JP5773561B2 - Tea planting method - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to a method for cultivating tea plants.

  In recent years, in the cultivation of perennial crops typified by tea trees, fertilizer standards have been reviewed along with the development of fertilizer reduction techniques for reducing nitrogen application rates. This is because nitrate nitrogen has often been detected in the water system around the tea garden. Further, in tea cultivation, an excessive amount of nitrogen has been applied compared to other crops for the purpose of improving the quality.

  Fertilizer application reduction techniques include the use of fertilizer control type fertilizers and lime nitrogen, and the former is particularly evaluated for its ability to reduce concentration loss and reduce the number of fertilizer application, for example, because the former is less susceptible to concentration disturbance (for example, Non-Patent Document 1).

  Usually, fertilization of tea cultivation is performed in the ridges, but since it is applied while walking by hand, the fertilization work took a long time and much labor was required. Fertilization position is limited to ridges (corresponding to less than 20% of the area of tea garden), and there is a concentration failure due to the large amount of fertilizer applied there, and the ridges are the workplace and the physical properties of the soil are good There are various problems such as inability to maintain (see Non-Patent Document 1, for example). On the other hand, full-scale application with a coated fertilizer (for example, see Non-Patent Document 2) and under-tree fertilization have also been proposed, and technical development using liquid fertilizer has been reported (for example, see Non-Patent Document 3).

  However, especially in crops with dense leaves such as tea trees, fertilizer tends to remain on the leaves when fertilizer is applied from the top of the tree. In addition, in crops that harvest leaves, if burnt leaves as a result of fertilizer remaining on the leaves, the value of the product is significantly reduced. Is difficult to fertilize under the trunk, and in reality it is a place where it cannot be applied.

  In addition, according to the case of full-scale application with coated fertilizer (for example, see Non-Patent Document 2), fertilization is illustrated once every two years, but with this it is difficult to manage fertilization and forget the time of fertilization Therefore, it was desired by producers to establish a single year fertilization system.

Kunihiko Nonaka, “Nitrogen environmental load in tea garden and fertilization technology for its reduction”, Tea Industry Research Report, Japan Tea Technology Association, December 2005, No. 100, p. 29-41 Masakazu Shiwa, “Improvement of fertilization efficiency by applying the fertilizer to the entire tea garden”, Tea Industry Research Report, Japan Tea Technology Association, December 2005, No. 100, p. 83-85 Shigekazu Nakamura, “Effects of Annual Nitrogen Content on Yield and Nitrogen Content during Sprouted Tea Application in Tea Plantation”, Tea Industry Research Report, Japan Tea Technology Association, December 2005, No. 100, p. 86-88

  In the cultivation of perennial crops typified by tea trees, the present invention can reduce the labor required for fertilization work while increasing the fertilization effect of the fertilizer with adjustable fertilizer than before, and can increase the yield of perennial crops. It is an object to provide a simple cultivation method.

  The inventors of the present invention have made extensive studies in order to solve the above-described problems. As a result, it was found that if the cultivation method is applied once a year from the upper part of the tea tree using a specific fertilization effect-adjusted granular fertilizer, it can be easily applied under the trunk. In addition, we examined the use conditions in order to reduce the labor required for fertilization work. The cultivation method including the method of applying mold fertilizer was found to solve the above problems, and the present invention was completed based on the findings.

The gist of the present invention is as follows.
[1] A method for applying fertilizer-controllable granular fertilizer to tea trees, wherein the fertilizer-controlling fertilizer having the following characteristics (1) to (3) is applied once a year from the top of the tea tree for a plurality of years. A method for cultivating a perennial crop, characterized in that the fertilizing effect-controllable granular fertilizer of 80% or more of the application amount is distributed within the range under the crown.
(1) It is comprised by 1 or more types chosen from the covering granular fertilizer composition and / or the chemical synthetic slow-release nitrogenous fertilizer.
(2) The elution rate or mineralization rate of the nitrogen component on the third day under constant conditions at 25 ° C. in water or soil is 10% or less.
(3) 80% elution days or mineralization days in water or in soil at a constant temperature of 25 ° C. is 40 to 250 days.
[2] The method for cultivating tea trees according to the above [1], wherein 20 to 80% of the annual nitrogen fertilizer amount is applied from the upper part of the tea tree.

