CA3029886A1 - Process for manufacturing ferrochromium alloy with desired content of manganese, nickel and molybdenum - Google Patents
Process for manufacturing ferrochromium alloy with desired content of manganese, nickel and molybdenum Download PDFInfo
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- CA3029886A1 CA3029886A1 CA3029886A CA3029886A CA3029886A1 CA 3029886 A1 CA3029886 A1 CA 3029886A1 CA 3029886 A CA3029886 A CA 3029886A CA 3029886 A CA3029886 A CA 3029886A CA 3029886 A1 CA3029886 A1 CA 3029886A1
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- cndot
- feed mix
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- nickel
- feed
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- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 217
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 95
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 90
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 90
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 49
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 49
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 49
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 43
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 43
- 229910000604 Ferrochrome Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 41
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 title claims abstract description 29
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 99
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical group [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 61
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 58
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical group [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 239000011651 chromium Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- 238000003723 Smelting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- 229910052804 chromium Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical group [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 144
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 63
- 235000002908 manganese Nutrition 0.000 claims description 51
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 claims description 49
- 235000016768 molybdenum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 44
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 24
- 235000012721 chromium Nutrition 0.000 claims description 21
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000011575 calcium Chemical group 0.000 claims description 20
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 20
- 229910052749 magnesium Chemical group 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000011777 magnesium Chemical group 0.000 claims description 20
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical group [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- 229940108928 copper Drugs 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 15
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical group [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical group [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920000136 polysorbate Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- AMWRITDGCCNYAT-UHFFFAOYSA-L hydroxy(oxo)manganese;manganese Chemical compound [Mn].O[Mn]=O.O[Mn]=O AMWRITDGCCNYAT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910001570 bauxite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- -1 cop-per, copper sulphates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010459 dolomite Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000514 dolomite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052609 olivine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010450 olivine Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical group [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000008733 Citrus aurantifolia Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- JJLJMEJHUUYSSY-UHFFFAOYSA-L Copper hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Cu+2] JJLJMEJHUUYSSY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000005750 Copper hydroxide Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- QPLDLSVMHZLSFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper oxide Chemical compound [Cu]=O QPLDLSVMHZLSFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000005751 Copper oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical group [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical group [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000011941 Tilia x europaea Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004411 aluminium Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical group [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- RHZUVFJBSILHOK-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthracen-1-ylmethanolate Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C=C3C(C[O-])=CC=CC3=CC2=C1 RHZUVFJBSILHOK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003830 anthracite Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000014987 copper Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001956 copper hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000431 copper oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004571 lime Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000006748 manganese carbonate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011656 manganese carbonate Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940093474 manganese carbonate Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- IPJKJLXEVHOKSE-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Mn+2] IPJKJLXEVHOKSE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000007079 manganese sulphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000016 manganese(II) carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- XMWCXZJXESXBBY-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(ii) carbonate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[O-]C([O-])=O XMWCXZJXESXBBY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002751 molybdenum Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000476 molybdenum oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- ZULUUIKRFGGGTL-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel(ii) carbonate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-]C([O-])=O ZULUUIKRFGGGTL-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000012476 oxidizable substance Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- PQQKPALAQIIWST-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxomolybdenum Chemical compound [Mo]=O PQQKPALAQIIWST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- CADICXFYUNYKGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfanylidenemanganese Chemical compound [Mn]=S CADICXFYUNYKGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- PTISTKLWEJDJID-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfanylidenemolybdenum Chemical compound [Mo]=S PTISTKLWEJDJID-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- WWNBZGLDODTKEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfanylidenenickel Chemical compound [Ni]=S WWNBZGLDODTKEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052882 wollastonite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010456 wollastonite Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004484 Briquette Substances 0.000 claims 1
- BWFPGXWASODCHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper monosulfide Chemical compound [Cu]=S BWFPGXWASODCHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 1
- ICYJJTNLBFMCOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-J molybdenum(4+);disulfate Chemical class [Mo+4].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O ICYJJTNLBFMCOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 claims 1
- LGQLOGILCSXPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel sulfate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O LGQLOGILCSXPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims 1
- 229910000008 nickel(II) carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910000484 niobium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- IIDYTZRUUWUVQF-UHFFFAOYSA-D niobium(5+) pentasulfate Chemical class [Nb+5].[Nb+5].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O IIDYTZRUUWUVQF-UHFFFAOYSA-D 0.000 claims 1
- URLJKFSTXLNXLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium(5+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Nb+5].[Nb+5] URLJKFSTXLNXLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- WPCMRGJTLPITMF-UHFFFAOYSA-I niobium(5+);pentahydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Nb+5] WPCMRGJTLPITMF-UHFFFAOYSA-I 0.000 claims 1
- NYPFJVOIAWPAAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfanylideneniobium Chemical compound [Nb]=S NYPFJVOIAWPAAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 abstract description 8
- 229940107218 chromium Drugs 0.000 description 16
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 10
- 235000008504 concentrate Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 7
- 229910001021 Ferroalloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000306 component Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005054 agglomeration Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 3
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000975 Carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 229910015136 FeMn Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010953 base metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010962 carbon steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000788 chromium alloy Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000013067 intermediate product Substances 0.000 description 2
- BFDHFSHZJLFAMC-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel(ii) hydroxide Chemical class [OH-].[OH-].[Ni+2] BFDHFSHZJLFAMC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000009628 steelmaking Methods 0.000 description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- MWRWFPQBGSZWNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dinitrosopentamethylenetetramine Chemical compound C1N2CN(N=O)CN1CN(N=O)C2 MWRWFPQBGSZWNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002555 FeNi Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000616 Ferromanganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000863 Ferronickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019738 Limestone Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910001182 Mo alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910004534 SiMn Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000720 Silicomanganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WGLPBDUCMAPZCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trioxochromium Chemical compound O=[Cr](=O)=O WGLPBDUCMAPZCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JKULTISBNPLSEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Ni].[Mo].[Mn] Chemical compound [Ni].[Mo].[Mn] JKULTISBNPLSEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003483 aging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001566 austenite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052729 chemical element Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000423 chromium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052681 coesite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(II) sulfate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- OMZSGWSJDCOLKM-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper(II) sulfide Chemical compound [S-2].[Cu+2] OMZSGWSJDCOLKM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052906 cristobalite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229960004643 cupric oxide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007865 diluting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011143 downstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001039 duplex stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010891 electric arc Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005098 hot rolling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009854 hydrometallurgy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DALUDRGQOYMVLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron manganese Chemical compound [Mn].[Fe] DALUDRGQOYMVLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006028 limestone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001247 metal acetylides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010310 metallurgical process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- CZDSWLXAULJYPZ-UHFFFAOYSA-J molybdenum(4+);dicarbonate Chemical compound [Mo+4].[O-]C([O-])=O.[O-]C([O-])=O CZDSWLXAULJYPZ-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- GDXTWKJNMJAERW-UHFFFAOYSA-J molybdenum(4+);tetrahydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Mo+4] GDXTWKJNMJAERW-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- 150000002815 nickel Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910000480 nickel oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005456 ore beneficiation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxonickel Chemical class [Ni]=O GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052682 stishovite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004753 textile Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052905 tridymite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000859 α-Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
- C21C5/00—Manufacture of carbon-steel, e.g. plain mild steel, medium carbon steel or cast steel or stainless steel
- C21C5/52—Manufacture of steel in electric furnaces
- C21C5/5264—Manufacture of alloyed steels including ferro-alloys
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C33/00—Making ferrous alloys
- C22C33/04—Making ferrous alloys by melting
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C35/00—Master alloys for iron or steel
- C22C35/005—Master alloys for iron or steel based on iron, e.g. ferro-alloys
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/20—Recycling
Abstract
Process for manufacturing ferrochromium alloy with desired content of manganese, nickel and molybdenum comprising the steps of providing either agglomerated or fine feed material comprising iron and chromium bearing material, and at least one of the following: manganese bearing raw material, nickel bearing raw material and molybdenum bearing raw material in amounts that are sufficient to provide a manganese content of 0.0 70.0 w-%; nickel content of 0.0 50.0 w-% and optionally a molybdenum content of 0.0 40.0 w-%. Consequently, the smelting feed is smelted together with a reducing agent and flux material to obtain ferrochromium alloy with desired content of manganese, nickel and molybdenum that may be used for example in the manufacturing different stainless steel grades.
Description
PROCESS FOR MANUFACTURING FERROCHROMIUM ALLOY WITH DE¨
SIRED CONTENT OF MANGANESE, NICKEL AND MOLYBDENUM
The invention relates to a process for manu-facturing ferrochromium alloy with desired content of manganese, nickel and molybdenum.
Desired means in this context the composition of the ferrochrome alloy that results from the process.
The main components of stainless steels are iron and chromium and depending on the type of stainless steel additionally at least one of nickel, manganese and molybdenum. Stainless steels are typically categorized to ferritic (e.g. AISI 400), austenitic (e.g. AISI 200, 300) and to duplex series. Duplex stainless steels are having properties from ferritic and austenitic steels.
Chromium content in stainless steel is over 10.5 wt-%.
Certain stainless steel grades also comprise manganese, such as the 200 series, where nickel is at least partly substituted by manganese. The manganese source is typ-ically ferromanganese, silicomanganese or electrolytic manganese. The nickel content in austenitic 300 series stainless steel is most between 8 and 12 wt-% but there is variation between different grades. For example in the 200 series the nickel content is lower, typically at 0 to 7 wt-% and in certain special stainless steel up to 30 wt-%. Nickel is an expensive raw material and its availability and price varies with time. Nickel sources used in stainless steel making are typically acid-proof scrap, ferronickel and pure nickel cathodes.
Steels are well recyclable and significant part of the stainless steel making is based on stainless and carbon steel scrap. Yet, in this method, virgin feed of key elements is also required for achieving desired grades and for diluting possible impurities enriching in the recycling of steel. As an example of melting batch of a lean 300 series stainless steel from scrap
SIRED CONTENT OF MANGANESE, NICKEL AND MOLYBDENUM
The invention relates to a process for manu-facturing ferrochromium alloy with desired content of manganese, nickel and molybdenum.
Desired means in this context the composition of the ferrochrome alloy that results from the process.
The main components of stainless steels are iron and chromium and depending on the type of stainless steel additionally at least one of nickel, manganese and molybdenum. Stainless steels are typically categorized to ferritic (e.g. AISI 400), austenitic (e.g. AISI 200, 300) and to duplex series. Duplex stainless steels are having properties from ferritic and austenitic steels.
Chromium content in stainless steel is over 10.5 wt-%.
Certain stainless steel grades also comprise manganese, such as the 200 series, where nickel is at least partly substituted by manganese. The manganese source is typ-ically ferromanganese, silicomanganese or electrolytic manganese. The nickel content in austenitic 300 series stainless steel is most between 8 and 12 wt-% but there is variation between different grades. For example in the 200 series the nickel content is lower, typically at 0 to 7 wt-% and in certain special stainless steel up to 30 wt-%. Nickel is an expensive raw material and its availability and price varies with time. Nickel sources used in stainless steel making are typically acid-proof scrap, ferronickel and pure nickel cathodes.
