JP5746251B2 - 腫瘍関連ペプチドおよび関連抗癌ワクチンの組成物 - Google Patents
腫瘍関連ペプチドおよび関連抗癌ワクチンの組成物 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本発明の目的上、本明細書に含まれる全ての参考文献は、参照によりその全文がここに組み込まれる。
米国癌協会 (American Cancer Society)によれば、結腸直腸癌 (CRC)は米国で3番目に多い癌であり、新患者数は毎年175,000人以上である。 米国、日本、フランス、ドイツ、イタリア、スペイン、イギリスの結腸直腸癌患者数は480,000人以上に及ぶ。 先進国における癌による死亡原因として最も多いのが結腸直腸癌である。
免疫応答は、宿主免疫系が抗原を異質な存在として認めることによって刺激される。 腫瘍関連抗原の存在の発見によって、宿主免疫系を使って腫瘍の成長を妨害する可能性が高まった。 癌の免疫療法のために体液性および細胞性の両方の免疫応答を刺激する様々なメカニズムの研究が現在行われている。
C20orf42は、アクチン細胞骨格を血漿膜に付着させるプロセスおよびインテグリン媒介細胞プロセスに関与する限局性接着タンパク質である。 機能喪失変異の結果生じるC20orf42欠乏は、キンドラー症候群 (皮膚の水疱を特徴とする常染色体後退遺伝性皮膚症)、進行性皮膚萎縮、光過敏症のほか、ときとして発癌につながる (Herz, C, Aumailley, M, Schulte, C, Schlotzer-Schrehardt, U, Bruckner-Tuderman, L, and Has, C; Kindlin-1 is a phosphoprotein involved in regulation of polarity, proliferation, and motility of epidermal keratinocytes, J Biol Chem., 2006, 281, 36082-36090)。 最近、機能喪失変異の患者での重度の出血性大腸炎を伴う胃腸器官の症状が報告された (Sadler, E, Klausegger, A, Muss, W, Deinsberger, U, Pohla-Gubo, G, Laimer, M, Lanschuetzer, C, Bauer, JW, and Hintner, H; Novel KIND1 gene mutation in Kindler syndrome with severe gastrointestinal tract involvement, Arch. Dermatol., 2006, 142, 1619-1624)。
NOX1は、スーパーオキシド (O2-)と過酸化水素 (H2O2)の活性酸素種の生成を触媒する成長因子応答酵素である。 その発現は元々、結腸、前立腺、子宮、増殖血管平滑筋細胞において認められた。 (Suh, Y. A. et al. Cell transformation by the superoxide-generating oxidase Mox1. Nature 1999, 401, 79-82)。その発現は、細胞増殖、血管形成、および細胞内シグナル伝達経路の活性化を含む数多くの生物学的応答に関係している (Harper, R. W., Xu, C., Soucek, K., Setiadi, H. and Eiserich, J. P. A reappraisal of the genomic organization of human Nox1 and its splice variants. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 2005, 435, 323-330)。
ODC1は、オルニチンをプトレシンに触媒するポリアミン生合成経路の速度制限酵素である。 この酵素の活性レベルは成長を促進する刺激に応じて変化し、他の哺乳類タンパク質に比べて高い代謝率を示す。
癌に関しては、DMFOはすでに前臨床モデルに広範に用いられており、ポリアミンレベルの低減による有望な抗腫瘍効果を示している (Gerner, EW and Meyskens, FL, Jr.; Polyamines and cancer: old molecules, new understanding, Nat. Rev. Cancer, 2004, 4, 781-792)。 数種類の癌ですでに治験が終了しており、CRCでの治験が現在いくつか行われている。 しかし、これらの研究のほとんどは、特にCRC (腺腫様ポリープ)になりやすい患者に対する予防的な設定での、組み合わせによるアプローチである。 免疫原性ODCペプチドであるODC−001が先に特定されている (M. Diehl, PhD Thesis, University of Tubingen, 1998)。
PCNAは核の中に存在するもので、DNAポリメラーゼデルタの補因子である。 このエンコードされたタンパク質はホモトリマーとして作用し、DNA複製中のリーディング鎖合成のプロセッシビティの増加を助ける。 したがって、PCNAはあらゆる増殖性細胞、特に腫瘍細胞に発現するものであり、増殖を検知するためのマーカーとして用いられている。
