媒層を提供する。
(i)白金族金属(白金、パラジウム、ロジウム、イリジウムおよびオスミウム)、または
(ii)金もしくは銀、または
(iii)卑金属、
またはその酸化物から適宜選択される金属(第一次金属)を含む。
IrTa混合酸化物触媒
IrCl3(76.28g、0.21molのIr)を水(500ml)に懸濁し、一晩中撹拌した。TaCl5(32.24g、0.090molのTa)を濃塩酸(200ml)に撹拌しながら添加し、弱酸乳白色の溶液を得た。前記Ta溶液を前記IrCl3溶液に撹拌しながら添加し、使用するまで維持した。その溶液を噴霧乾燥して空気中で焼成し、70原子%Ir/30原子%Ta混合酸化物触媒を得た。
前記IrTa混合酸化物水電気分解触媒と類似の方法でIrSn混合酸化物水電気分解触媒を製造した。70原子%Ir/30原子%Sn混合酸化物触媒を得た。
高表面積のTiO2(3.0g)を水(500ml)で撹拌し、IrCl3(92.2g)を添加した。その懸濁液を75℃まで加熱し、そのpHが7に安定して維持されるまで1MのNaOHを滴加した。その懸濁液を冷却し、得られる触媒生成物を濾過により収得して水で洗浄した。その物質を空気中にて焼成し、87原子%Ir/13原子%Ti混合酸化物触媒を得た。
Claims (11)
- 触媒層であって、
(i)電極触媒と、
(ii)水電気分解触媒とを備えてなり、
前記水電気分解触媒が、イリジウムまたは酸化イリジウム、及び、1種以上の金属Mまたはその酸化物を含んでなるものであり、
Mが、Zr、Hf、Nb、TaおよびSnからなる群より選択され、
前記水電気分解触媒が、担持されないものである、触媒層。 - 前記電極触媒が、
(i)白金族金属(白金、パラジウム、ロジウム、ルテニウム、イリジウムおよびオスミウム)、または
(ii)金もしくは銀、または
(iii)卑金属、
またはこれらの酸化物から、適宜選択される金属(第一次金属)を含んでなるのである、請求項1に記載の触媒層。 - 前記電極触媒が、不活性担持体上に担持されるものである、請求項1または2に記載の触媒層。
- 前記不活性担持体が、非炭素材である、請求項3に記載の触媒層。
- 前記電極触媒が、担持されないものである、請求項1〜3の何れか一項に記載の触媒層。
- 前記電極触媒が、担持されない白金である、請求項5に記載の触媒層。
- 気体拡散層と、請求項1〜6の何れか一項に記載の触媒層とを備えてなる、電極。
- 固体重合体膜と、請求項1〜6の何れか一項に記載の触媒層とを備えてなる、触媒作用膜。
- 転写基材と、請求項1〜6の何れか一項に記載の触媒層とを備えてなる、触媒作用転写基材。
- 請求項1〜6の何れか一項に記載の触媒層と、請求項7に記載の電極または請求項8に記載の触媒作用膜とを備えてなる、膜電極アセンブリ。
- 請求項1〜6の何れか一項に記載の触媒層と、請求項7に記載の電極または請求項8に記載の触媒作用膜とを備えてなる、燃料電池。
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GBGB0914562.4A GB0914562D0 (en) | 2009-08-20 | 2009-08-20 | Catalyst layer |
GB0914562.4 | 2009-08-20 | ||
PCT/GB2010/051361 WO2011021034A1 (en) | 2009-08-20 | 2010-08-18 | Catalyst layer |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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JP2013502682A JP2013502682A (ja) | 2013-01-24 |
JP5813639B2 true JP5813639B2 (ja) | 2015-11-17 |
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JP2012525211A Active JP5813639B2 (ja) | 2009-08-20 | 2010-08-18 | 触媒層 |
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US (2) | US20120214084A1 (ja) |
EP (2) | EP2467890B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP5813639B2 (ja) |
KR (2) | KR20170089961A (ja) |
CN (2) | CN102484259A (ja) |
GB (1) | GB0914562D0 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2011021034A1 (ja) |
Families Citing this family (27)
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GB201021352D0 (en) | 2010-12-16 | 2011-01-26 | Johnson Matthey Plc | Catalyst layer |
EP2475034B1 (en) * | 2010-12-23 | 2020-11-25 | Greenerity GmbH | Membrane electrode assemblies for PEM fuel cells |
GB2490300A (en) * | 2011-02-08 | 2012-10-31 | Johnson Matthey Fuel Cells Ltd | Catalyst for fuel cells |