Steels are well recyclable and significant part of the stainless steel making is based on stainless and carbon steel scrap. Yet, in this method, virgin feed of key elements is also required for achieving desired grades and for diluting possible impurities enriching in the recycling of steel. As an example of melting batch of a lean 300 series stainless steel from scrap
2 metals can be following: 50 wt-% of 300 series scrap (18 wt-%Cr, 8 wt-% Ni, 1 wt-% Mn); 30 wt-% of carbon steel scrap (mostly Fe); 14 wt-% of high carbon FeCr (7 wt-%C, 65 wt-% Cr); 4 wt-% of nickel briquettes (mostly Ni) and 1 wt-% high carbon FeMn (7 wt-%, 65 wt-% Mn). This mixture will end up in composition of about 18 wt-% Cr, 8 wt-% Ni, 1 wt-% Mn and 1 wt-% C.
Chromium form a surface film of chromium oxide to make the stainless steel corrosion resistant. Chro-mium also increases the scaling resistance at elevated temperatures.
Nickel stabilizes the austenitic structure and increases ductility, making stainless steel easier to form. Nickel also increases high temperature strength and corrosion resistance, particularly in industrial and marine atmospheres, chemical, food and textile pro-cessing industries.
Manganese promotes the stability of austenite, at or near room temperature and improves hot rolling properties. Addition of up to 2 wt-% manganese has no effect on strength, ductility and toughness. Manganese is important as a partial or complete replacement of nickel in 200 series austenitic stainless grades.
Molybdenum increases corrosion resistance, strength at elevated temperatures, and creep resistance.
It expands the range of passivity and counteracts ten-dency to pit especially in chloride environments.
An object of the invention is to provide an improved process for the manufacture of ferrochromium alloy with desired content of manganese, nickel and mo-lybdenum, which is characterised by high recovery of desired elements such as chromium, iron, manganese, nickel and molybdenum.
It has been realized that production of ferro-chromium alloy with desired content of manganese, nickel and molybdenum is a most reasonable way to reduce the production costs of any stainless steels. Minimization
Chromium form a surface film of chromium oxide to make the stainless steel corrosion resistant. Chro-mium also increases the scaling resistance at elevated temperatures.
Nickel stabilizes the austenitic structure and increases ductility, making stainless steel easier to form. Nickel also increases high temperature strength and corrosion resistance, particularly in industrial and marine atmospheres, chemical, food and textile pro-cessing industries.
Manganese promotes the stability of austenite, at or near room temperature and improves hot rolling properties. Addition of up to 2 wt-% manganese has no effect on strength, ductility and toughness. Manganese is important as a partial or complete replacement of nickel in 200 series austenitic stainless grades.
Molybdenum increases corrosion resistance, strength at elevated temperatures, and creep resistance.
It expands the range of passivity and counteracts ten-dency to pit especially in chloride environments.
An object of the invention is to provide an improved process for the manufacture of ferrochromium alloy with desired content of manganese, nickel and mo-lybdenum, which is characterised by high recovery of desired elements such as chromium, iron, manganese, nickel and molybdenum.
It has been realized that production of ferro-chromium alloy with desired content of manganese, nickel and molybdenum is a most reasonable way to reduce the production costs of any stainless steels. Minimization
3 of the consumption of electrical energy and obtainment of maximum capacity from the process equipment improve the profitability and competitiveness of stainless steel production. The invention enables the use of cheaper manganese, nickel and molybdenum sources compared to the typical sources used in the stainless steel alloying step.
It has been found out that the addition of manganese, nickel and molybdenum bearing raw materials to iron and chromium bearing material when producing agglomerates is advantageous for the manufacture of the corresponding heat-treated agglomerates and the manu-facture of the corresponding ferrochromium manganese nickel molybdenum alloys. For the purpose of this de-scription, the terms relating in "ferrochromium alloy with desired content of manganese, nickel and molyb-denum" are abbreviated as "FeCrMn", "FeCrNi", "FeCrMo", "FeCrNiMo", "FeCrMnMo", "FeCrMnNi" and "FeCrMnNiMo".
The ferrochromium alloy contains typically also carbon, silicon and also other elements that are less stable as oxide form in a reducing and high temperature conditions and do not evaporate in smelting conditions.
The invention relates to a process for manu-facturing ferrochromium alloy with desired content of manganese, nickel, and molybdenum, wherein the process comprising the steps of:
- providing a feed mix comprising iron bearing mate-rial and chromium bearing material and optionally manganese bearing raw material, optionally nickel bearing raw material and optionally molybdenum bearing raw material;
- the feed mix containing iron bearing material and chromium bearing material in an amount sufficient to provide iron content between 5 and 75 wt-% in the feed mix and sufficient to provide chromium content between 5 and 70 wt-% in the feed mix;
It has been found out that the addition of manganese, nickel and molybdenum bearing raw materials to iron and chromium bearing material when producing agglomerates is advantageous for the manufacture of the corresponding heat-treated agglomerates and the manu-facture of the corresponding ferrochromium manganese nickel molybdenum alloys. For the purpose of this de-scription, the terms relating in "ferrochromium alloy with desired content of manganese, nickel and molyb-denum" are abbreviated as "FeCrMn", "FeCrNi", "FeCrMo", "FeCrNiMo", "FeCrMnMo", "FeCrMnNi" and "FeCrMnNiMo".
The ferrochromium alloy contains typically also carbon, silicon and also other elements that are less stable as oxide form in a reducing and high temperature conditions and do not evaporate in smelting conditions.
The invention relates to a process for manu-facturing ferrochromium alloy with desired content of manganese, nickel, and molybdenum, wherein the process comprising the steps of:
- providing a feed mix comprising iron bearing mate-rial and chromium bearing material and optionally manganese bearing raw material, optionally nickel bearing raw material and optionally molybdenum bearing raw material;
- the feed mix containing iron bearing material and chromium bearing material in an amount sufficient to provide iron content between 5 and 75 wt-% in the feed mix and sufficient to provide chromium content between 5 and 70 wt-% in the feed mix;
4 - the feed mix containing manganese bearing raw ma-terial in an amount sufficient to provide a manga-nese content between 0 and 70 wt-% in the feed mix;
- the feed mix containing nickel bearing raw material in an amount sufficient to provide a nickel content between 0 and 50 wt-% in the feed mix;
- the feed mix containing molybdenum bearing raw ma-terial in an amount sufficient to provide a nickel content between 0 and 40 wt-% in the feed mix;
- mixing the feed mix with a reducing agent and flux-ing agent to obtain smelting feed; and - smelting the smelting feed in an smelting vessel to obtain ferrochromium alloy with desired content of manganese, nickel and molybdenum.
The feed mix can contain iron bearing material in an amount sufficient to provide an iron content be-tween 5 and 75 wt-% in the feed mix, preferably between 10 and 50 wt-% in the feed mix, more preferably between 10 and 45 wt-% in the feed mix, even more preferable between 10 and 30 wt-% in the feed mix.
The feed mix can contain chromium bearing ma-terial in an amount sufficient to provide a chromium content between 5 and 70 wt-% in the feed mix, preferably between 12 and 50 wt-% in the feed mix, more preferably between 12 and 35 wt-% in the feed mix.
The feed mix can contain manganese bearing raw material in an amount sufficient to provide a manganese content between 0.01 and 70 wt-% in the feed mix; pref-erably between 0.01 and 40 wt-% in the feed mix, more preferably between 0.01 and 30 wt-% in the feed mix, even more preferably between 0.01 and 25 wt-% in the feed mix.
The feed mix can contain nickel bearing raw material in an amount sufficient to provide a nickel content between 0.01 and 50 wt-% in the feed mix; pref-erably between 0.01 and 30 wt-% in the feed mix, more preferably between 0.01 and 25 wt-% in the feed mix, even more preferably between 0.01 and 20 wt-% in the feed mix.
The feed mix can contain molybdenum bearing raw material in an amount sufficient to provide a molybdenum
- the feed mix containing nickel bearing raw material in an amount sufficient to provide a nickel content between 0 and 50 wt-% in the feed mix;
- the feed mix containing molybdenum bearing raw ma-terial in an amount sufficient to provide a nickel content between 0 and 40 wt-% in the feed mix;
- mixing the feed mix with a reducing agent and flux-ing agent to obtain smelting feed; and - smelting the smelting feed in an smelting vessel to obtain ferrochromium alloy with desired content of manganese, nickel and molybdenum.
The feed mix can contain iron bearing material in an amount sufficient to provide an iron content be-tween 5 and 75 wt-% in the feed mix, preferably between 10 and 50 wt-% in the feed mix, more preferably between 10 and 45 wt-% in the feed mix, even more preferable between 10 and 30 wt-% in the feed mix.
The feed mix can contain chromium bearing ma-terial in an amount sufficient to provide a chromium content between 5 and 70 wt-% in the feed mix, preferably between 12 and 50 wt-% in the feed mix, more preferably between 12 and 35 wt-% in the feed mix.
The feed mix can contain manganese bearing raw material in an amount sufficient to provide a manganese content between 0.01 and 70 wt-% in the feed mix; pref-erably between 0.01 and 40 wt-% in the feed mix, more preferably between 0.01 and 30 wt-% in the feed mix, even more preferably between 0.01 and 25 wt-% in the feed mix.
The feed mix can contain nickel bearing raw material in an amount sufficient to provide a nickel content between 0.01 and 50 wt-% in the feed mix; pref-erably between 0.01 and 30 wt-% in the feed mix, more preferably between 0.01 and 25 wt-% in the feed mix, even more preferably between 0.01 and 20 wt-% in the feed mix.
The feed mix can contain molybdenum bearing raw material in an amount sufficient to provide a molybdenum
5 content between 0.01 and 40 wt-% in the feed mix, pref-erably between 0.01 and 30 wt-%, in the feed mix more preferably between 0.01 and 10 wt-% in the feed mix.
The smelting feed can be in an agglomerated form or an unagglomerated form or mixture of them.
In some stainless steel grades also copper and and/or niobium (referred also as Columbium) is alloyed in small quantities (in major stainless steel grades copper is an impurity). In order to increase the alloys copper and niobium content, copper-bearing raw materials may also be added as an agglomerated feed or as a fine feed to the smelting. The feed mix may contain copper bearing raw material in an amount sufficient to provide a copper content between 0.01 and 30 wt-%, preferably 0.5 and 30 wt-%, more preferably 0.5 and 10 wt-%, most preferably between 0.5 and 5 wt-% in the feed mix. The feed mix may contain niobium (also referred as colum-bium) bearing raw material in an amount sufficient to provide a niobium content between 0.01 and 30 wt-%, preferably between 0.5 and 30 wt-%, more preferably be-tween 0.5 and 10 wt-%, most preferable between 0.5 and 5 wt-% in the feed mix.
Copper is added to stainless steels to increase their resistance to certain corrosive environments. Cop-per also decreases susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking and provides age-hardening effect.
Niobium combines with carbon to reduce suscep-tibility to intergranular corrosion. Niobium acts as a grain refiner and promotes the formation of ferrite.
The manganese, nickel and molybdenum content in the smelting feed may be selected based on the end product (stainless steel) requirements so that the con-
The smelting feed can be in an agglomerated form or an unagglomerated form or mixture of them.