TOP2AおよびTOP2Bは、転座が起きているDNAのトポロジーを制御し改変する酵素であるDNAトポイソメラーゼのイソフォームをコードする。 この核酵素は、染色体凝縮、染色分体分離、およびDNAの転座と複製の間に生じるねじり応力の軽減のようなプロセスに関与する。2本鎖DNAの2本のストランドの過渡破壊と再結合を触媒するので、それらのストランドは互いに通り抜けができるようになり、したがって、DNAのトポロジーを改変することができる。この酵素の2つのイソフォームは、遺伝子複製イベントの可能な産物として存在する。α形をコードする遺伝子は染色体17に局在しており、β遺伝子は染色体3に局在している。
癌胎児性抗原(CEA = CEACAM5)は、180kDaで激しくグリコシル化された膜タンパク質であり、N末端 Ig V様の部位とC末端部位の間に挟まれた3つのC2 Ig様の反復単位から成り、グリコホスファチジルイノシトル結合部位を含む (Hegde, P, Qi, R, Gaspard, R, Abernathy, K, Dharap, S, Earle-Hughes, J, Gay, C, Nwokekeh, NU, Chen, T, Saeed, AI, Sharov, V, Lee, NH, Yeatman, TJ, and Quackenbush, J; Identification of tumour markers in models of human colorectal cancer using a 19,200-element complementary DNA microarray, Cancer Res., 2001, 61, 7792-7797)。
TGFBIは、TGFβ誘発性遺伝子としてヒトの肺腺癌細胞株で最初に特定された。 分泌された細胞外基質タンパク質のエンコードをするもので、細胞接着と細胞外基質組成に作用すると考えられている。
ムチンは高分子量の上皮糖タンパク質であり、トレオニン、セリン、プロリンの豊富なタンデムリピートペプチドにO-グリコシド結合したクラスター化されたオリゴ糖の含有量が高い。 ムチンは、構造的および機能的に異なる明確な2つのクラスに分けられる。 膜貫通ムチンと分泌型ゲル形成ムチンであり、MUC1は前者に属する。 結腸癌ムチンは、炭水化物の構造に違いがあり、診断および予後マーカーとして、また癌ワクチンの標的として研究されている。
METプロトオンコジーンタンパク質産物は、肝細胞成長因子受容体である。 細胞の増殖、運動性、接着、浸潤に関わるシグナル伝達経路を活性化するチロシンキナーゼドメインを含有する (Trusolino, L and Comoglio, PM; Scatter-factor and semaphorin receptors: cell signalling for invasive growth, Nat. Rev. Cancer, 2002, 2, 289-300)。
CCND1は、非常によく保存されるサイクリンファミリーに属する。サイクリンファミリーの特徴は、細胞周期全体を通してタンパク質量に劇的な周期性があることである。 サイクリンはCDKキナーゼの調節剤として機能する。 サイクリンによって異なる明確な発現と分解のパターンは、各分裂イベントの時間整合に寄与する。 このサイクリンは、細胞周期のG1/S遷移に必要な活性を提供するCDK4またはCDK6との複合体を形成し、また、それらの調節サブユニットとして機能する。 細胞周期の進行を改変するこの遺伝子の変異、増幅、過剰発現は、様々な腫瘍に頻繁に観察されており、腫瘍形成に寄与する可能性がある (Fu, M, Wang, C, LI, Z, Sakamaki, T, and Pestell, RG; Minireview: Cyclin D1: normal and abnormal functions, Endocrinology, 2004, 145, 5439-5447)。
マトリックスメタロプロティナーゼ (MMP)は、構造的に関係する亜鉛依存型プロティナーゼを含む大きなファミリーであり、通常、細胞外基質の構成要素を分解する能力があるとされている。 腫瘍での発現増加を示す個々のMMPがすでに特定されており、ほとんどの腫瘍はMMP活性の強化を示している (Curran, S and Murray, GI; 1999, Matrix metalloproteinases in tumour invasion and metastasis, J Pathol., 189, 300-308; Curran, S and Murray, GI; 2000, Matrix metalloproteinases: molecular aspects of their roles in tumour invasion and metastasis, Eur.J Cancer, 36, 1621-1630)。
これについては、Sambrook et al (1989) Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NYを参照することができる。
当業者であれば、in vitroでのT細胞形成、それらの効能、および全体的な提示、特定のペプチドに対する特定のT細胞の増殖、アフィニティ、拡大、およびT細胞の機能性を、例えばIFN-γ 生成の分析によって試験することによって、免疫原性ペプチドの好ましい組み合わせを選択することができる (下記の例も参照のこと)。 通常、次に、最も効率的なペプチドを、上述の目的のためにワクチンとして組み合わせる。