According to the present invention, the following effects (1) to (5) can be mentioned with respect to the method for cultivating perennial crops.
(1) Reduction of labor required for fertilization work because mechanical fertilization is possible (2) Since it is possible to apply fertilizer under trunk easily, fertilizer usage rate reduction and increase in yield (3) Large amount to ridges Since fertilization can be avoided, avoiding concentration disturbance and maintaining a good cultivation environment (4) Environmental load reduction by reducing fertilizer application amount (5) Since fertilization time can be scheduled annually by applying fertilization once a year, There is no mistake

  The cultivation method of this invention is a cultivation method which implement | achieves application under a tree trunk by applying a fertilization effect type | mold granular fertilizer from the upper part of a tea tree.

  The upper part of the tea tree in the present invention means that the direction with respect to the surface of the tea tree is upper, and the surface of the tea tree is usually covered with leaves and branches. Under the trunk is literally the trunk of the crop, the ground surface below the branches and leaves, and corresponds to the shadow when the crop is exposed to solar radiation from the south.

  In the present invention, the fertilizing effect-controllable granular fertilizer can be distributed in an area under the crown of 80% or more of the application amount.

  In the tree application of the present invention, fertilizer may remain on the foliage, trunk, or branch immediately after application. When general chemical fertilizer is fertilized in the same manner and left on the leaf, the fertilizer component is quickly absorbed into the leaf, which may cause leaf burning (concentration disorder). In the case of the fertilizer for adjusting fertilization effect of the present invention, the coating film is a resin, and since it is a poorly water-soluble component, it does not come into direct contact with the fertilizer component. In a normal environment, it naturally falls due to wind vibrations, so it can be reliably dropped under the trunk. In addition, it is preferable to drop the fertilizer particles by vibrating the tree with a stick or the like after application.

  The fertilizer used in the present invention preferably has a particle size distribution of 90% or more, more preferably 95% or more when the particle size is 2.0 to 4.5 mm in consideration of the residue at the time of application.

  Although fertilizer particles generally depend on the production method, the fertilizer particles have a complicated shape having a concave portion and a convex portion, and the shape of the fertilizer is ideally spherical but difficult to produce. Therefore, if the circularity coefficient is used as an example, it is preferably 0.9 or more.

  The fertilization effect control type granular fertilizer in the present invention is a coated granular fertilizer composition (hereinafter referred to as “coated fertilizer”) in which the granular fertilizer is coated with a coating composition such as a resin, chemically synthesized slow-release property obtained by chemically synthesizing urea or the like. A granular fertilizer containing a nitrification inhibitor such as nitrogen fertilizer and dicyandiamide can be mentioned, and preferably a coated fertilizer and a chemically synthesized slow-release nitrogen fertilizer, more preferably a coated fertilizer. These fertilizers can be used alone or in combination of two or more.

  Coated fertilizer: Nitrogenous fertilizer coated with polyolefin resin, polyurethane resin, sulfur and other coating materials; Nitrogen fertilizer coated with potassium fertilizer; Polyolefin resin, polyurethane resin, sulfur and other coating materials coated Examples thereof include potash fertilizers; and coated composite fertilizers obtained by coating chemical fertilizers and the like with polyolefin resins, polyurethane resins, sulfur and other coating materials.

  In the case of the said coated fertilizer, it is preferable that it is a fertilizer whose accumulated nitrogen component elution rate of the 3rd day is 10 mass% or less on the conditions which left still at 25 degreeC constant in the ratio of 10 g of this coated fertilizer in 200 mL of water.

Moreover, the accumulation nitrogen component elution rate of the said coated fertilizer can be calculated | required with the following method. 10 g of the coated fertilizer is immersed in 200 mL of water and allowed to stand at 25 ° C. After a predetermined period, the coated fertilizer and water are separated, and the total elution amount of nitrogen components eluted in water is determined by quantitative analysis. Further, the total nitrogen amount in 10 g of the coated fertilizer is quantified, and the ratio of the total elution amount to the total nitrogen amount as a percentage is defined as the cumulative nitrogen component elution rate. Specifically, a method disclosed in JP-A-2005-319417 can be exemplified, and it may be performed according to this method. That is, 10 g of the coated fertilizer and 200 mL of distilled water that had been adjusted to 25 ° C. in advance were put into a 250 mL plastic container and allowed to stand in an incubator set at 25 ° C. Three days later, all the water is extracted from the container, and the amount of accumulated elution nitrogen component (total amount of elution of nitrogen component) contained in the extracted water is quantitatively analyzed (for example, fertilizer analysis method (for example, written by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries "Fertilizer analysis method (1992 version)", published by Japan Fertilizer Examination Association, December 1992, p.15-22 and Fumio Yamazoe, "Detailed Fertilizer Analysis Method Revised 1st Edition", Yokendo Issue, January 1973, p.35-62 etc.)). The cumulative nitrogen component elution rate is the percentage of the total elution nitrogen component amount relative to the total nitrogen amount in 10 g of the coated fertilizer.