In some stainless steel grades also copper and and/or niobium (referred also as Columbium) is alloyed in small quantities (in major stainless steel grades copper is an impurity). In order to increase the alloys copper and niobium content, copper-bearing raw materials may also be added as an agglomerated feed or as a fine feed to the smelting. The feed mix may contain copper bearing raw material in an amount sufficient to provide a copper content between 0.01 and 30 wt-%, preferably 0.5 and 30 wt-%, more preferably 0.5 and 10 wt-%, most preferably between 0.5 and 5 wt-% in the feed mix. The feed mix may contain niobium (also referred as colum-bium) bearing raw material in an amount sufficient to provide a niobium content between 0.01 and 30 wt-%, preferably between 0.5 and 30 wt-%, more preferably be-tween 0.5 and 10 wt-%, most preferable between 0.5 and 5 wt-% in the feed mix.
Copper is added to stainless steels to increase their resistance to certain corrosive environments. Cop-per also decreases susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking and provides age-hardening effect.
Niobium combines with carbon to reduce suscep-tibility to intergranular corrosion. Niobium acts as a grain refiner and promotes the formation of ferrite.
The manganese, nickel and molybdenum content in the smelting feed may be selected based on the end product (stainless steel) requirements so that the con-
6 sumption of the traditional (typically expensive) al-loying elements is minimized in the following refining stages of the stainless steel (converting, alloying).
Also the produced ferrochromium alloy with desired con-tent of manganese, nickel and molybdenum can be later refined and/or diluted with scrap addition and/or al-loyed with traditional alloying substances in the down-stream process steps. Examples of compositions of stain-less steel grades are presented in Tables 1-4.
Also the produced ferrochromium alloy with desired con-tent of manganese, nickel and molybdenum can be later refined and/or diluted with scrap addition and/or al-loyed with traditional alloying substances in the down-stream process steps. Examples of compositions of stain-less steel grades are presented in Tables 1-4.
7 tµ.) o 1-, oe TABLE 1: CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOME REGISTERED 200-SERIES GRADES (in wt-%) O-1-, 1-, .6.
c, AI
SI
16.0 16.0 16.0 15.0 17.0 15.0 15.5 15.5 17.0 17.5 17.5 17.0 16.0 -Cr 18.0 P
18.0 18.0 17.5 18.0 19.0 17.0 17.5 17.5 18.5 22.0 22.0 19.0 .
14.0 14.0 11.5 .
5.5 - 5.5 - 6.4 - 4.0 - 7.5 - 5.0 - 7.0 - 6.5 -7.5 - 7.5 -Mn .
7.5 7.5 7.5 6.0 10.0 6.5 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 .
15.5 16.0 14.5 .
2.25 , 3.5 - 3.5 - 4.0 - 4.0 - 4.0 - 4.0 - 1.5 - 1.5 -1.5 - 1.0 5.0 - 5.0 - I
Ni , 5.5 5.5 5.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 3.0 3.5 3.5 max.
7.0 7.0 , .
3.75 .
0.10 0.08 0.15 0.05 0.32 0.25 0.25 0.20 N
0.25 0.25 0.25 0.35 max. max. max. min.
0.25 0.20 0.30 0.25 0.40 0.50 0.50 0.40 0.12 C
0.15 0.03 0.03 0.15 0.15 0.08 0.03 0.15 0.12 0.08 0.03 0.08 max. max. max. max. max. max. max. max. max. max. max. max.
0.25 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.040 0.030 0.18 - 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 Iv n s 1-i max. max. max. max. max. 0.35 max. max. max. max. max. max. max.
F-Ii3 Ot Cu Cu Cu Mo Mo w =
he 1.0 1.75 - 2.0 -2.0 - 2.0 - 1..
rs max. 2.25 4.0 3.0 3.0 =
un =
un w m
c, AI
SI
16.0 16.0 16.0 15.0 17.0 15.0 15.5 15.5 17.0 17.5 17.5 17.0 16.0 -Cr 18.0 P
18.0 18.0 17.5 18.0 19.0 17.0 17.5 17.5 18.5 22.0 22.0 19.0 .
14.0 14.0 11.5 .
5.5 - 5.5 - 6.4 - 4.0 - 7.5 - 5.0 - 7.0 - 6.5 -7.5 - 7.5 -Mn .
7.5 7.5 7.5 6.0 10.0 6.5 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 .
15.5 16.0 14.5 .
2.25 , 3.5 - 3.5 - 4.0 - 4.0 - 4.0 - 4.0 - 1.5 - 1.5 -1.5 - 1.0 5.0 - 5.0 - I
Ni , 5.5 5.5 5.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 3.0 3.5 3.5 max.
7.0 7.0 , .
3.75 .
0.10 0.08 0.15 0.05 0.32 0.25 0.25 0.20 N
0.25 0.25 0.25 0.35 max. max. max. min.
0.25 0.20 0.30 0.25 0.40 0.50 0.50 0.40 0.12 C
0.15 0.03 0.03 0.15 0.15 0.08 0.03 0.15 0.12 0.08 0.03 0.08 max. max. max. max. max. max. max. max. max. max. max. max.
0.25 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.040 0.030 0.18 - 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 Iv n s 1-i max. max. max. max. max. 0.35 max. max. max. max. max. max. max.
F-Ii3 Ot Cu Cu Cu Mo Mo w =
he 1.0 1.75 - 2.0 -2.0 - 2.0 - 1..
rs max. 2.25 4.0 3.0 3.0 =
un =
un w m
8 t..) o cio Table 2: CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOME REGISTERED 300-SERIES GRADES (in wt-%) .6.
AISI C N Cr Ni Mo Mn Si Other Other Other 301 tensile 0.08 0.4 16.6 6.8 0.2 1.0 0.45 0.001 S 0.03 P 0.3 Cu 301 drawing 0.08 0.04 17.4 7.4 0.02 1.7 0.4 0.007 S 0.03 P 0.6 Cu 304 0.05 0.05 18.3 8.1 0.3 1.8 0.45 0.001 S 0.03 P 0.3 Cu 304 drawing 0.05 0.04 19.4 8.6 0.3 1.8 0.45 0.001 S 0.03 P 0.3 Cu 304 extra drawing 0.06 0.04 19.3 9.1 0.3 1.8 0.45 0.001 S 0.030 P 0.4 Cu p 304L tubing 0.02 0.09 18.3 8.1 0.3 1.8 0.45 0.013 S 0.030 P 0.4 Cu r., 305 0.05 0.02 18,8 12.1 0.2 0.8 0.60 0.001 S 0.02 P 0.2 Cu r., 321 0.05 0.10 17.7 9.1 0.03 1.0 0.45 0.001 S 0.03 P 0.4 Ti , , 316L 0.02 0.0 16.4 10.5 2.1 1.8 0.50 0.001 S 0.03 P 0.4 Cu ,-o n ,-i F-t t.., =
=
vi Table 3: CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOME REGISTERED 400-SERIES GRADES (in wt-%) =
vi w cio c) c) c) c) c) c) c) X-1 ¨1 ¨1 ¨1 ¨1 ¨1 ¨1 c) c) Lo or) or) or) c) c) c) Z c) I I I I c) c) Lo Lo c) CV CV Lo CV
CS) Lo Lo Lo [---- r--- r---O 0 Lo c) c) Lo k.o r--- Lo c) -H
r--- Lo c) c) c) Lo c) cs) o-, co ¨1 ¨1 CV
Lo Lo c) c) cs) Lo c) c)rH o k.o r---- r--- Lo u ¨1 ¨1 CV
O 0 Lo or) CO CV CV CV Or) CV
----.
>i H
0 Cf) H H CS) Lo H F4 0 0 Or) Or) Cr) Cr) Lo c) w o cio Table 4: CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOME REGISTERED DUPLEX STAINLESS STEEL GRADES
(in wt-%) .6.
Common UNS No, C Cr Ni Mo N
Mn Cu Other name S31200 0.030 24.0-26.0 5.5-6.5 1.20-2.00 0.14-0.20 2.00 S31260 0.030 24.0-26.0 5.5-7.5 2.5-3.5 0.10-0.30 1.00 0.2- W 0.10-0.8 0.50 P
S32001 0.030 19.5-21.5 1.00-3.00 0.60 0.05-0.17 2.0-6.0 1.00 - .
S32003 0.030 19.5-22.5 3.0-4.0 1.50-2.00 0.14-0.20 2.00 .3 S32101 0.040 21.0-22.0 1.35-1.7 0.10-0.80 0.20-0.25 4.0-6.0 0.10- -.
, , 0.80 , , S32202 0.030 21.5-24.0 1.00-2.80 0.45 0.18-0.26 2.00-2.50 2304 S32304 0.030 21.5-24.5 1.0-5.5 0.05-0.60 0.05-0.20 2.00 0.05- -0.60 2205 S31803 0.030 21.0-23.0 4.5-6.5 2.5-3.5 0.08-0.20 2.00 Iv 2205 S32205 0.030 22.0-23.0 4.5-6.5 3.0-3.5 0.14-0.20 1.00 n ,-i F-t S32506 0.030 24.0-26.0 5.5-7.2 3.0-3.5 0.08-0.20 1.50 W 0.05- w o ,.., 0.30 --.1 o v, o v, w m S32520 0.030 24.0-26.0 5.5-8.0 3.0-4.0 0.20-0.35 1.50 0.50- -It 2.00 t 255 S32550 0.04 24.0-27.0 4.5-6.5 2.9-3.9 0.10-0.25 1.50 1.50- -2.50 2507 S325750 0.030 24.0-26.0 6.0-8.0 3.0-5.0 0.24-0.32 1.20 0.50 -S325760 0.030 24.0-26.0 6.0-8.0 3.0-4.0 0.20-0.30 1.00 0.50- W 0.50-1.00 1.00 S325808 0.030 27.0-27.9 7.0-8.2 0.8-1.2 0.30-0.40 1.10 W 2.10- P
2.50 .f3 S325906 0.030 28.0-20.0 5.8-7-5 1.50-2.60 0.30-0.40 0.80-1.5 0.80 - 2g r., S32950 0.030 26.0-29.9 3.50-5.20 1.00-2.50 0.15-0.35 2.00 ,E!
I
S39274 0.030 24.0-26.0 6.8-8.0 2.5-3.5 0.24-0.32 1.0 0.20- W 1.50-0.80 2.50 S82011 0.030 20.5-23.5 1.0-2.0 0.10-1.00 0.15-0.27 2.0-3.0 0.50 .
Iv n 1-i ;:t7".1 o t7;
a All raw materials used in the process according to the invention may contain certain impurities (typical slag formers), such as A1203, MgO, CaO, SiO2 and similar oxides to these. Similar compounds are also contained in the chromite concentrate and fluxing agents used in the conventional FeCr smelting. Therefore, those impu-rities need not be removed from the raw materials when directed to smelting stage. This enables the use of low cost manganese, nickel and molybdenum sources compared to the use of highly refined alloying elements used in traditional stainless steel production, such as FeMn, SiMn, FeNi or FeMo. The consumption of traditional al-loying elements is decreased according to the invention.
The manganese bearing raw material is a solid compound, typically manganese ore or manganese ore con-centrate. Manganese may exist as manganese oxide, man-ganese hydroxide, metallic manganese, manganese car-bonate, manganese sulphide, manganese sulphates manga-nese salts or similar compounds and any mixtures of them. The manganese-bearing raw material can contain, for instance, calcinated molybdenum bearing material.
The nickel-bearing raw material is a solid com-pound and typically contains at least part of the fol-lowing: nickel hydroxides, nickel carbonates, nickel oxides, nickel sulphides, metallic nickel, nickel sul-phates or other compounds, and any mixtures of thereof and/or known nickel salts. The nickel-bearing raw mate-rial can contain, for instance, calcinated nickel con-centrate from sulfidic ore beneficiation, or an inter-mediate product from hydrometallurgical process steps of lateritic nickel ore processing.