アジュバントは、抗原に対する免疫応答 (例えばCTLおよびヘルパーT (TH)細胞が媒介する免疫応答)を非特異的に強化または促進する物質であるので、本発明の薬剤にとって有用と考えられる。 限定はしないが、適切なアジュバントは、1018 ISS、アルミニウム塩、アンプリヴァックス、AS15、BCG、CP-870、893、CpG7909、CyaA、dSLIM、GM-CSF、IC30、IC31、イミキモド、ImuFact IMP321、IS Patch、ISS、ISCOMATRIX、JuvImmune、LipoVac、MF59、モノホスホリル脂質A、モンタナイドIMS 1312、モンタナイドISA 206、モンタナイドISA 50V、モンタナイドISA-51、OK-432、 OM-174、OM-197-MP-EC、ONTAK、PepTel(R)ベクターシステム、PLG微粒子、レジキモド、SRL172、ウィロソームおよび他のウィルス様粒子、YF-17D、VEGFトラップ、R848、βグルカン、Pam3Cys、Aquila のQS21スティミュロン (Aquila Biotech, Worcester, MA, USA) (サポニン由来物質)、 マイコバクテリア抽出物、および合成細菌細胞壁模倣物、および他の専有アジュバント (RibiのDetox、Quil、またはSuperfosなど) である。 フロイント不完全またはGM-CSFのようなアジュバントが好ましい。 樹状細胞に特異ないくつかの免疫学的アジュバント (例えばMF59)およびそれらの製剤についてはすでに記述がある (Dupuis M, Murphy TJ, Higgins D, Ugozzoli M, van Nest G, Ott G, McDonald DM; Dendritic cells internalize vaccine adjuvant after intramuscular injection; Cell Immunol. 1998; 186(1):18-27; Allison AC; The mode of action of immunological adjuvants; Dev Biol Stand. 1998; 92:3-11)。 また、サイトカインを使うこともできる。 いくつかのサイトカインは、樹状細胞がTリンパ球に対し効果的な抗原提示細胞に成熟する過程を加速するとして (例えばGM-CSF、IL-1、IL-4) (米国特許第5,849,589号 (この参照によりその全文が組み込まれる))、また、免疫アジュバントとして作用するとして (例えばIL-12) (Gabrilovich DI, Cunningham HT, Carbone DP; IL-12 and mutant P53 peptide-pulsed dendritic cells for the specific immunotherapy of cancer; J Immunother Emphasis Tumor Immunol. 1996 (6):414-418)、リンパ球組織 (例えばTNF-α)への樹状細胞の移動に与える影響と直接リンクされているものがある。
便利なことに、本発明の核酸はウィルスポリヌクレオチドまたはウィルスとして組成することができる。 例えば、アデノウィルス形質導入樹状細胞は、MUC1関連の抗原特異的抗腫瘍免疫力の導入を示した (Gong et al (1997) Gene Ther. 4, 1023-1028)。 同様に、アデノウィルスを使用した系を使うことができる (例えばWan et al (1997) Hum. Gene Ther. 8, 1355-1363を参照)。 レトロウィルス系を使うこともできる (Specht et al (1997) J. Exp. Med. 186, 1213-1221 and Szabolcs et al (1997) )。血液粒子媒介による樹状細胞へのトランスファーも使うことができる (Tuting et al (1997) Eur. J. Immunol. 27, 2702-2707)。また、RNAを使うこともできる (Ashley et al (1997) J. Exp. Med. 186, 1177 1182)。
ペプチドは、Fmoc化学を用いる標準的な確立された固相合成によって合成した。 準備したHPLCで精製した後、フィジコロジカルに適合性のある対イオンを組み入れるためにイオン交換を行った (酢酸塩または塩化物)。 凍結乾燥後、白色からオフホワイト色の固体を最終的に得た。 製造手順上の技術的な理由から、IMA-CCN-001だけは塩化物塩として供給し、残りの全てのTUMAPは酢酸塩として投与した。
IMA910は、合成腫瘍関連ペプチド (TUMAP)のカクテルを有するものであり、それらの大半は原発結腸直腸癌細胞で特定済みのものである。 該TUMAPは、細胞傷害性T細胞 (CD8+T細胞)活性能力のあるHLAクラスI結合ペプチド10個と、Tヘルパー細胞 (CD4+T細胞)活性能力のあるHLAクラスII結合ペプチド3個を含む。 Tヘルパー細胞は、CD8+T細胞の殺傷機能を増進するサイトカインを放出することによって細胞傷害性T細胞の機能を助けるという重要な役割を果たし、また、腫瘍細胞に対して直接作用することもできる (Knutson, KL and Disis, ML; Augmenting T helper cell immunity in cancer, Curr.Drug Targets.Immune.Endocr.Metabol.Disord., 2005, 5, 365-371)。 これら13個のTUMAPに加え、IMA910は1つのウィルス制御ペプチドを包含する。