  In the present invention, a fertilizer having a cumulative nitrogen component elution rate of 20% by mass or less on the third day after standing with the elution rate at the initial stage of application indicating that there are many coating defects as an index is preferable. Furthermore, when the elution rate of 80% by mass cumulative nitrogen component is 40 days or more, it is more preferable because the fertilization effect is sustained even when compared with a general chemical fertilizer. Considering the fact that it is a fertilization work once a year, it is particularly preferable to use a coated fertilizer with an 80 mass% cumulative nitrogen component elution rate of 100 days to 250 days.

The chemically synthesized slow-release nitrogenous fertilizer of the present invention is described in, for example, “Pocket Fertilizer Manual 2007” (p. 96) published by the Agricultural and Forestry Statistics Association, urea-aliphatic aldehyde condensate, glyoxal condensed urea, Examples thereof include guanylurea sulfate and oxamide. A fertilizer containing a slightly water-soluble urea-aliphatic aldehyde condensate is particularly preferred.

  If the slow-acting fertilizer is a fertilizer containing a poorly water-soluble urea-aliphatic aldehyde condensate as a fertilizer component, the fast-acting nitrogen contained in the fertilizer is 10 mass with respect to the total mass of the nitrogen component in terms of nitrogen. % Or less, more preferably 0.1 to 10% by mass, particularly preferably 1 to 10% by mass. If the content of fast-acting nitrogen is within the above range, it can supplement the characteristics of the urea-aliphatic aldehyde condensate, which is a slow-acting nitrogenous fertilizer, without causing growth disorders derived from fertilizer components immediately after application. it can. Moreover, when it is going to obtain the fertilizer which does not contain fast-acting nitrogen but only a urea-aliphatic aldehyde condensate, the cost will be increased by the purification step, which is not practical. Examples of fast acting nitrogen include ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and urea nitrogen.

  The urea-aliphatic aldehyde condensate is not particularly limited, and it may be used even if it is a urea-aliphatic aldehyde condensate having any molecular structure such as linear, branched chain, and cyclic. it can. Specifically, acetaldehyde condensed urea (CDU or OMU), isobutyraldehyde condensed urea (IBDU), methylol urea polymerization fertilizer, formaldehyde processed urea fertilizer, etc. described in the Fertilizer Control Law (official standard of fertilizer, type of fertilizer) Can be mentioned. In the present invention, one or more of them may be arbitrarily selected and used. 2-Oxo-4-methyl-6-ureidohexahydropyrimidine (CDU) which is a urea-aliphatic aldehyde condensate and an acetaldehyde condensed urea is preferable.

  In the case of the above-mentioned chemically synthesized slow-release nitrogenous fertilizer, the mineralization rate on the third day is 10% by mass or less under the condition that the fertilizer is kept constant at 25 ° C. in the soil (water: 60% of the maximum water capacity). It is preferable that it is a fertilizer which is. The mineralization rate is determined by measuring the amount of inorganic nitrogen in the collected soil by simultaneous leaching measurement of ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate nitrogen (method described in Yokendo soil nutrient measurement method p.197-p.200). It can be calculated by measuring inorganic nitrogen.

  In the cultivation method of the present invention, it is possible to save labor by applying mechanical fertilization with a power spreader or the like. When the fertilizer with controlled fertilizer is mechanically fertilized, the surface of the fertilizer particles is likely to be damaged by the collision between the blades and fertilizer particles, so if it is a coated fertilizer, the growth caused by the initial burst of fertilizer components from the defective part of the coating Failure may occur. Even if it is a chemically synthesized slow-release nitrogen fertilizer without a coating, fertilizer powder generated due to damage may adhere to the crop during application and cause concentration disturbance. The power spreader may be a commercially available product, but it is preferable to use a jet hose with a plurality of spray ports opened so that it can be spread over a wider range.