The molybdenum bearing raw material is a solid compound, typically molybdenum ore or molybdenum ore concentrate. Molybdenum may exist as molybdenum oxide, molybdenum hydroxide, molybdenum salt, metallic molyb-denum, molybdenum carbonate, molybdenum sulphide, mo-lybdenum sulphates or similar compounds and any mixtures of them. Molybdenum source can be also originating as an intermediate product from chemical industry or from beneficiation process. The molybdenum-bearing raw mate-rial can contain, for instance, calcinated molybdenum bearing material.
The copper-bearing raw material is a solid com-pound, typically copper ore or copper ore concentrate.
Copper may exist as copperoxide, coppersulphide, cop-persulphate, metallic copper, copperhydroxide, copper-salts or similar compounds or any mixtures of them.
The smelting vessel for the smelting feed can be any kind of, where smelting and reducing energy orig-mating from chemical and/or electrical energy. The smelting vessel can for example be a furnace vessel of an AC, DC, or induction electric furnace or gas heated furnaces or oxidizable substance heated furnaces.
Preferably the smelting feed for production of ferrochromium alloy with desired content of manganese, nickel and molybdenum is as a form of agglomerates, more preferably as sintered pellets and are preferably di-rected to preheating prior to submerged arc furnace smelting and reduced with carbon based reductant.
The smelting feed can be also reduced with re-ducing gases but more preferably by carbon to gain de-sired reduction degree of the smelting feed.
Energy for smelting can be provided by chemical energy or/and by electrical energy; preferably in a sub-merged electric arc furnace if smelting feed is as a form of mechanically durable agglomerates. Preferably the smelting can be conducted in an open/semiopen bath method if the smelting feed is too fine to ensure proper gas flow from the reaction zone.
The smelting feed in preceding process can be pretreated prior to smelting such methods as grinding, agglomeration, drying, calcinating, heat-treatment, prereduction, preheating, and similar to these processes and any combination of these processes.
In another embodiment, smelting feed according to the invention further comprises at least one fluxing agent as defined herein. Preferable fluxing agents com-prise silicon, aluminium, calcium and magnesium bearing materials or any mixture thereof. Such flux materials include e.g. quartz, bauxite, olivine, wollastonite, lime, and dolomite. Mixture of the flux materials men-tioned above may be used depending on the ratio of slag forming components in the smelting feed without the fluxes.
In the preferred embodiment, where major part of the smelting feed is agglomerates or lumpy ore which are reduced with carbon reductant. Submerged arc AC
furnace is utilized with preheating kiln. Typically quartz is used as a primary fluxing agent. Also other fluxes such as limestone, olivine, bauxite, or dolomite may be added for adjusting the slag chemistry.
The smelting feed as an agglomerated feed or a lumpy feed or a fine feed mix may also contain the mixture of them. For example, the fine mix feed as a smelting feed may also contain lumpy feed materials as an additional feed material as desired fluxes, reduct-ant, possible residuals or pyrometallurgical slags.
For the purpose of this description, the term "carbonaceous material" stands for any compound serving as a source of elemental carbon which can undergo oxi-dation to carbon dioxide in metallurgical processes such as smelting. Typical examples for carbonaceous material are carbides, coke, char, coal, and anthracite and the combination of thereof.
The novel ferrochromium alloy (with desired content of manganese, nickel and molybdenum) production technology described herein is based on using the iron, chromium, bearing feed mix as the smelting feed with variable content of at least one of the following ele-ments: manganese, nickel and molybdenum. The composition of the feed mix is advantageous for smelting because due 5 to its manganese, nickel and molybdenum content. The use of these feed materials reduces the smelting process energy per tapped ferrochromium alloy, enhances energy efficiency and enables high productivity. It has been observed that the smelting feed containing manganese, 10 nickel or molybdenum reduces more easily in solid state reduction, as the reducing gases, such as CO, reduce the feed material more aggressively than in the case of normal ferrochrome smelting. Another benefit is that especially the combination of manganese and nickel in 15 the ferrochromium alloy lowers the alloy liquidus tem-perature compared to traditional FeCr smelting. These factors stated above together reduce the electrical en-ergy consumption and enhance significantly the reaction kinetics (better metal recovery) compared to the tradi-tional FeCr smelting. Furthermore, if ferrochromium al-loy smelting is integrated with stainless steel plant, more key elements can be directed as a molten ferro-chromium alloy to the stainless steel plant and the energy as molten ferrochromium alloy is saved compared to the conventional way, where mostly all of the key elements are smelted from solid substances.
In an embodiment of the process, the feed mix containing in percentages of mass:
= Mn 1.5 to 35 wt-%, preferably 2 to 25 wt-%, more preferably 2 to 20 wt-%, = Ni below 30 wt-%, = Mo below 30 wt-%, = Cu below 30 wt-%, and = Nb below 30 wt-%.
In an embodiment of the process, the feed mix con-taining in percentages of mass:
= Ni 1.0 to 30 wt-%, preferably 2 to 26 wt-%, more preferably 2 to 24 wt-%, most pref-erably 2 to 20 wt-%, = Mn below 35 wt-%, = Mo below 30 wt-%, = Cu below 30 wt-%, and = Nb below 30 wt-%.
In an embodiment of the process, the feed mix containing in percentages of mass:
= Mo 0.5 to 30 wt-%, preferably 1 to 10 wt-%, more preferably 1 to 5 wt-%, = Mn below 35 wt-%, = Ni below 30 wt-%, = Cu below 30 wt-%, and = Nb below 30 wt-%.
In an embodiment of the process, the feed mix containing in percentages of mass:
= Cu 0.5 to 30 wt-%, preferably 1 to 10 wt-%, more preferably 1 to 5 wt-%, = Mn below 35 wt-%, = Ni below 30 wt-%, = Mo below 30 wt-%, and = Nb below 30 wt-%.
In an embodiment of the process, the feed mix containing in percentages of mass:
= Nb 0.5 to 30 wt-%, preferably 1 to 10 wt-%, more preferably 1 to 5 wt-%, = Mn below 35 wt-%, = Ni below 30 wt-%, = Mo below 30 wt-%, and = Cu below 30 wt-%.
In an embodiment of the process, the feed mix containing in percentages of mass:
= Mn 1.0 to 35 wt-%, preferably 2 to 25 wt-%, more preferably 2 to 20 wt-%, = Ni 1.0 to 30 wt-%, preferably 1 to 26 wt-%, more preferably 1 to 24 wt-%, most pref-erably 1 to 20 wt-%, = Mo below 30 wt-%, = Cu below 30 wt-%, and = Nb below 30 wt-%.
In an embodiment of the process, the feed mix containing in percentages of mass:
= Mn 1.0 to 35 wt-%, preferably 2 to 25 wt-%, more preferably 2 to 20wt-%, = Ni 1.0 to 30 wt-%, preferably 1 to 26 wt-%, more preferably 1 to 24 wt-%, most preferably 1 to 20 wt-%, = Mo 0.5 to 30 wt-%, preferably 1 to 10 wt-%, more preferably 1 to 5 wt-%, = Cu below 30 wt-%, and = Nb below 30 wt-%.
In an embodiment of the process, the feed mix con-taining in percentages of mass:
= Mn 1.5 to 35 wt-%, preferably 2 to 25 wt-%, more preferably 2 to 20 wt-%, = Ni below 30 wt-%, = Mo below 30 wt-%, = Cu below 30 wt-%, and = Nb below 30 wt-%, = the balance being Fe, Cr and inevitable impurities such as Ti, V. S, Mg, Ca, Si, and Al.
In an embodiment of the process, the feed mix con-taming in percentages of mass:
= Ni 1.0 to 30 wt-%, preferably 2 to 26 wt-%, more preferably 2 to 24 wt-%, most pref-erably 2 to 20 wt-%, = Mn below 35 wt-%, = Mo below 30 wt-%, = Cu below 30 wt-%, and = Nb below 30 wt-%, = the balance being Fe, Cr and inevitable impurities such as Ti, V. S, Mg, Ca, Si, and Al.
In an embodiment of the process, the feed mix con-taining in percentages of mass:
= Mo 0.5 to 30 wt-%, preferably 1 to 10 wt-%, more preferably 1 to 5 wt-%, = Mn below 35 wt-%, = Ni below 30 wt-%, = Cu below 30 wt-%, and = Nb below 30 wt-%, = the balance being Fe, Cr and inevitable impurities such as Ti, V, S, Mg, Ca, Si, and Al.
In an embodiment of the process, the feed mix con-taming in percentages of mass:
= Cu 0.5 to 30 wt-%, preferably 1 to 10 wt-%, more preferably 1 to 5 wt-%, = Mn below 35 wt-%, = Ni below 30 wt-%, = Mo below 30 wt-%, and = Nb below 30 wt-%, = the balance being Fe, Cr and inevitable impurities such as Ti, V, S, Mg, Ca, Si, and Al.
In an embodiment of the process, the feed mix con-taining in percentages of mass:
= Nb 0.5 to 30 wt-%, preferably 1 to 10 wt-%, more preferably 1 to 5 wt-%, = Mn below 35 wt-%, = Ni below 30 wt-%, = Mo below 30 wt-%, and = Cu below 30 wt-%, = the balance being Fe, Cr and inevitable impurities such as Ti, V. S, Mg, Ca, Si, and Al.
In an embodiment of the process, the feed mix con-taining in percentages of mass:
= Mn 1.0 to 35 wt-%, preferably 2 to 25 wt-%, more preferably 2 to 20 wt-%, = Ni 1.0 to 30 wt-%, preferably 1 to 26 wt-%, more preferably 1 to 24 wt-%, most pref-erably 1 to 20 wt-%, = Mo below 30 wt-%, = Cu below 30 wt-%, and = Nb below 30 wt-%, = the balance being Fe, Cr and inevitable impurities such as Ti, V, S, Mg, Ca, Si, and Al.
In an embodiment of the process, the feed mix con-taining in percentages of mass:
= Mn 1.0 to 35 wt-%, preferably 2 to 25 wt-%, more preferably 2 to 20 wt-%, = Ni 1.0 to 30 wt-%, preferably 1 to 26 wt-%, more preferably 1 to 24 wt-%, most preferably 1 to 20 wt-%, = Mo 0.5 to 30 wt-%, preferably 1 to 10 wt-%, more preferably 1 to 5 wt-%, = Cu below 30 wt-%, and = Nb below 30 wt-%, = the balance being Fe, Cr and inevitable impurities such as Ti, V. S, Mg, Ca, Si, and Al.
5 In an embodiment of the process, the feed mix containing in percentages of mass:
= Mn 2 to 30 wt-%, preferably 5 to 30 wt-%, more preferably 10 to 30 wt-%
= Ni 0.1 to 20 wt-%, preferably 0.1 to 15 10 wt-%, more preferably 0.1 to 11 wt-%, = Mo below 30 wt-%, = Cu below 30 wt-%, and = Nb below 30 wt-%.
One reason for using the selected manganese 15 content is that a high compressive strength is achieved at a low heat-treatment temperature, which means that the energy needed in the heat-treatment is low. Addi-tionally, cheap manganese sources can be utilized in the production of certain stainless steels. Manganese also 20 replaces expensive nickel in (austenic) stainless steel.