第1の工程で、ミクロアレイによるゲノム全体のmRNA発現分析を用いて、悪性組織に過剰発現した遺伝子を様々な正常器官および組織と比較した。
第2の工程で、その悪性物質からのHLAリガンドを質量分析で特定した。
そのようにして特定したHLAリガンドを遺伝子発現データと比較した。 工程1で検出した、選択的発現遺伝子または過剰発現遺伝子によってエンコードされるペプチドは、マルチペプチドワクチンのTUMAP候補として適切なものと見なされた。
TUMAPとして特定されたそれらのペプチドの関連性を裏付ける追加的証拠を特定するために文献を調査した。
最終的に、いくつかの免疫学的検定 (in vitroT細胞検定)を用いて、該腫瘍関連HLAリガンドに対する、健常者からの末梢CD8+T細胞の応答性を試験した。
IMA910は、10個のHLA-A*02 (クラスI) TUMAPと3個のHLA-DR (クラスII) TUMAPを含む。 加えて、そのウィルスマーカーペプチドであるHBV-001が含まれる (ここに記載せず)。
調製
各患者からの書面によるインフォームドコンセントを入手後、外科切除した組織標本がUniversitaetsklinik fuer Allgemeine、Viszeral- und Transplantationschirurgie, Tuebingenから提供された。
HLA-A*02-特異的抗体BB7.2またはHLA-A、-B、-C-特異的抗体 W6/32、CNBr-活性セファローズ、酸処理、および限外ろ過を用いて、若干修正したプロトコルにしたがい、固体組織からの免疫沈降によって、衝撃凍結組織標本からHLAペプチドプールを入手した (Falk,K., Rotzschke,O., Stevanovic,S., Jung,G. & Rammensee,H.G. Allele-specific motifs revealed by sequencing of self-peptides eluted from MHC molecules. Nature 1991, 351, 290-296; Seeger,F.H. et al. The HLA-A*6601 peptide motif: prediction by pocket structure and verification by peptide analysis. Immunogenetics 1999, 49, 571-576)。
IMA910に含まれるエピトープは、質量分析によって結腸直腸腫瘍標本から組織的に探した。 入手したHLAペプチドプールは、それらの疎水性にしたがって逆相クロマトグラフィー (CapLC, Waters)によって分離し、溶出するペプチドをハイブリッド4重直交加速型時間飛行タンデム質量分析 (Q-TOF Ultima, Waters)で分析した。濃縮および脱塩のためにペプチドプールをC18プレカラムに投入した。 投入後、該プレカラムをラインに配置し、5 μm C18逆相物質 (Dionex)を充填した溶融シリカマイクロキャピラリーカラム (75 μm i.d. x 250 mm)で分離した。 溶剤Aは、4 mMの酢酸アンモニウム/水混合溶液である。 溶剤Bは、80%アセトニトリル/水混合溶液に2mMの酢酸アンモニウムを加えたものである。 どちらの溶剤もギ酸でpH3.0に調製した。 5 μl/分の流量を適用し、90分間に15%〜60%のバイナリーグラジエントが実施され、スプリットシステムにより約200 nl/分に低下した。 金でコーティングしたガラスキャピラリー (PicoTip, New Objective)を使用し、マイクロESIソースに導入した。 TOFアナライザーの積分時間は1.9 s であり、スキャン間遅延は0.1 sであった。定義されたペプチドを検出するために、該クロマトグラフィーシステムにおいて、該ペプチドの既知の分子量および保持時間に基づき、このタイプのESI-LCMS実験で高感度スクリーニングを行った。 したがって、以前に特定された (単一電荷および/または二重電荷)ペプチドのm/z値を含むリストを適用し、前駆体を選択した。その後、衝突誘起減衰 (CID)質量分析 (ESI-LCMS/MS)により、その配列を明らかにした。 生成された天然TUMAPフラグメンテーションパターンを、合成の同一配列を持つ基準ペプチドと比較し、そのTUMAP配列を確認した。 HLAペプチド精製収率および分析システムの再現性の評価 (保持時間安定性を含む)は、内部標準として、豊富な内因性のHLA-A*02ペプチド (DDX5からのYLLPAIVHI)を用いて実行した。 したがって、HLAペプチドの単離を成功させ、分析システムの正しい性能を確保するために、これらの実験においては、以前に特定されたTUMAPを検出するためのCRC標本の包含基準は、LCMS/MS実験において内部二重電荷標準シグナル (YLLPAIVHI)1スキャン当たり650カウントの最低強度に設定した。