  In the cultivation method of the present invention, the entire amount of fertilizer required for one year may be applied on the tree, but it may be used in combination with conventional furrow fertilization as necessary. Usually, the fertilization of tea trees is carried out in the early spring when the temperature is low, so the initial fertilization effect is ensured by fast fertilizers such as simple fertilizers such as ammonium sulfate, urea, superphosphate lime, potassium sulfate and potassium chloride, and chemical fertilizers made from these. It is more advantageous in terms of cost to apply. Preferably, 20% or more of the annual nitrogen fertilization amount, more preferably 20 to 80% of the annual nitrogen fertilization amount, can be applied on the tree to reduce the entire fertilization amount.

  The present invention will be described in more detail with reference to the following examples. However, the present invention is not limited to these examples. In the following examples, “%” is “% by weight” unless otherwise specified.

1. Measurement of Fertilizer Characteristics In the present invention, fertilizer control type fertilizer 1 (Eco Long 424 140 days type, manufactured by Chisso Asahi Fertilizer), fertilizer control type fertilizer 2 (LP coat 140, manufactured by Chisso Asahi Fertilizer), fertilizer control type fertilizer 3 (Hyper CDU (short term), manufactured by Chisso Asahi Fertilizer), Fertilizer Control Type Fertilizer 4 (LP Coat 20, manufactured by Chisso Asahi Fertilizer), Fertilizer Control Type Fertilizer 5 (granular formaldehyde processed urea, commercial product) An organic fertilizer of fertilizer 6 (commercial product, N10-P2-K2) that is not a fertilizer and a fertilizer control type fertilizer and a chemical fertilizer of fertilizer 7 (commercial product, N7-P3-K3-Mg1) were used. The elution rate and the mineralization rate of each of the fertilizer control type fertilizers 1 to 5, the organic fertilizer (fertilizer 6), and the chemical fertilizer (fertilizer 7) were measured by the methods shown below. The nitrogen content of fertilizer 5 of fertilizer control type fertilizer 5 was 41.3%, and the internal water-soluble nitrogen component was 28.9% (the water-soluble nitrogen component was measured by an official analysis method).

(Measurement of dissolution rate)
10 g of the coated fertilizer and 200 ml of distilled water that had been adjusted to 25 ° C. in advance were put into a 250 ml plastic container with a lid, and left in an incubator set at 25 ° C. Three days later, all the water was extracted from the container, and the amount of nitrogen contained in the extracted water was determined by quantitative analysis, for example, “Detailed Fertilizer Analysis Method Second Revised Edition”. The sample after draining water was put into the vessel again, and 200 ml of distilled water was put into the vessel again and left in the same manner. This operation was repeated until the integrated value of the nitrogen elution amount reached 80% by weight of the nitrogen content measured in advance using the same lot of coated granular fertilizer.

  Thereafter, the coated granular fertilizer was ground in a mortar, and the content of the fertilizer was dissolved in 200 ml of water, and then the remaining amount of nitrogen was quantitatively analyzed in the same manner as described above. The total amount of nitrogen dissolved and the amount of nitrogen remaining is added to the total amount of nitrogen, and the relationship between the total amount of nitrogen eluted in water and the number of days is graphed to create an elution rate curve, and the number of days to reach 80% by weight is calculated. It was.

(Measurement of mineralization rate)
1 kg of air-dried soil (black soil collected in Fuji City, Shizuoka Prefecture, pH (1: 5 (H ₂ O) 4.3)) passed through a 2 mm sieve in a 2 L capacity container, and fertilizer effect type fertilizer 1 ~ 5, organic fertilizer (fertilizer 6), chemical fertilizer (fertilizer 7) each in a total nitrogen content of 1.0g equivalent, water is mixed to 60% of the maximum capacity, and the mineralized soil sample is mixed Created.

  The upper edge of the container containing the mineralized soil sample was covered with a polyethylene film and allowed to stand in an incubator at 25 ° C. After 3 days had elapsed, all the soil was collected and mixed well, and 10 g of that was collected.

  The amount of inorganic nitrogen in the collected soil was measured by a simultaneous leaching measurement method for ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate nitrogen (method described in Yokendo soil nutrient measurement method p.197 to p.200). All tests were repeated three times, and in order to measure the amount of inorganic nitrogen originally contained in the test soil, a non-fertilizer zone where no fertilizer was applied was also provided. Table 2 shows the amounts of ammonia nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in the soil on each sampling day. The unit is mg / 100g air-dried soil.