Both magnanese and nick-el in FeCr lowers the liquidus point of the ferroal-loy. A high Manganese amount en-hances reducibility of the heat treated agglomerates One reasons for using the selected nickel content is that every added nickel enhances the pro-cess chain. A
Higher amount of nickel is not needed, because manganese bearing stainless steels are to replace nickel. However, higher nickel amounts are suitable. Additionally low cost nickel bearing material can be used to produce metallic Ni into ferroalloy.
In an embodiment of the process, the feed mix con-taining in percentages of mass:
= Mn 0.1 to 20 wt-%, preferably 0.1 to 15 wt-%, more preferably 0.1 to 10 wt-%, = Ni 2 to 30 wt-%, preferably 1 to 20 wt-%, more preferably 2 to 12 wt-%, = Mo below 30 wt-%, = Cu below 30 wt-%, and = Nb below 30 wt-%.
One reason for using the selected manganese content is that in basic austenitic steels, the man-ganese content has limits. Therefore, it is prefera-ble to limit active addition of Manganase in FeCrNi(Mn) to certain amount. However, every added manganese has ben-efit in the process chain of pro-ducing ferroalloy. Add-ing manganese minimizes the need of additional fluxes.
Together with nickel into ferrochromium alloy, manganese decreases the liqui-dus of the metal.
One reasons for using the selected nickel content is that nickel mixed and bound together with iron and chro-mium bearing material is advantageous and enhances the process, especially in the reducing stage. Additionally, a vast amount of stainless steel contains nickel as a base metal and every add-ed nickel amount is preferable for the whole process chain.
In an embodiment of the process, the feed mix con-taining in percentages of mass:
= Mn 2 to 30 wt-%, preferably 5 to 30 wt-%, more preferably 10 to 30 wt-%, = Ni 0.1 to 20 wt-%, preferably 0.1 to 15 wt-%, preferably 0.1 to 11 wt-%
= Mo below 30 wt-%, = Cu below 30 wt-%, and = Nb below 30 wt-%, = the balance being Fe, Cr and inevitable impurities such as Ti, V. S, Mg, Ca, Si, and Al.
One reason for using the selected manganese content is that a high compressive strength is achieved at a low heat-treatment temperature, which means that the energy needed in the heat-treatment is low. Addi-tionally, cheap manganese sources can be utilized in the production of certain stainless steels. Manganese also replaces expensive nickel in (austenic) stainless steel.
Both magnanese and nick-el in FeCr lowers the liquidus point of the ferroal-loy. A high Manganese amount en-hances reducibility of the heat treated agglomerates One reasons for using the selected nickel content is that every added nickel enhances the pro-cess chain. A
Higher amount of nickel is not needed, because manganese bearing stainless steels are to replace nickel. However, higher nickel amounts are suitable. Additionally low cost nickel bearing mate-rial can be used to produce metallic Ni into ferroalloy.
In an embodiment of the process, the feed mix con-taming in percentages of mass:
= Mn 0.1 to 20 wt-%, preferably 0.1 to 15 wt-%, more preferably 0.1 to 10 wt-%, = Ni 1 to 30 wt-%, preferably 1 to 20 wt-%, more preferably 2 to 12 wt-%
= Mo below 30 wt-%, = Cu below 30 wt-%, and = Nb below 30 wt-%, = the balance being Fe, Cr and inevitable impurities such as Ti, V. S, Mg, Ca, Si, and Al.
One reason for using the selected manganese content is that in basic austenitic steels, the man-ganese content has limits. Therefore, it is prefera-ble to limit active addition of Manganase in FeCrNi(Mn) to certain amount. However, every added manganese has ben-efit in the process chain of producing ferroalloy. Add-ing manganese minimizes the need of additional fluxes.
Together with nickel into ferrochromium alloy, manganese decreases the liquidus of the metal.
One reasons for using the selected nickel con-tent is that nickel mixed and bound together with iron and chromium bearing material is advantageous and en-hances the process, especially in the reducing stage.
Additionally, a vast amount of stainless steel contains nickel as a base metal and every add-ed nickel amount is preferable for the whole process chain.
In the process, it is possible that the chro-mium bearing raw material is not 100 % chromium, that the iron bearing raw material is not 100 % iron, that the optional manganese bearing raw material is not 100 % manganese, that the optional nickel bearing raw mate-rial is not 100 % nickel, that the optional molybdenum bearing raw material is not 100 % molybdenum, the op-tional copper bearing raw material is not 100 % copper, and that the optional niobium bearing raw material is not 100 % niobium, which means that any one of said raw materials can contain other elements and in some cases these elements can be stated to be impurities leading to that the agglomeration feed will consequently contain additionally other elements as impurities, i.e. compo-nents which are not actively added to the agglomeration feed. These other elements as impurities in some cases can varied in the composition from couple of part of million to several percentages of the added material.
For example chromium bearing material can also contain some manganese within concluding that the materials can contain simultaneously several elements both as desired and as impurities.
As a reference, a process balance model was constructed, simulating the typical ferrochrome smelt-ing process with a 100 000 tpa FeCr alloy production.
In the balance pellets are used as the main feed mate-rial. The sintered pellets comprises of chromite con-centrate (no manganese or nickel addition).
23.0 t/h sintered pellets are fed together with 6.6 t/h of metallurgical coke and 3.8 t/h quartz to a preheating kiln. From the preheater a furnace feed mix at 600 C is fed to the closed and sealed submerged arc AC furnace equipped with three electrodes. Furnace ac-tive power is 35.8 MW (heat loss assumed at 8 %).
As a product 11.4 t/h of FeCr at 1580 C is obtained together with 11.2. t/h of slag at 1700 C. The resulted specific energy consumption is 3135 kWh/t of tapped alloy. Alloy composition is 38.7 wt-% Fe, 49.6 wt-% Cr, 7.2 wt-% C, 4.5 wt-% Si.
A process balance model was constructed, sim-ulating the novel process with a 100 000 tpa FeCrMn alloy production. In the balance pellets are used as the main feed material. The sintered pellets comprises 70 wt-% of chromite concentrate and 30 wt-% of manganese ore (carbonate based ore). This addition results in a sintered pellet with 16.0 wt-% of manganese content.
20.4 t/h sintered pellets are fed together with 5.8 t/h of metallurgical coke and 1.9 t/h quartz to a preheating kiln. From the preheater a furnace feed mix at 600 C is fed to the closed and sealed submerged arc AC furnace equipped with three electrodes. Furnace ac-tive power is 30.0 MW (heat loss assumed at 8 %).
As a product 11.4 t/h of FeCrMn at 1568 C is obtained together with 7.1 t/h of slag at 1688 C. The resulted specific energy consumption is 2628 kWh/t of tapped alloy. Alloy composition is 31.4 wt-% Fe, 33.2 wt-% Cr, 26.3 wt-% Mn, 6 to 9wt-% C, because the amount of carbon can fluctuate in the process, and 3.0 wt-% Si.
A process balance model was constructed, sim-ulating the novel process with a 100 000 tpa FeCrMnNi alloy production. In the balance pellets are used as the main feed material. The sintered pellets comprises 40 wt-% of chromite concentrate, 31 wt-% of manganese ore (carbonate based ore) and 29 wt-% of nickel hydroxide.
This addition results in a sintered pellet with 17.5 wt-% manganese content and 16.1 wt-% nickel content.
18.1 t/h sintered pellets are fed together with 5 5.3 t/h of metallurgical coke and 1.7 t/h quartz to a preheating kiln. From the preheater a furnace feed mix at 600 C is fed to the closed and sealed submerged arc AC furnace equipped with three electrodes. Furnace ac-tive power is 24.6 MW (heat loss assumed at 8 %).
10 As a product 11.4 t/h of FeCrMnNi at 1447 C is obtained together with 5.1 t/h of slag at 1567 C. The resulted specific energy consumption is 2155 kWh/t of tapped alloy. Alloy composition is 20.9 wt-% Fe, 19.5 wt-% Cr, 25.5 wt-% Mn, 25.1 wt-% Ni, 5 to 8 wt-% C, 15 because the amount of carbon can fluctuate in the pro-cess, and 3.0 wt-% Si.
Conclusions 20 In table 2 the furnace sizes and energy consumptions for the examples are presented. In all of the cases the same 100 000 tpa alloy production (100 % availability) is assumed, making them comparable to one another.
25 Table 5. Furnace power and energy consumption.
Example Alloy type Furnace size Specific energy consumption No. - MW kWh/t alloy 1 (reference) FeCr 35.8 3135 2 FeCrMn25 30.0 2628 3 FeCrMn25Ni25 24.6 2155 As it can be seen the best scenario is clearly the production of the FeCrMnNi alloy as the energy consump-tion / t of alloy is reduced by about 30 % to the traditional FeCr alloy production. Energy is typically the one of the major OPEX component in smelting furnace operation.
Another significant difference of the novel methods com-pared to the traditional methods is the lower slag/metal ratio in the novel processes. However, if needed it can be increased based on the process requirements and it is depended on gangue minerals of the smelting feed materials.
Another major benefit of the novel process is that the manganese, nickel and molybdenum sources are signifi-cantly cheaper to the sources used in the stainless steel alloying step. In the novel process manganese, nickel and molybdenum are already included cost effec-tively in the alloy going into the stainless steel man-ufacturing process. Furthermore, if ferrochromium alloy smelting is integrated with stainless steel plant, at least part of the ferrochromium alloy production can be directed to the stainless steel plant as a molten phase, which is even more cost-effective.
AISI C N Cr Ni Mo Mn Si Other Other Other 301 tensile 0.08 0.4 16.6 6.8 0.2 1.0 0.45 0.001 S 0.03 P 0.3 Cu 301 drawing 0.08 0.04 17.4 7.4 0.02 1.7 0.4 0.007 S 0.03 P 0.6 Cu 304 0.05 0.05 18.3 8.1 0.3 1.8 0.45 0.001 S 0.03 P 0.3 Cu 304 drawing 0.05 0.04 19.4 8.6 0.3 1.8 0.45 0.001 S 0.03 P 0.3 Cu 304 extra drawing 0.06 0.04 19.3 9.1 0.3 1.8 0.45 0.001 S 0.030 P 0.4 Cu p 304L tubing 0.02 0.09 18.3 8.1 0.3 1.8 0.45 0.013 S 0.030 P 0.4 Cu r., 305 0.05 0.02 18,8 12.1 0.2 0.8 0.60 0.001 S 0.02 P 0.2 Cu r., 321 0.05 0.10 17.7 9.1 0.03 1.0 0.45 0.001 S 0.03 P 0.4 Ti , , 316L 0.02 0.0 16.4 10.5 2.1 1.8 0.50 0.001 S 0.03 P 0.4 Cu ,-o n ,-i F-t t.., =
=
vi Table 3: CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOME REGISTERED 400-SERIES GRADES (in wt-%) =
vi w cio c) c) c) c) c) c) c) X-1 ¨1 ¨1 ¨1 ¨1 ¨1 ¨1 c) c) Lo or) or) or) c) c) c) Z c) I I I I c) c) Lo Lo c) CV CV Lo CV
CS) Lo Lo Lo [---- r--- r---O 0 Lo c) c) Lo k.o r--- Lo c) -H
r--- Lo c) c) c) Lo c) cs) o-, co ¨1 ¨1 CV
Lo Lo c) c) cs) Lo c) c)rH o k.o r---- r--- Lo u ¨1 ¨1 CV
O 0 Lo or) CO CV CV CV Or) CV
----.