IMA910に含まれるペプチドの免疫原性に関する情報を得るために、上述の確立されたin vitro刺激プラットフォーム (Walter, S, Herrgen, L, Schoor, O, Jung, G, Wernet, D, Buhring, HJ, Rammensee, HG, and Stevanovic, S; 2003, Cutting edge: predetermined avidity of human CD8 T cells expanded on calibrated MHC/anti-CD28-coated microspheres, J.Immunol., 171, 4974-4978)を用いて調査した。この方法により、10/10が試験された、IMA910に含まれるHLA-A*0201限局ペプチドの陽性の免疫原性データによって、これらのペプチドがT細胞エピトープであり、これらのエピトープに対するCD8+前駆T細胞がヒトに存在することを示すことができた。 IMA910に含まれる唯一の別のHLAクラスIペプチド (MUC-001)は、このTUMAPのA*0201アフィニティが比較的低いため、この方法では試験できなかった。
ペプチド-MHC複合体 (pMHC)および抗CD28抗体を負荷した人工抗原提示細胞 (aAPC)によるin vitroでの刺激を与えるために、まず、標準的な密度勾配分離培地 (PAA,ドイツColbe市)を用いて、PBMC (末梢血単核細胞)を新鮮なHLA-A*02+軟膜から単離した。 軟膜は、Blood Bank TubingenまたはKatharinenhospital Stuttgartのどちらかから入手した。 単離したPBMCを一晩、10%加熱不活性化したヒトAB血清 (PAA, ドイツColbe市)と、100 U/mlペニシリン/ 100 μg/mlストレプトマイシン(Cambrex, ベルギーVerviers市)と、1 mMのピルビン酸ナトリウム(CC Pro, ドイツNeustadt市) と、20 μg/mlのゲンタマイシン (Cambrex)とを追加したRPMI-Glutamax (Invitrogen, ドイツKarlsruhe市) からなるヒトin vitroプライミング用T細胞培地 (TCM)で培養した。 CD8+リンパ球は、CD8+MACS陽性選択キット (Miltenyi, ドイツBergisch Gladbach市)を用いて、該製造業者の指示通りに単離した。 入手したCD8+T細胞は、2.5 ng/ml IL-7 (PromoCell, ドイツHeidelberg市) および10 U/ml IL-2 (Chiron, ドイツMunich市)を追加したTCMで培養後に用いた。 pMHC/抗CD28被覆ビーズ、T細胞刺激および読み出しは、前述の方法 (Walter, S, Herrgen, L, Schoor, O, Jung, G, Wernet, D, Buhring, HJ, Rammensee, HG, and Stevanovic, S; Cutting edge: predetermined avidity of human CD8 T cells expanded on calibrated MHC/anti-CD28-coated microspheres, J. Immunol., 2003, 171, 4974-4978) に若干の修正を加えて行った。 端的に述べると、膜貫通ドメインが欠如しており、かつ重鎖のカルボキシ末端にてビオチン化されたビオチン化組み換えHLA-A*0201分子が、次の方法にしたがって生成された(Altman, JD, Moss, PA, Goulder, PJ, Barouch, DH, Heyzer-Williams, MG, Bell, JI, McMichael, AJ, and Davis, MM; Phenotypic analysis of antigen-specific T lymphocytes, Science, 1996, 274, 94-96)。 精製された共刺激マウスIgG2a抗ヒトCD28 Ab9.3(Jung, G, Ledbetter, JA, and Muller-Eberhard, HJ; Induction of cytotoxicity in resting human T lymphocytes bound to tumor cells by antibody heteroconjugates, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1987, 84, 4611-4615) は、スルホ-N-ヒドロキシサクシンイミドビオチンを用いて、その製造業者(Perbio, ドイツBonn市)が推奨する方法で化学的にビオチン化した。 使用したビーズは大きさが5.60μmのストレプトアビジン被覆ポリスチレン粒子 (Bangs Labooratories, 米国Illinois州)である。正の対照として使用したpMHC はA*0201/MLA-001 (修飾メラン-A/Mart-1からのペプチドELAGIGILTV)であり、負の対照として使用したのはA*0201/DDX5-001 (DDX5からのYLLPAIVHI) またはA*0201/HBV-001 (FLPSDFFPSV)である。