KR101438891B1 (ko) | 2012-07-03 | 2014-09-05 | 현대자동차주식회사 | 연료전지용 애노드의 제조방법 |
US20140065516A1 (en) * | 2012-09-06 | 2014-03-06 | Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation | Mixed-Metal Platinum Catalysts With Improved Carbon Monoxide Tolerance |
EP2770564B1 (en) | 2013-02-21 | 2019-04-10 | Greenerity GmbH | Barrier layer for corrosion protection in electrochemical devices |
KR20160008192A (ko) * | 2013-04-23 | 2016-01-21 | 쓰리엠 이노베이티브 프로퍼티즈 캄파니 | 촉매 전극 및 그의 제조 방법 |
US9790605B2 (en) | 2013-06-27 | 2017-10-17 | Yale University | Iridium complexes for electrocatalysis |
US10081650B2 (en) | 2013-07-03 | 2018-09-25 | Yale University | Metal oxide-organic hybrid materials for heterogeneous catalysis and methods of making and using thereof |
GB201322494D0 (en) | 2013-12-19 | 2014-02-05 | Johnson Matthey Fuel Cells Ltd | Catalyst layer |
GB201408953D0 (en) * | 2014-05-20 | 2014-07-02 | Johnson Matthey Fuel Cells Ltd | Membrane electrode assembly |
GB201415846D0 (en) | 2014-09-08 | 2014-10-22 | Johnson Matthey Fuel Cells Ltd | Catalyst |
KR102411448B1 (ko) * | 2014-11-10 | 2022-06-20 | 고쿠리츠다이가쿠호진 요코하마 고쿠리츠다이가쿠 | 산소 발생용 애노드 |
CN105797768B (zh) * | 2016-03-23 | 2019-05-28 | 中国科学院福建物质结构研究所 | 六元瓜环负载的铱纳米催化剂及其制备和用途 |
WO2018046993A1 (en) | 2016-09-08 | 2018-03-15 | Daimler Ag | Below freezing start-up method for fuel cell system |
CN107452965B (zh) * | 2017-09-25 | 2018-12-11 | 深圳市南科燃料电池有限公司 | 阳极气体扩散电极和燃料电池 |
JP7315240B2 (ja) * | 2018-06-12 | 2023-07-26 | 国立研究開発法人科学技術振興機構 | 触媒及びその使用方法 |
CN109638306B (zh) * | 2018-12-01 | 2021-08-31 | 中国科学院宁波材料技术与工程研究所 | 一种用于氨催化氧化的电催化材料及其制备方法 |
CN114207886B (zh) | 2019-08-08 | 2024-06-25 | 凸版印刷株式会社 | 燃料电池用膜电极接合体及固体高分子型燃料电池 |
GB201912062D0 (en) | 2019-08-22 | 2019-10-09 | Johnson Matthey Fuel Cells Ltd | Catalysed membrane |
CN111082078B (zh) * | 2019-12-30 | 2021-08-03 | 新源动力股份有限公司 | 一种高性能且抗电压反转的膜电极组件的制备方法 |
GB202003650D0 (en) | 2020-03-13 | 2020-04-29 | Johnson Matthey Fuel Cells Ltd | Catalyst support |
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2009
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CN108717978A (zh) | 2018-10-30 |
EP2467890A1 (en) | 2012-06-27 |
CN108717978B (zh) | 2021-12-28 |
US20210296656A1 (en) | 2021-09-23 |
JP2013502682A (ja) | 2013-01-24 |
KR101763958B1 (ko) | 2017-08-01 |
EP2467890B1 (en) | 2019-06-19 |
US20120214084A1 (en) | 2012-08-23 |
CN102484259A (zh) | 2012-05-30 |
GB0914562D0 (en) | 2009-09-30 |
EP3547426A1 (en) | 2019-10-02 |
WO2011021034A1 (en) | 2011-02-24 |
KR20120056848A (ko) | 2012-06-04 |
KR20170089961A (ko) | 2017-08-04 |
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