>i H
0 Cf) H H CS) Lo H F4 0 0 Or) Or) Cr) Cr) Lo c) w o cio Table 4: CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOME REGISTERED DUPLEX STAINLESS STEEL GRADES
(in wt-%) .6.
Common UNS No, C Cr Ni Mo N
Mn Cu Other name S31200 0.030 24.0-26.0 5.5-6.5 1.20-2.00 0.14-0.20 2.00 S31260 0.030 24.0-26.0 5.5-7.5 2.5-3.5 0.10-0.30 1.00 0.2- W 0.10-0.8 0.50 P
S32001 0.030 19.5-21.5 1.00-3.00 0.60 0.05-0.17 2.0-6.0 1.00 - .
S32003 0.030 19.5-22.5 3.0-4.0 1.50-2.00 0.14-0.20 2.00 .3 S32101 0.040 21.0-22.0 1.35-1.7 0.10-0.80 0.20-0.25 4.0-6.0 0.10- -.
, , 0.80 , , S32202 0.030 21.5-24.0 1.00-2.80 0.45 0.18-0.26 2.00-2.50 2304 S32304 0.030 21.5-24.5 1.0-5.5 0.05-0.60 0.05-0.20 2.00 0.05- -0.60 2205 S31803 0.030 21.0-23.0 4.5-6.5 2.5-3.5 0.08-0.20 2.00 Iv 2205 S32205 0.030 22.0-23.0 4.5-6.5 3.0-3.5 0.14-0.20 1.00 n ,-i F-t S32506 0.030 24.0-26.0 5.5-7.2 3.0-3.5 0.08-0.20 1.50 W 0.05- w o ,.., 0.30 --.1 o v, o v, w m S32520 0.030 24.0-26.0 5.5-8.0 3.0-4.0 0.20-0.35 1.50 0.50- -It 2.00 t 255 S32550 0.04 24.0-27.0 4.5-6.5 2.9-3.9 0.10-0.25 1.50 1.50- -2.50 2507 S325750 0.030 24.0-26.0 6.0-8.0 3.0-5.0 0.24-0.32 1.20 0.50 -S325760 0.030 24.0-26.0 6.0-8.0 3.0-4.0 0.20-0.30 1.00 0.50- W 0.50-1.00 1.00 S325808 0.030 27.0-27.9 7.0-8.2 0.8-1.2 0.30-0.40 1.10 W 2.10- P
2.50 .f3 S325906 0.030 28.0-20.0 5.8-7-5 1.50-2.60 0.30-0.40 0.80-1.5 0.80 - 2g r., S32950 0.030 26.0-29.9 3.50-5.20 1.00-2.50 0.15-0.35 2.00 ,E!
I
S39274 0.030 24.0-26.0 6.8-8.0 2.5-3.5 0.24-0.32 1.0 0.20- W 1.50-0.80 2.50 S82011 0.030 20.5-23.5 1.0-2.0 0.10-1.00 0.15-0.27 2.0-3.0 0.50 .
Iv n 1-i ;:t7".1 o t7;
a All raw materials used in the process according to the invention may contain certain impurities (typical slag formers), such as A1203, MgO, CaO, SiO2 and similar oxides to these. Similar compounds are also contained in the chromite concentrate and fluxing agents used in the conventional FeCr smelting. Therefore, those impu-rities need not be removed from the raw materials when directed to smelting stage. This enables the use of low cost manganese, nickel and molybdenum sources compared to the use of highly refined alloying elements used in traditional stainless steel production, such as FeMn, SiMn, FeNi or FeMo. The consumption of traditional al-loying elements is decreased according to the invention.
The manganese bearing raw material is a solid compound, typically manganese ore or manganese ore con-centrate. Manganese may exist as manganese oxide, man-ganese hydroxide, metallic manganese, manganese car-bonate, manganese sulphide, manganese sulphates manga-nese salts or similar compounds and any mixtures of them. The manganese-bearing raw material can contain, for instance, calcinated molybdenum bearing material.
The nickel-bearing raw material is a solid com-pound and typically contains at least part of the fol-lowing: nickel hydroxides, nickel carbonates, nickel oxides, nickel sulphides, metallic nickel, nickel sul-phates or other compounds, and any mixtures of thereof and/or known nickel salts. The nickel-bearing raw mate-rial can contain, for instance, calcinated nickel con-centrate from sulfidic ore beneficiation, or an inter-mediate product from hydrometallurgical process steps of lateritic nickel ore processing.
The molybdenum bearing raw material is a solid compound, typically molybdenum ore or molybdenum ore concentrate. Molybdenum may exist as molybdenum oxide, molybdenum hydroxide, molybdenum salt, metallic molyb-denum, molybdenum carbonate, molybdenum sulphide, mo-lybdenum sulphates or similar compounds and any mixtures of them. Molybdenum source can be also originating as an intermediate product from chemical industry or from beneficiation process. The molybdenum-bearing raw mate-rial can contain, for instance, calcinated molybdenum bearing material.
The copper-bearing raw material is a solid com-pound, typically copper ore or copper ore concentrate.
Copper may exist as copperoxide, coppersulphide, cop-persulphate, metallic copper, copperhydroxide, copper-salts or similar compounds or any mixtures of them.
The smelting vessel for the smelting feed can be any kind of, where smelting and reducing energy orig-mating from chemical and/or electrical energy. The smelting vessel can for example be a furnace vessel of an AC, DC, or induction electric furnace or gas heated furnaces or oxidizable substance heated furnaces.
Preferably the smelting feed for production of ferrochromium alloy with desired content of manganese, nickel and molybdenum is as a form of agglomerates, more preferably as sintered pellets and are preferably di-rected to preheating prior to submerged arc furnace smelting and reduced with carbon based reductant.
The smelting feed can be also reduced with re-ducing gases but more preferably by carbon to gain de-sired reduction degree of the smelting feed.
Energy for smelting can be provided by chemical energy or/and by electrical energy; preferably in a sub-merged electric arc furnace if smelting feed is as a form of mechanically durable agglomerates. Preferably the smelting can be conducted in an open/semiopen bath method if the smelting feed is too fine to ensure proper gas flow from the reaction zone.
The smelting feed in preceding process can be pretreated prior to smelting such methods as grinding, agglomeration, drying, calcinating, heat-treatment, prereduction, preheating, and similar to these processes and any combination of these processes.
In another embodiment, smelting feed according to the invention further comprises at least one fluxing agent as defined herein. Preferable fluxing agents com-prise silicon, aluminium, calcium and magnesium bearing materials or any mixture thereof. Such flux materials include e.g. quartz, bauxite, olivine, wollastonite, lime, and dolomite. Mixture of the flux materials men-tioned above may be used depending on the ratio of slag forming components in the smelting feed without the fluxes.
In the preferred embodiment, where major part of the smelting feed is agglomerates or lumpy ore which are reduced with carbon reductant. Submerged arc AC
furnace is utilized with preheating kiln. Typically quartz is used as a primary fluxing agent. Also other fluxes such as limestone, olivine, bauxite, or dolomite may be added for adjusting the slag chemistry.
The smelting feed as an agglomerated feed or a lumpy feed or a fine feed mix may also contain the mixture of them. For example, the fine mix feed as a smelting feed may also contain lumpy feed materials as an additional feed material as desired fluxes, reduct-ant, possible residuals or pyrometallurgical slags.
For the purpose of this description, the term "carbonaceous material" stands for any compound serving as a source of elemental carbon which can undergo oxi-dation to carbon dioxide in metallurgical processes such as smelting. Typical examples for carbonaceous material are carbides, coke, char, coal, and anthracite and the combination of thereof.
The novel ferrochromium alloy (with desired content of manganese, nickel and molybdenum) production technology described herein is based on using the iron, chromium, bearing feed mix as the smelting feed with variable content of at least one of the following ele-ments: manganese, nickel and molybdenum. The composition of the feed mix is advantageous for smelting because due 5 to its manganese, nickel and molybdenum content. The use of these feed materials reduces the smelting process energy per tapped ferrochromium alloy, enhances energy efficiency and enables high productivity. It has been observed that the smelting feed containing manganese, 10 nickel or molybdenum reduces more easily in solid state reduction, as the reducing gases, such as CO, reduce the feed material more aggressively than in the case of normal ferrochrome smelting. Another benefit is that especially the combination of manganese and nickel in 15 the ferrochromium alloy lowers the alloy liquidus tem-perature compared to traditional FeCr smelting. These factors stated above together reduce the electrical en-ergy consumption and enhance significantly the reaction kinetics (better metal recovery) compared to the tradi-tional FeCr smelting. Furthermore, if ferrochromium al-loy smelting is integrated with stainless steel plant, more key elements can be directed as a molten ferro-chromium alloy to the stainless steel plant and the energy as molten ferrochromium alloy is saved compared to the conventional way, where mostly all of the key elements are smelted from solid substances.
In an embodiment of the process, the feed mix containing in percentages of mass:
= Mn 1.5 to 35 wt-%, preferably 2 to 25 wt-%, more preferably 2 to 20 wt-%, = Ni below 30 wt-%, = Mo below 30 wt-%, = Cu below 30 wt-%, and = Nb below 30 wt-%.
In an embodiment of the process, the feed mix con-taining in percentages of mass:
= Ni 1.0 to 30 wt-%, preferably 2 to 26 wt-%, more preferably 2 to 24 wt-%, most pref-erably 2 to 20 wt-%, = Mn below 35 wt-%, = Mo below 30 wt-%, = Cu below 30 wt-%, and = Nb below 30 wt-%.
In an embodiment of the process, the feed mix containing in percentages of mass:
= Mo 0.5 to 30 wt-%, preferably 1 to 10 wt-%, more preferably 1 to 5 wt-%, = Mn below 35 wt-%, = Ni below 30 wt-%, = Cu below 30 wt-%, and = Nb below 30 wt-%.
In an embodiment of the process, the feed mix containing in percentages of mass:
= Cu 0.5 to 30 wt-%, preferably 1 to 10 wt-%, more preferably 1 to 5 wt-%, = Mn below 35 wt-%, = Ni below 30 wt-%, = Mo below 30 wt-%, and = Nb below 30 wt-%.
In an embodiment of the process, the feed mix containing in percentages of mass:
= Nb 0.5 to 30 wt-%, preferably 1 to 10 wt-%, more preferably 1 to 5 wt-%, = Mn below 35 wt-%, = Ni below 30 wt-%, = Mo below 30 wt-%, and = Cu below 30 wt-%.
In an embodiment of the process, the feed mix containing in percentages of mass:
= Mn 1.0 to 35 wt-%, preferably 2 to 25 wt-%, more preferably 2 to 20 wt-%, = Ni 1.0 to 30 wt-%, preferably 1 to 26 wt-%, more preferably 1 to 24 wt-%, most pref-erably 1 to 20 wt-%, = Mo below 30 wt-%, = Cu below 30 wt-%, and = Nb below 30 wt-%.
In an embodiment of the process, the feed mix containing in percentages of mass:
= Mn 1.0 to 35 wt-%, preferably 2 to 25 wt-%, more preferably 2 to 20wt-%, = Ni 1.0 to 30 wt-%, preferably 1 to 26 wt-%, more preferably 1 to 24 wt-%, most preferably 1 to 20 wt-%, = Mo 0.5 to 30 wt-%, preferably 1 to 10 wt-%, more preferably 1 to 5 wt-%, = Cu below 30 wt-%, and = Nb below 30 wt-%.