試験されたHLAクラスIペプチド (10/10)のin vitro免疫原性は、ペプチドに特異的なT細胞株の生成によって実証可能である。NOX-001およびODC-001に特異的なT細胞株の生成を示す代表的染色を図1に示す。この結果を表4([表6])にまとめた。IMA910に含まれる唯一の別のHLAクラスIペプチド(MUC-001)は、このTUMAPのA*0201アフィニティが比較的低いために、pMHCモノマーを用いるin vitroでの刺激が方法論的に不可能であり、そのためこの方法で試験することはできなかった。
4/6のドナーが評価可能であった。 CEA-004での刺激により、4人のドナー全てで、CEA-004によるin vitroでのT細胞応答の誘発が見事に示された (表および図を参照)。 したがって、CEA-004ペプチドが、in vitroのヒトCD8+T細胞応答の強力な誘発剤であることが証明された。 重要なのは、CEA-005より高い頻度で、かつ再現性を持って、CEA-004に特異的なT細胞応答を引き出す能力がCEA-004にあることである (ウェルの64%に対してウェルの83%。表4([表6])を参照)。 個々の陽性ウェル内でのCEA-004特異的細胞の頻度も、CEA-005プライミングよりもCEA-004プライミング後の方が高かった (図5を参照)。
CD8+T細胞は、それぞれCEA-004、CEA-005、または無関係ペプチド (IMA-RSL-001)を負荷した人工抗原提示細胞を用いて行った。 3サイクルの刺激後、CEA-004+CEA-005テトラマー (表5A([表7A]))およびCEA-004+無関係A*0201-テトラマー (表5B([表7B]))で二重染色してペプチド応答性細胞を検出した。 表に示す数字は、CEA-004+またはCEA-005+CTLを含むウェルのパーセンテージを表す。 全ての実験で使用されたヒト血清のロットはC02104-0167であった。
Tヘルパー細胞は、CTLが腫瘍細胞に対する免疫応答を活性化および持続するのを支援する重要な役割を果たす。 したがって、MHCクラスIIペプチドをIMA910に含めた。IMA910に含まれる3つのクラスIIペプチドの1つであるTGFBI-004の免疫原性をin vitroで試験し、TGFBI-004が特異的CD4+およびCD8+T細胞の誘発剤であることを証明した。自己システムにおいて発揮された刺激を用いた実験で、CD4+および機能的CD8+Tリンパ球の生成が示された。
特異的なヒトCD4+およびCD8+細胞のプライミングと拡大は、単球欠損PBMCを自己DCでプライムし、自己PBMCで再刺激することにより、in vitroアッセイした。 要約すると、抗原特異的なCD4+T細胞を生成するために、1健常ドナーの単球欠損PBMC (HLAゲノタイプクラスI: A1/A25/B8/B18およびクラスII: DQB1*02/DQB1*06/DRB1*03/DRB1*15/DRB3/DRB5)を、ペプチドパルス自己DCを用いて刺激し、自己PBMC+ペプチドで再刺激した。 読み出しシステムとして、短期再刺激でのIFNγ 生成をELISPOTおよびフローサイトメトリーにより評価した。 T細胞はELISPOTによる8回刺激および細胞内IFNγ 染色+CD4-FITCおよびCD8-PerCPの後に分析し、特異的なT細胞サブポピュレーションにおけるIFNγ生成細胞のパーセンテージを測定した。 この実験では、異なるウェルからのTGFBI-004ペプチドで刺激した細胞をプールし、読み出しのために無関係ペプチドで培養し、負対照として施行した。
ヒトDCは、10%自己血漿//100 U/mlペニシリンおよび100μg/mlストレプトマイシンを追加した、 RPMI 1640-Glutamax/25mM Hepes (Invitrogen, ドイツ) からなるDC培地で培養した単球から得た。 まず、健常ドナーからの血液 (Bloodbank Tubingen)を遠心分離して軟膜と血漿を得た。 次に、PBMCを、標準的な密度勾配分離 (Lymphocyte Separation Medium, PAA, オーストリア)によって軟膜から単離し、DC培地に再懸濁し、細胞合計数を測定した。 100〜120 MioのPBMCを洗浄し、15 mlのX-Vivo 20培地(BioWhittaker, ベルギー) で再懸濁し、細胞培養フラスコに移した。 37℃で2時間後、末梢血白血球 (PBL)を含む培地を取り除き、接着した単球を10mlのPBSで2回洗浄し、GM-CSFを100 ng/mlとIL-4 を30 ng/ml(ImmunoTools, ドイツ) または20 ng/ml (R&D systems, ドイツ)有する10ml DC培地で6日間培養した。3日目および5日目に、100 ng/mlのGM-CSFおよび30 ng/mlのIL-4 (Immunotools)または20 ng/mlのIL-4 (R&D Systems, ドイツ) を加えた。 7日目に、未熟のDCを10 ng/mlのTNF-α (R&D Systems, ドイツ) および20 μg/mlのpoly(IC) (Sigma Aldrich, ドイツ) または100 ng/mlのLPSで24時間活性した。 残りのPBMCおよび入手したPBLは等分して冷凍した。
