JP5538433B2 - ニッケル含有合金鉄の製造方法 - Google Patents
ニッケル含有合金鉄の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 281
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 140
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 61
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 30
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 25
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 6
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 title claims description 6
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 80
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims description 43
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 claims description 37
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 33
- 239000013067 intermediate product Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 claims description 30
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 26
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- 229910000604 Ferrochrome Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 23
- 229910001710 laterite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000011504 laterite Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- WWNBZGLDODTKEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfanylidenenickel Chemical compound [Ni]=S WWNBZGLDODTKEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000002386 leaching Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000005453 pelletization Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- LGQLOGILCSXPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel sulfate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O LGQLOGILCSXPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910000363 nickel(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000000638 solvent extraction Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000008 nickel(II) carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- ZULUUIKRFGGGTL-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel(ii) carbonate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-]C([O-])=O ZULUUIKRFGGGTL-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005054 agglomeration Methods 0.000 claims 3
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 claims 3
- VNNRSPGTAMTISX-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium nickel Chemical compound [Cr].[Ni] VNNRSPGTAMTISX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 3
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 57
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 20
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 20
- BFDHFSHZJLFAMC-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel(ii) hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Ni+2] BFDHFSHZJLFAMC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 19
- UGKDIUIOSMUOAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron nickel Chemical compound [Fe].[Ni] UGKDIUIOSMUOAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 11
- 238000003723 Smelting Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910000640 Fe alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphur dioxide Chemical compound O=S=O RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- ZCDOYSPFYFSLEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromate(2-) Chemical compound [O-][Cr]([O-])(=O)=O ZCDOYSPFYFSLEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910001092 metal group alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 4
- FMQXRRZIHURSLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxido(oxo)silane;nickel(2+) Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-][Si]([O-])=O FMQXRRZIHURSLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000010891 electric arc Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004484 Briquette Substances 0.000 description 2
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000019738 Limestone Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000440 bentonite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000278 bentonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N bentoquatam Chemical compound O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000036571 hydration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006703 hydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000006028 limestone Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010309 melting process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- AKEJUJNQAAGONA-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfur trioxide Chemical compound O=S(=O)=O AKEJUJNQAAGONA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000010456 wollastonite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052882 wollastonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GMPZPVMYGRXYHK-UHFFFAOYSA-L OS(O)(=O)=O.O[Ni]O.S Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O.O[Ni]O.S GMPZPVMYGRXYHK-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 241001062472 Stokellia anisodon Species 0.000 description 1