In an embodiment of the process, the feed mix con-taining in percentages of mass:
= Mn 1.5 to 35 wt-%, preferably 2 to 25 wt-%, more preferably 2 to 20 wt-%, = Ni below 30 wt-%, = Mo below 30 wt-%, = Cu below 30 wt-%, and = Nb below 30 wt-%, = the balance being Fe, Cr and inevitable impurities such as Ti, V. S, Mg, Ca, Si, and Al.
In an embodiment of the process, the feed mix con-taming in percentages of mass:
= Ni 1.0 to 30 wt-%, preferably 2 to 26 wt-%, more preferably 2 to 24 wt-%, most pref-erably 2 to 20 wt-%, = Mn below 35 wt-%, = Mo below 30 wt-%, = Cu below 30 wt-%, and = Nb below 30 wt-%, = the balance being Fe, Cr and inevitable impurities such as Ti, V. S, Mg, Ca, Si, and Al.
In an embodiment of the process, the feed mix con-taining in percentages of mass:
= Mo 0.5 to 30 wt-%, preferably 1 to 10 wt-%, more preferably 1 to 5 wt-%, = Mn below 35 wt-%, = Ni below 30 wt-%, = Cu below 30 wt-%, and = Nb below 30 wt-%, = the balance being Fe, Cr and inevitable impurities such as Ti, V, S, Mg, Ca, Si, and Al.
In an embodiment of the process, the feed mix con-taming in percentages of mass:
= Cu 0.5 to 30 wt-%, preferably 1 to 10 wt-%, more preferably 1 to 5 wt-%, = Mn below 35 wt-%, = Ni below 30 wt-%, = Mo below 30 wt-%, and = Nb below 30 wt-%, = the balance being Fe, Cr and inevitable impurities such as Ti, V, S, Mg, Ca, Si, and Al.
In an embodiment of the process, the feed mix con-taining in percentages of mass:
= Nb 0.5 to 30 wt-%, preferably 1 to 10 wt-%, more preferably 1 to 5 wt-%, = Mn below 35 wt-%, = Ni below 30 wt-%, = Mo below 30 wt-%, and = Cu below 30 wt-%, = the balance being Fe, Cr and inevitable impurities such as Ti, V. S, Mg, Ca, Si, and Al.
In an embodiment of the process, the feed mix con-taining in percentages of mass:
= Mn 1.0 to 35 wt-%, preferably 2 to 25 wt-%, more preferably 2 to 20 wt-%, = Ni 1.0 to 30 wt-%, preferably 1 to 26 wt-%, more preferably 1 to 24 wt-%, most pref-erably 1 to 20 wt-%, = Mo below 30 wt-%, = Cu below 30 wt-%, and = Nb below 30 wt-%, = the balance being Fe, Cr and inevitable impurities such as Ti, V, S, Mg, Ca, Si, and Al.
In an embodiment of the process, the feed mix con-taining in percentages of mass:
= Mn 1.0 to 35 wt-%, preferably 2 to 25 wt-%, more preferably 2 to 20 wt-%, = Ni 1.0 to 30 wt-%, preferably 1 to 26 wt-%, more preferably 1 to 24 wt-%, most preferably 1 to 20 wt-%, = Mo 0.5 to 30 wt-%, preferably 1 to 10 wt-%, more preferably 1 to 5 wt-%, = Cu below 30 wt-%, and = Nb below 30 wt-%, = the balance being Fe, Cr and inevitable impurities such as Ti, V. S, Mg, Ca, Si, and Al.
5 In an embodiment of the process, the feed mix containing in percentages of mass:
= Mn 2 to 30 wt-%, preferably 5 to 30 wt-%, more preferably 10 to 30 wt-%
= Ni 0.1 to 20 wt-%, preferably 0.1 to 15 10 wt-%, more preferably 0.1 to 11 wt-%, = Mo below 30 wt-%, = Cu below 30 wt-%, and = Nb below 30 wt-%.
One reason for using the selected manganese 15 content is that a high compressive strength is achieved at a low heat-treatment temperature, which means that the energy needed in the heat-treatment is low. Addi-tionally, cheap manganese sources can be utilized in the production of certain stainless steels. Manganese also 20 replaces expensive nickel in (austenic) stainless steel.
Both magnanese and nick-el in FeCr lowers the liquidus point of the ferroal-loy. A high Manganese amount en-hances reducibility of the heat treated agglomerates One reasons for using the selected nickel content is that every added nickel enhances the pro-cess chain. A
Higher amount of nickel is not needed, because manganese bearing stainless steels are to replace nickel. However, higher nickel amounts are suitable. Additionally low cost nickel bearing material can be used to produce metallic Ni into ferroalloy.
In an embodiment of the process, the feed mix con-taining in percentages of mass:
= Mn 0.1 to 20 wt-%, preferably 0.1 to 15 wt-%, more preferably 0.1 to 10 wt-%, = Ni 2 to 30 wt-%, preferably 1 to 20 wt-%, more preferably 2 to 12 wt-%, = Mo below 30 wt-%, = Cu below 30 wt-%, and = Nb below 30 wt-%.
One reason for using the selected manganese content is that in basic austenitic steels, the man-ganese content has limits. Therefore, it is prefera-ble to limit active addition of Manganase in FeCrNi(Mn) to certain amount. However, every added manganese has ben-efit in the process chain of pro-ducing ferroalloy. Add-ing manganese minimizes the need of additional fluxes.
Together with nickel into ferrochromium alloy, manganese decreases the liqui-dus of the metal.
One reasons for using the selected nickel content is that nickel mixed and bound together with iron and chro-mium bearing material is advantageous and enhances the process, especially in the reducing stage. Additionally, a vast amount of stainless steel contains nickel as a base metal and every add-ed nickel amount is preferable for the whole process chain.
In an embodiment of the process, the feed mix con-taining in percentages of mass:
= Mn 2 to 30 wt-%, preferably 5 to 30 wt-%, more preferably 10 to 30 wt-%, = Ni 0.1 to 20 wt-%, preferably 0.1 to 15 wt-%, preferably 0.1 to 11 wt-%
= Mo below 30 wt-%, = Cu below 30 wt-%, and = Nb below 30 wt-%, = the balance being Fe, Cr and inevitable impurities such as Ti, V. S, Mg, Ca, Si, and Al.
One reason for using the selected manganese content is that a high compressive strength is achieved at a low heat-treatment temperature, which means that the energy needed in the heat-treatment is low. Addi-tionally, cheap manganese sources can be utilized in the production of certain stainless steels. Manganese also replaces expensive nickel in (austenic) stainless steel.
Both magnanese and nick-el in FeCr lowers the liquidus point of the ferroal-loy. A high Manganese amount en-hances reducibility of the heat treated agglomerates One reasons for using the selected nickel content is that every added nickel enhances the pro-cess chain. A
Higher amount of nickel is not needed, because manganese bearing stainless steels are to replace nickel. However, higher nickel amounts are suitable. Additionally low cost nickel bearing mate-rial can be used to produce metallic Ni into ferroalloy.
In an embodiment of the process, the feed mix con-taming in percentages of mass:
= Mn 0.1 to 20 wt-%, preferably 0.1 to 15 wt-%, more preferably 0.1 to 10 wt-%, = Ni 1 to 30 wt-%, preferably 1 to 20 wt-%, more preferably 2 to 12 wt-%
= Mo below 30 wt-%, = Cu below 30 wt-%, and = Nb below 30 wt-%, = the balance being Fe, Cr and inevitable impurities such as Ti, V. S, Mg, Ca, Si, and Al.
One reason for using the selected manganese content is that in basic austenitic steels, the man-ganese content has limits. Therefore, it is prefera-ble to limit active addition of Manganase in FeCrNi(Mn) to certain amount. However, every added manganese has ben-efit in the process chain of producing ferroalloy. Add-ing manganese minimizes the need of additional fluxes.
Together with nickel into ferrochromium alloy, manganese decreases the liquidus of the metal.
One reasons for using the selected nickel con-tent is that nickel mixed and bound together with iron and chromium bearing material is advantageous and en-hances the process, especially in the reducing stage.
Additionally, a vast amount of stainless steel contains nickel as a base metal and every add-ed nickel amount is preferable for the whole process chain.
In the process, it is possible that the chro-mium bearing raw material is not 100 % chromium, that the iron bearing raw material is not 100 % iron, that the optional manganese bearing raw material is not 100 % manganese, that the optional nickel bearing raw mate-rial is not 100 % nickel, that the optional molybdenum bearing raw material is not 100 % molybdenum, the op-tional copper bearing raw material is not 100 % copper, and that the optional niobium bearing raw material is not 100 % niobium, which means that any one of said raw materials can contain other elements and in some cases these elements can be stated to be impurities leading to that the agglomeration feed will consequently contain additionally other elements as impurities, i.e. compo-nents which are not actively added to the agglomeration feed. These other elements as impurities in some cases can varied in the composition from couple of part of million to several percentages of the added material.
For example chromium bearing material can also contain some manganese within concluding that the materials can contain simultaneously several elements both as desired and as impurities.
As a reference, a process balance model was constructed, simulating the typical ferrochrome smelt-ing process with a 100 000 tpa FeCr alloy production.
In the balance pellets are used as the main feed mate-rial. The sintered pellets comprises of chromite con-centrate (no manganese or nickel addition).
23.0 t/h sintered pellets are fed together with 6.6 t/h of metallurgical coke and 3.8 t/h quartz to a preheating kiln. From the preheater a furnace feed mix at 600 C is fed to the closed and sealed submerged arc AC furnace equipped with three electrodes. Furnace ac-tive power is 35.8 MW (heat loss assumed at 8 %).
As a product 11.4 t/h of FeCr at 1580 C is obtained together with 11.2. t/h of slag at 1700 C. The resulted specific energy consumption is 3135 kWh/t of tapped alloy. Alloy composition is 38.7 wt-% Fe, 49.6 wt-% Cr, 7.2 wt-% C, 4.5 wt-% Si.
A process balance model was constructed, sim-ulating the novel process with a 100 000 tpa FeCrMn alloy production. In the balance pellets are used as the main feed material. The sintered pellets comprises 70 wt-% of chromite concentrate and 30 wt-% of manganese ore (carbonate based ore). This addition results in a sintered pellet with 16.0 wt-% of manganese content.
20.4 t/h sintered pellets are fed together with 5.8 t/h of metallurgical coke and 1.9 t/h quartz to a preheating kiln. From the preheater a furnace feed mix at 600 C is fed to the closed and sealed submerged arc AC furnace equipped with three electrodes. Furnace ac-tive power is 30.0 MW (heat loss assumed at 8 %).
As a product 11.4 t/h of FeCrMn at 1568 C is obtained together with 7.1 t/h of slag at 1688 C. The resulted specific energy consumption is 2628 kWh/t of tapped alloy. Alloy composition is 31.4 wt-% Fe, 33.2 wt-% Cr, 26.3 wt-% Mn, 6 to 9wt-% C, because the amount of carbon can fluctuate in the process, and 3.0 wt-% Si.