CD4+T細胞を生成するために、3MioのPBMC/PBLを2x105の自己DCで刺激した。 DCは8日目に収穫した (3.1章「DCの生成」を参照)。 この目的のために、できるだけ多くの細胞 (接着細胞を含む)を収穫すべく、5mMのEDTAと共にPBSを用いた。 DC培地で洗浄後、細胞数を測定した。 ペプチドを負荷するために、DCを1mlのDC培地に再懸濁し、25 μg/mlのペプチドで2時間、37℃で培養した。DCのパルシングに用いたペプチドは、TGFBI-004、Posmix (EBV とCMV関係ペプチドの混合物)、Padre、およびCMVである。 自己PBMC/PBLは解凍し、DC培地で (少なくとも2度)洗浄し、1ml中3Mio 細胞/mlの密度で、24ウェルプレートに載せた。 次に、ペプチドを負荷したDCを (該ペプチドを含む1ml懸濁液として)、該プレートに載せたPBMC/PBLに加え、37℃で7日間培養した。プライミング後に得られたCTLは、まず、凍結保存された自己ペプチドを負荷した放射線照射PBMCで再刺激した (30 Gy; Gammacell 1000 Elite, Nordion International, カナダ)。 この目的で、5 x 105 のCTLおよび2,5 x 106 のPBMCをウェルに加えた。 PBMCのペプチドパルシングは (DCについて)前述した方法で行った。 第1の刺激から1日目に、IL-2 (R&D Systems, ドイツ) およびIL-7を加え、各々2 ng/mlおよび5 ng/mlの最終濃度とした。 その後、2日毎および7日毎に該培地にIL-2およびIL-7を加えた。 第2の再刺激は7日後に行ったが、この時はペプチドを単独で (PBMCなしに)該培養CTLに加えた。 7日サイクルで、ペプチドを負荷したPBMCを加えるのとペプチドのみを加えるのを交互に行い、再刺激を施行した。 8回の刺激後、細胞内IFNγ 染色とIFNγ ELISPOTにより分析を行った。
関心のあるペプチドに特異的に応答するCD4+T細胞株をプライムすることは可能であった (図2および図3)。 T細胞応答は、4つのT細胞株のうち2つにELISPOTで検出され、4つのT細胞株のうち3つに、TGFBI-004に特異的なIFNγ を生成するCD4+およびCD8+細胞がICSを介して示された。
したがって、TGFBI-004は、上述の実験システムで試験された1ドナーにCD4+およびCD8+T細胞応答を引き出すことができた。 この有望な結果によると、このペプチドが免疫原性で、T細胞応答を誘発する能力を有する可能性は高い。
IMA910に含まれるペプチドの免疫原性は、immaticsのTUMAP検証プラットフォームを用いてin vitroで実証された。 特異的T細胞の誘発は、ペプチドがその免疫系を活性化する能力を示す指標である。 効率的な抗腫瘍免疫応答は、活性化されたT細胞のアビディティが高く機能的な場合のみ可能であるので、IFNγを生成するまたは腫瘍細胞株を殺すそれらの能力によって、高アビディティで機能的なTリンパ球をプライムするために、我々はTUMAPをさらに調査した。 より厳しい検証のために、高アビディティのCTLをin vitroで誘発する能力のある2つのペプチド、NOX-001およびTGFBI-001を選んだ。 ヒトにおいて両方のペプチドに対して高アビディティの前駆T細胞が存在すること、および機能的CD8+T細胞株をNOX-001で生成可能であることを、証明することができた。
IMA910のペプチドの免疫原性および特異的T細胞の特性についてより深く知るために、2つのペプチド (NOX-001およびTGFBI-001)を選択し、さらに詳しく評価した。 この目的で実施された実験は、immaticsで実行された (細胞のソートはUniversity of TubingenのBuehring博士の研究室で実施された)。
ペプチド-MHC複合体 (pMHC)を負荷した人工抗原提示細胞(aAPC)と抗CD28抗体を用いるin vitroでの刺激は、上述の方法で実施した。 上述の方法との唯一の違いは、200ngの関係MHC (高密度ビーズ)の代わりに、2ngの関係および200ngの無関係ライブラリ (pMHC)MHC (低密度ビーズ)で負荷したビーズで刺激を施行したことである。 こうして、ペプチドをより深く検証するための主に高アビディティのT細胞が生成された。3回の刺激後、in vitroでプライムされたT細胞の画分をpMHC-テトラマー染色し、サイトメトリー解析により検出した。 与えられた抗原の免疫原性は、in vitroでの刺激後に特異的CD8+T細胞株を含む、一健常ドナーの評価可能なin vitro刺激ウェルが少なくとも1つあれば検出された (すなわち、このウェルは、CD8+T細胞中に少なくとも1%の特異的テトラマー+を含んでおり、特異的なテトラマー+細胞は負対照の刺激の中央値の少なくとも10倍であった)。 後に、各ドナーのテトラマー陽性細胞を抗原の特異性にしたがってプールし、対応するpMHC-テトラマーとヒト抗CD8-FITC抗体クローンSK1で染色し、最後に、FACSAria (BD Biosciences、ドイツ)でFACSソートした。 ソートした細胞を、5 x 105細胞/mlの放射線照射した新鮮な同種PBMC、5 x 104細胞/mlの放射線照射したLG2-EBV細胞、150 U/mlのIL-2 (Chiron, ドイツMunich市)、および0.5 μg/mlのPHA-L (Roche Diagnostics, ドイツMannheim市)の存在下で、T細胞培地 (10%加熱不活性化したヒトAB血清、100 U/mlのペニシリン、100 μg/mlのストレプトマイシン、1mMのピルビン酸ナトリウム、および20 μg/mlのゲンタマイシンを追加したRPMI-Glutamax)で培養した。 これらの細胞の拡大は、150 U/mlのIL-2を含むT細胞培地で生じた。プライムされた高アビディティの抗原特異的細胞の生成の読み出しとして、pMHC-テトラマー染色を上述のように実施し、4色FACSCalibur (BD Biosciences、ドイツ)で解析した。