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000378 calcium silicate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052918 calcium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OYACROKNLOSFPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium;dioxido(oxo)silane Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-][Si]([O-])=O OYACROKNLOSFPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- UPHIPHFJVNKLMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium iron Chemical compound [Cr].[Fe] UPHIPHFJVNKLMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005469 granulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003179 granulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009854 hydrometallurgy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003607 modifier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011044 quartzite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004062 sedimentation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010561 standard procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005728 strengthening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004763 sulfides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- -1 that is Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
- C22C1/02—Making non-ferrous alloys by melting
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B1/00—Preliminary treatment of ores or scrap
- C22B1/11—Removing sulfur, phosphorus or arsenic other than by roasting
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B1/00—Preliminary treatment of ores or scrap
- C22B1/14—Agglomerating; Briquetting; Binding; Granulating
- C22B1/16—Sintering; Agglomerating
- C22B1/20—Sintering; Agglomerating in sintering machines with movable grates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B1/00—Preliminary treatment of ores or scrap
- C22B1/14—Agglomerating; Briquetting; Binding; Granulating
- C22B1/24—Binding; Briquetting ; Granulating
- C22B1/242—Binding; Briquetting ; Granulating with binders
- C22B1/243—Binding; Briquetting ; Granulating with binders inorganic
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B23/00—Obtaining nickel or cobalt
- C22B23/02—Obtaining nickel or cobalt by dry processes
- C22B23/023—Obtaining nickel or cobalt by dry processes with formation of ferro-nickel or ferro-cobalt
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C19/00—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt
- C22C19/03—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel
- C22C19/05—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium
- C22C19/051—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium and Mo or W
- C22C19/052—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium and Mo or W with the maximum Cr content being at least 40%
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C27/00—Alloys based on rhenium or a refractory metal not mentioned in groups C22C14/00 or C22C16/00
- C22C27/06—Alloys based on chromium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C30/00—Alloys containing less than 50% by weight of each constituent
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C33/00—Making ferrous alloys
- C22C33/04—Making ferrous alloys by melting
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C35/00—Master alloys for iron or steel
- C22C35/005—Master alloys for iron or steel based on iron, e.g. ferro-alloys
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- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
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- Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Iron (AREA)
- Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
Description
本発明に係る方法を、水酸化ニッケルの中間生成物がNi(OH)x(SO4)yで示される水酸化・硫酸ニッケルとして存在する原料に応用した。この中間生成物は浸出処理工程において析出によって得られたものであり、40〜50重量%のニッケル分と、5重量%未満の硫黄分を含んでいる。クロムおよび鉄の原材料として用いた亜クロム酸塩精鉱中のクロム含有量は30〜31重量%の間で変化し、精鉱中のクロムと鉄の比率は1.6〜1.8である。
例1に述べた同一の中間生成材のペレット化特性および焼結特性を、本発明の方法に従って、様々な量の中間生成材を亜クロム酸塩精鉱と混ぜ合わせてテストした。中間生成材の量は混合物の重量から算出して、それぞれ10重量%、15重量%、および20重量%とした。また、混合物には結合剤として、ベントナイトおよび石灰石または珪灰石、ケイ酸カルシウムが含まれていた。
Claims (25)
- 鉄およびクロムを含む細粒原料ならびにニッケルを含む細粒原料に結合材料を合わせるフェロクロム製造において、混合物を生成、凝集させ、それにより第1段階で所期の大きさの物体を形成し、次に該物体を熱処理し、ニッケル含有原料を焼成し、強化することで該熱処理した物体が運搬可能となり、また該物体を還元条件下で精錬してフェロクロムニッケルを得、クロムのニッケルに対する割合は1.5〜5.0であることを特徴とするニッケル含有合金鉄の製造方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法において、前記フェロクロムニッケルの、クロムのニッケルに対する割合は2.0〜3.1であることを特徴とするニッケル含有合金鉄の製造方法。