Subsequently, from the total value of these values (total amount of inorganic nitrogen), the mineralization rate after 20-day or 40-day culture was calculated according to the following formula.
Mineralization rate (%) = (total amount of inorganic nitrogen contained in the applied soil after cultivation-total amount of inorganic nitrogen contained in the non-fertilizer soil after cultivation) / total amount of nitrogen contained in the fertilizer before application × 100
(Measurement of powdering rate)
The particle size of the test fertilizer is adjusted in advance with a test sieve having openings of 2.80 mm and 3.35 mm. Fertilizer control type fertilizer 1-5 (fertilizer 1-5), organic fertilizer (fertilizer 6), chemical fertilizer (fertilizer 7) 100g each and 3 magnetic balls 25mm in diameter are put into a 1000ml magnetic pot, every minute Rotate at 75 rpm for 15 minutes. Next, the sample from the magnetic pot is placed on a test sieve having an opening of 1 mm with a tray. Thoroughly remove the powder adhering to the ball with a brush. The ball is taken out, the test sieve is set on an electromagnetic sieve shaker (AS-200 g: manufactured by Retsch: amplitude width 1.5 mm), shaken for 5 minutes, and the weight of the powder dropped on the tray is measured. The percentage of the value obtained by dividing the weight of the powder falling on the saucer by 100 g is the powdering rate in the present invention.

2. Test A cultivation test was conducted using tea trees (variety: Yabukita) in Kikugawa City, Shizuoka Prefecture. Fertilization was done in early February. Nitrogen fertilization was performed as shown in Table 2, and phosphoric acid and Kari were subjected to fertilization design according to the customary method. The phosphoric acid and the potassium were applied between the ridges. As a fertilizer applicator, backpack power spreader DMC601 (manufactured by Kyoritsu Co., Ltd.) and jet hose DMK-2 were used, and the application work was performed from the end of the tea garden. After the work, the following trunk trunk fertilization rate was measured. After fertilization, the state of the foliage was observed to investigate the presence of fertilizer burn. Others were cultivated according to customary methods. The results are shown in Table 2.

(Measurement of trunk fertilization rate)
In order to collect the fertilizer applied under the tree trunk, a plastic sheet was laid and the boundary between the ridges was raised to prevent recovery loss. After the fertilization work, the fertilizer on the sheet was weighed, and the trunk fertilization rate was calculated by the following formula.
(Tree trunk fertilization rate) [%] = (recovered fertilizer amount) / (average fertilizer amount) x 100

  When the fertilizer of the present invention was fertilized on the tree as in Examples 1 to 4, the effect resulted in an increase in sales. This is presumably due to the synergistic effect of root activity and fertilizer properties due to the uniform distribution under the trunk. Furthermore, the fertilization time was shortened by about half compared with Comparative Example 1 by mechanical fertilization, and labor saving was achieved.

  On the other hand, even if the performance of the fertilizer applied between the ridges as in Comparative Examples 1 to 4 was not inferior to that of the Examples, it was revealed from the yield that there was an effect on the fertilization effect. In Comparative Example 5, the fertilizer effect of the fertilizer used was short and good results could not be obtained. Comparative Example 6 had burnt leaves, which affected yield and product quality. Furthermore, even when fertilized under a tree trunk, sales decreased.

Claims (1)

A method for applying fertilization-controllable granular fertilizer to tea trees, and once a year for a plurality of years, fertilization-controllable granular fertilizer having the following characteristics (1) to (3) Apply 20 to 80% of the amount (however, the remainder of the annual nitrogen fertilizer amount is fertilizer between ridges), so that the fertilization-controllable granular fertilizer of 80% or more of the applied amount is distributed within the range under the canopy Tea cultivation method characterized by doing.
(1) It is comprised by 1 or more types chosen from the covering granular fertilizer composition and / or the chemical synthetic slow-release nitrogenous fertilizer.
(2) Under constant conditions at 25 ° C, in the case of a coated granular fertilizer composition, the elution rate of nitrogen components on the third day in water, and in the case of chemically synthesized slow-release nitrogen fertilizers , mineralization on the third day in soil The rate is 20% or less.
(3) Under constant conditions at 25 ° C., in the case of a coated granular fertilizer composition, 80% elution days in water, and in the case of chemically synthesized slow-release nitrogen fertilizer, 80% mineralization days in soil are 40 to 250 days. is there.