それらの機能性を測定するために、対応するペプチドでそれらの細胞を再刺激した後、ELISPOT (IFNγ ELISPOT Set, BD, ドイツ)でIFNγの生成を評価した。 加えて、LIVE/DEAD細胞媒介細胞傷害性キット (L7010、Invitrogen、ドイツ)を用い、腫瘍細胞株の殺傷によって、特異的CTLの細胞媒介細胞傷害性を調査した。 別に記述しない限り、アッセイは両方とも製造業者の指示通りに行った。
ペプチドNOX-001およびTGFBI-001は両方とも、低pMHC密度のaAPCによるプライムの成功が示すように、in vitroで免疫原性であった。 NOX-001およびTGFBI-001の両方について、T細胞株がFACSによって確立可能であったことにより、健常ドナーに高アビディティのCD8+細胞前駆体が存在することが実証された。
該HLA-A*0201対立遺伝子によってコードされるMHC分子に対する該HLAクラスIペプチドのアフィニティはIMA910の作用形態にとり重要なパラメーターであり、したがって、この分析の目的はそれを評価することである。 IMA910のHLAクラスI拘束ペプチド10個のうち9個に関し、解離定数 (KD)は0.001〜0.2nMの範囲であり、HLA-A*0201に対するアフィニティは高かった。 また、ウィルスマーカーペプチドであるIMA-HBV-001も強結合を示した。 IMA-MUC-001に対するアフィニティは、約102弱かった。これらの結果により、IMA910ワクチン候補の10個のHLAクラスIペプチドのうち9個の、MHC分子に対する強い結合アフィニティが確認された。
安定したHLA/ペプチド複合体は、 HLA重鎖、β-2ミクログロブリン(b2m)、およびそのペプチドリガンドという3つの分子からなる。 変性した組み換えHLA-A*0201重鎖分子のみの活性は保存できるので、これらの分子は「空のHLA-A*0201分子」と機能的に同等である。 b2mおよび適切なペプチドを含む水性緩衝液中に希釈すると、これらの分子は急速かつ効率的に、完全にペプチドに依存した方法で折り畳まれる(フォールドする)。 これらの分子のアベイラビリティは、ペプチドとHLAクラスI分子の相互作用のアフィニティを測定するために、ELISAを使用するアッセイで使われている (Sylvester-Hvid et al., 2002)。
結果を図6に示す。KD値が低いほど、HLA-A*0201に対するアフィニティが高い。ほとんどのIMA910ペプチドおよびウィルス対照ペプチドIMA-HBV-001は、0.001 (IMA-TGFBI-001)〜0.2 nM (IMA-ODC-001)の範囲で、類似した強いアフィニティをHLA-A*0201に対して有していた。 IMA-MUC-001のアフィニティは、それらに含まれるリガンドの大半に比べ、約2から3桁低かった。 しかし、IMA-MUC-001でのワクチン接種は、immaticsが実施した先の治験で腎細胞癌患者に免疫応答を引き出しており、したがって、IMA-MUC-001の結合アフィニティの方が低いことは懸念要因ではない。
Claims (12)
- 配列番号8に記載のアミノ酸配列(SPQYSWRINGIPQQHT)からなるペプチド。
- ヒト主要組織適合性複合体(MHC)クラスII分子に結合できる、請求項1に記載のペプチド。
- ペプチドは非ペプチド結合を含む、請求項1または2に記載のペプチド。
- 請求項1に記載のペプチドおよびHLA-DR抗原関連不変鎖のN-末端アミノ酸を含む融合ペプチド。
- 請求項1〜4のいずれか1つに記載のペプチドをコードする核酸。
- 核酸が、DNA、cDNA、RNA、もしくはこれらの組合わせであるか、または前記核酸が作動可能に組み込まれた発現ベクターである、請求項5に記載の核酸。
- 宿主細胞が、ヒト胚性幹細胞を除くものであり、樹状細胞を含む抗原提示細胞である、請求項5または6に記載の核酸または発現ベクターを含む宿主細胞。
- 活性化された細胞傷害性Tリンパ球(CTL)を作製するインビトロ方法であって、適切な抗原提示細胞の表面に発現するヒトMHCクラスIまたはII分子に負荷された抗原とCTLを抗原特異的にCTLが活性化されるのに十分な時間接触させることを含む方法であり、該抗原が請求項1〜4のいずれか1つに記載のペプチドである、インビトロ方法。
- 請求項1または2に記載のペプチドを含むポリペプチドを異常発現する細胞を選択的に認識する、請求項8に記載の方法で作製される活性化された細胞傷害性Tリンパ球(CTL)。
- 癌の治療用医薬品製造のための、請求項1〜4のいずれか1つに記載のペプチド、請求項5もしくは6に記載の核酸もしくは発現ベクター、請求項7に記載の細胞または請求項9に記載の活性化CTLの使用。
- 癌がグリア芽腫、結腸直腸癌、膵臓癌、肺癌、腎臓癌または胃癌である、請求項10に記載の使用。
- 医薬品がワクチンである、請求項10または11に記載の使用。
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