- 請求項1または2に記載の方法において、凝集段階はペレット化処理および焼結処理を含むことを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項1、2、または3に記載の方法において、鉄およびクロムを含有する亜クロム酸塩精鉱を原料として使用することを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項1ないし4のいずれかに記載の方法において、ニッケル含有原料として、ラテライトニッケル鉱および/またはニッケル含有精鉱の湿式冶金処理における浸出液から析出される、またはラテライトニッケル鉱の処理過程で生じる析出物から得られるニッケル含有水酸化物の中間生成物を用いることを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項5に記載の方法において、ニッケル含有原料として、ラテライトニッケル鉱および/またはニッケル含有精鉱の加圧浸出処理で得られる、またはラテライトニッケル鉱の処理過程で生じる析出物から得られる中間生成物を用いることを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項5に記載の方法において、ニッケル含有原料として、ラテライトニッケル鉱および/またはニッケル含有精鉱の大気浸出処理で得られる、またはラテライトニッケル鉱の処理過程で生じる析出物から得られる中間生成物を用いることを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項5に記載の方法において、ニッケル含有原料として、ラテライトニッケル鉱および/またはニッケル含有精鉱の堆積浸出処理で得られる、またはラテライトニッケル鉱の処理過程で生じる析出物から得られる中間生成物を用いることを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項5に記載の方法において、ニッケル含有原料として、ラテライトニッケル鉱および/またはニッケル含有精鉱の溶媒抽出処理で得られる、またはラテライトニッケル鉱の処理過程で生じる析出物から得られる中間生成物を用いることを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項5に記載の方法において、ニッケル含有原料として、ラテライトニッケル鉱および/またはニッケル含有精鉱のイオン交換処理で得られる、またはラテライトニッケル鉱の処理過程で生じる析出物から得られる中間生成物を用いることを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項5に記載の方法において、ニッケル含有原料として、ラテライトニッケル鉱および/またはニッケル含有精鉱の精製処理で得られる、またはラテライトニッケル鉱の処理過程で生じる析出物から得られる中間生成物を用いることを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項1ないし4のいずれかに記載の方法において、ニッケル含有原料として、硫化ニッケル鉱および/またはニッケル含有精鉱の湿式冶金処理における浸出液から析出される、または硫化ニッケル鉱の処理過程で生じる析出物から得られるニッケル含有水酸化物の中間生成物を用いることを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項12に記載の方法において、前記ニッケル含有原料として、硫化ニッケル鉱および/またはニッケル含有精鉱の加圧浸出処理で得られる、または硫化ニッケル鉱の処理過程で生じる析出物から得られる中間生成物を用いることを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項12に記載の方法において、前記ニッケル含有原料として、硫化ニッケル鉱および/またはニッケル含有精鉱の大気浸出処理で得られる、または硫化ニッケル鉱の処理過程で生じる析出物から得られる中間生成物を用いることを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項12に記載の方法において、前記ニッケル含有原料として、硫化ニッケル鉱および/またはニッケル含有精鉱の堆積浸出処理で得られる、または硫化ニッケル鉱の処理過程で生じる析出物から得られる中間生成物を用いることを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項12に記載の方法において、前記ニッケル含有原料として、硫化ニッケル鉱および/またはニッケル含有精鉱の溶媒抽出処理で得られる、または硫化ニッケル鉱の処理過程で生じる析出物から得られる中間生成物を用いることを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項12に記載の方法において、前記ニッケル含有原料として、硫化ニッケル鉱および/またはニッケル含有精鉱のイオン交換処理で得られる、または硫化ニッケル鉱の処理過程で生じる析出物から得られる中間生成物を用いることを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項12に記載の方法において、前記ニッケル含有原料として、硫化ニッケル鉱および/またはニッケル含有精鉱の精製処理で得られる、または硫化ニッケル鉱の処理過程で生じる析出物から得られる中間生成物を用いることを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項1ないし4のいずれかに記載の方法において、前記ニッケル含有原料として、炭酸ニッケル材を用いることを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項1ないし4のいずれかに記載の方法において、前記ニッケル含有原料として、硫酸ニッケル材を用いることを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項1ないし4のいずれかに記載の方法において、前記ニッケル含有原料として、硫化ニッケル材を用いることを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項1ないし21のいずれかに記載の方法において、前記凝集する混合物に占めるニッケル含有原料の割合は、10〜25重量%であることを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項22に記載の方法において、前記凝集する混合物に占めるニッケル含有原料の割合は、15〜20重量%であることを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項1ないし23のいずれかに記載の方法において、凝集に関連して、凝集中に前記混合物中の硫黄を除去することを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項1ないし24のいずれかに記載の方法において、前記凝集して精錬したフェロクロムニッケルは、40〜45重量%のクロムと、18〜24重量%のニッケルと、3〜5重量%の炭素とを含み、残部は鉄および不可避不純物であることを特徴とする方法。
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FI127721B (fi) * | 2009-02-11 | 2019-01-15 | Outokumpu Oy | Menetelmä nikkeliä sisältävän ferroseoksen valmistamiseksi |
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JP5622061B2 (ja) | 2013-03-26 | 2014-11-12 | 住友金属鉱山株式会社 | 製鉄用ヘマタイトの製造方法 |
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JP5776913B2 (ja) * | 2014-01-17 | 2015-09-09 | 住友金属鉱山株式会社 | 製鉄用ヘマタイトの製造方法 |
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CN104278190A (zh) | 2015-01-14 |
EA021212B8 (ru) | 2016-07-29 |
EP2396438B1 (en) | 2019-01-02 |
US8696789B2 (en) | 2014-04-15 |
FI20090045A (fi) | 2010-08-12 |
EA021212B1 (ru) | 2015-04-30 |
FI20090045A0 (fi) | 2009-02-11 |
ES2717203T3 (es) | 2019-06-19 |
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EA201190107A1 (ru) | 2012-02-28 |
AU2010212733A1 (en) | 2011-08-04 |
AP2011005806A0 (en) | 2011-08-31 |
CN104278190B (zh) | 2018-08-17 |
CA2749680C (en) | 2019-01-29 |
EP2396438A1 (en) | 2011-12-21 |
ZA201105213B (en) | 2012-09-26 |
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CA2749680A1 (en) | 2010-08-19 |
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MY157630A (en) | 2016-07-15 |
US20110308352A1 (en) | 2011-12-22 |
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