A process balance model was constructed, sim-ulating the novel process with a 100 000 tpa FeCrMnNi alloy production. In the balance pellets are used as the main feed material. The sintered pellets comprises 40 wt-% of chromite concentrate, 31 wt-% of manganese ore (carbonate based ore) and 29 wt-% of nickel hydroxide.
This addition results in a sintered pellet with 17.5 wt-% manganese content and 16.1 wt-% nickel content.
18.1 t/h sintered pellets are fed together with 5 5.3 t/h of metallurgical coke and 1.7 t/h quartz to a preheating kiln. From the preheater a furnace feed mix at 600 C is fed to the closed and sealed submerged arc AC furnace equipped with three electrodes. Furnace ac-tive power is 24.6 MW (heat loss assumed at 8 %).
10 As a product 11.4 t/h of FeCrMnNi at 1447 C is obtained together with 5.1 t/h of slag at 1567 C. The resulted specific energy consumption is 2155 kWh/t of tapped alloy. Alloy composition is 20.9 wt-% Fe, 19.5 wt-% Cr, 25.5 wt-% Mn, 25.1 wt-% Ni, 5 to 8 wt-% C, 15 because the amount of carbon can fluctuate in the pro-cess, and 3.0 wt-% Si.
Conclusions 20 In table 2 the furnace sizes and energy consumptions for the examples are presented. In all of the cases the same 100 000 tpa alloy production (100 % availability) is assumed, making them comparable to one another.
25 Table 5. Furnace power and energy consumption.
Example Alloy type Furnace size Specific energy consumption No. - MW kWh/t alloy 1 (reference) FeCr 35.8 3135 2 FeCrMn25 30.0 2628 3 FeCrMn25Ni25 24.6 2155 As it can be seen the best scenario is clearly the production of the FeCrMnNi alloy as the energy consump-tion / t of alloy is reduced by about 30 % to the traditional FeCr alloy production. Energy is typically the one of the major OPEX component in smelting furnace operation.
Another significant difference of the novel methods com-pared to the traditional methods is the lower slag/metal ratio in the novel processes. However, if needed it can be increased based on the process requirements and it is depended on gangue minerals of the smelting feed materials.
Another major benefit of the novel process is that the manganese, nickel and molybdenum sources are signifi-cantly cheaper to the sources used in the stainless steel alloying step. In the novel process manganese, nickel and molybdenum are already included cost effec-tively in the alloy going into the stainless steel man-ufacturing process. Furthermore, if ferrochromium alloy smelting is integrated with stainless steel plant, at least part of the ferrochromium alloy production can be directed to the stainless steel plant as a molten phase, which is even more cost-effective.
Claims (38)
1. Process for manufacturing ferrochromium alloy with desired content of manganese, nickel and molyb-denum, comprising the steps of:
- providing a feed mix comprising iron bearing mate-rial and chromium bearing material and optionally manganese bearing raw material, optionally nickel bearing raw material and optionally molybdenum bearing raw material;
- the feed mix containing iron bearing material and chromium bearing material in an amount sufficient to provide iron content between 5 and 75 wt-% in the feed mix and sufficient to provide chromium content between 5 and 70 wt-% in the feed mix;
- the feed mix containing manganese bearing raw ma-terial in an amount sufficient to provide a manga-nese content between 0 and 70 wt-% in the feed;
- the feed mix containing nickel bearing raw material in an amount sufficient to provide a nickel content between 0 and 50 wt-% in the feed;
- the feed mix containing molybdenum bearing raw ma-terial in an amount sufficient to provide a molyb-denum content between 0 and 40 wt-% in the feed;
- mixing the feed mix with reducing agent and fluxing agent to obtain smelting feed; and - smelting the smelting feed in an smelting vessel to obtain ferrochromium alloy with desired content of manganese, nickel and molybdenum.
- providing a feed mix comprising iron bearing mate-rial and chromium bearing material and optionally manganese bearing raw material, optionally nickel bearing raw material and optionally molybdenum bearing raw material;
- the feed mix containing iron bearing material and chromium bearing material in an amount sufficient to provide iron content between 5 and 75 wt-% in the feed mix and sufficient to provide chromium content between 5 and 70 wt-% in the feed mix;
- the feed mix containing manganese bearing raw ma-terial in an amount sufficient to provide a manga-nese content between 0 and 70 wt-% in the feed;
- the feed mix containing nickel bearing raw material in an amount sufficient to provide a nickel content between 0 and 50 wt-% in the feed;
- the feed mix containing molybdenum bearing raw ma-terial in an amount sufficient to provide a molyb-denum content between 0 and 40 wt-% in the feed;
- mixing the feed mix with reducing agent and fluxing agent to obtain smelting feed; and - smelting the smelting feed in an smelting vessel to obtain ferrochromium alloy with desired content of manganese, nickel and molybdenum.
2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the feed mix containing manganese bearing raw material in an amount sufficient to provide a manganese content be-tween 0.01 and 70 wt-% in the feed mix; preferably be-tween 0.01 and 40 wt-% in the feed mix, more preferably between 0.01 and 30 wt-% in the feed mix, even more preferably between 0.01 and 25 wt-% in the feed mix.
3. The process according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the manganese bearing raw material comprises any one of man-ganese oxide, manganese hydroxide, metallic manganese, manganese carbonate, manganese sulphide, manganese sul-phates, similar compounds and any mixtures of them.
4. The process according to any of the claims 1 to 3, wherein the feed mix containing nickel bearing raw material in an amount sufficient to provide a nickel content between 0.01 and 50 wt-% in the feed mix; pref-erably between 0.01 and 30 wt-% in the feed mix, more preferably between 0.01 and 25 wt-% in the feed mix, even more preferably between 0.01 and 20 wt-% in the feed mix.
5. The process according to claim 4, wherein the nickel bearing raw material comprises any one of nickel hy-droxide, nickel carbonate, metallic nickel, nickel ox-ide, nickel sulphide, nickel sulphate, nickel calcine after the roasting of sulfidic nickel concentrates, sim-ilar compounds and any mixture of them.
6. The process according to any of the claims 1 to 5, wherein the feed mix containing molybdenum bearing raw material in an amount sufficient to provide a mo-lybdenum content between 0.01 and 40 wt-% in the feed mix, preferably between 0.01 and 30 wt-%, in the feed mix more preferably between 0.01 and 10 wt-% in the feed mix.
7. The process according to any of the claims 1 to 6, wherein the molybdenum-bearing raw material comprises any one of molybdenum oxide, metallic molybdenum, mo-lybdenum hydroxide, molybdenum sulphide, molybdenum sulphates, molybdenum salts similar compounds and any mixtures of them.
8. The process according to any of the claims 1 to 7, wherein the feed mix containing copper bearing raw material in an amount sufficient to provide a copper content between 0.01 and 30 wt-%, preferably between 0.5 and 30 wt-%, more preferably between 0.5 and 10 wt-%, most preferably between 0.5 and 5 wt-%.
9. The process according to claim 8, wherein the cop-per-bearing raw material comprises any one of copper oxide, copper hydroxide, copper sulphide, metallic cop-per, copper sulphates, similar compounds and any mix-tures of them.
10. The process according to any of the claims 1 to 9, wherein the feed mix containing niobium bearing raw material in an amount sufficient to provide a nio-bium content between 0.01 and 30 wt-%, preferably be-tween 0.5 and 30 wt-%, more preferably between 0.5 and wt-%, most preferably between 0.5 and 5 wt-%.
11. The process according to claim 10, wherein the ni-obium-bearing raw material comprises any one of niobium oxide, niobium hydroxide, metallic niobium, niobium sul-phide, niobium sulphates, similar compounds and any mix-tures of them.
12. The process according to any of the claims 1 to 11, wherein the feed mix is provided as an agglomerate such as in the form of pellets, sinter or briquette or as unagglomerated fines or as lumpy ore or as a mixture of them.
13. The process according to any of the claims 1 to 12, wherein the reducing agent comprises at least one of metallurgical coke, coke, anthracite, coal or any other carbon bearing material or mixtures of them.
14. The process according to any of the claims 1 to 13, wherein the fluxing agent comprises at least one of silicon, aluminium, calcium and magnesium bearing mate-rials.
15. The process according to any of the claims 1 to 14, wherein the fluxing agent being any one of quartz, baux-ite, olivine wollastonite, lime, dolomite and pyromet-allurgical slags or any mixtures of them.
16. The process according to any of the claims 1 to 15, wherein the smelting vessel is a furnace vessel of an AC, DC or induction electric furnace or gas heated fur-naces or oxidizable substance heated furnaces.
17. The process according to any of the claims 1 to 16, wherein the feed mix containing iron bearing material in an amount sufficient to provide an iron content be-tween 5 and 75 wt-% in the feed mix, preferably between and 50 wt-% in the feed mix, more preferably between 10 and 45 wt-% in the feed mix, even more preferable between 10 and 30 wt-% in the feed mix.
18. The process according to any of the claims 1 to 17, wherein the feed mix containing chromium bearing mate-rial in an amount sufficient to provide a chromium con-tent between 5 and 70 wt-% in the feed mix, preferably between 12 and 50 wt-% in the feed mix, more preferably between 12 and 35 wt-% in the feed mix.
19. The process according to any of the claims 1 to 18, wherein the feed mix containing in percentages of mass:
.cndot. Mn 1.5 to 35 wt-%, preferably 2 to 25 wt-%, more preferably 2 to 20 wt-%, .cndot. Ni below 30 wt-%, .cndot. Mo below 30 wt-%, .cndot. Cu below 30 wt-%, and .cndot. Nb below 30 wt-%.
.cndot. Mn 1.5 to 35 wt-%, preferably 2 to 25 wt-%, more preferably 2 to 20 wt-%, .cndot. Ni below 30 wt-%, .cndot. Mo below 30 wt-%, .cndot. Cu below 30 wt-%, and .cndot. Nb below 30 wt-%.
20. The process according to any of the claims 1 to 18, wherein the feed mix containing in percentages of mass:
.cndot. Ni 1.0 to 30 wt-%, preferably 2 to 26 wt-%, more preferably 2 to 24 wt-%, most pref-erably 2 to 20 wt-%, .cndot. Mn below 35 wt-%, .cndot. Mo below 30 wt-%, .cndot. Cu below 30 wt-%, and .cndot. Nb below 30 wt-%.
.cndot. Ni 1.0 to 30 wt-%, preferably 2 to 26 wt-%, more preferably 2 to 24 wt-%, most pref-erably 2 to 20 wt-%, .cndot. Mn below 35 wt-%, .cndot. Mo below 30 wt-%, .cndot. Cu below 30 wt-%, and .cndot. Nb below 30 wt-%.
21. The process according to any of the claims 1 to 18, wherein the feed mix containing in percentages of mass:
.cndot. Mo 0.5 to 30 wt-%, preferably 1 to 10 wt-%, more preferably 1 to 5 wt-%, .cndot. Mn below 35 wt-%, .cndot. Ni below 30 wt-%, .cndot. Cu below 30 wt-%, and .cndot. Nb below 30 wt-%.
.cndot. Mo 0.5 to 30 wt-%, preferably 1 to 10 wt-%, more preferably 1 to 5 wt-%, .cndot. Mn below 35 wt-%, .cndot. Ni below 30 wt-%, .cndot. Cu below 30 wt-%, and .cndot. Nb below 30 wt-%.
22. The process according to any of the claims 1 to 18, wherein the feed mix containing in percentages of mass:
.cndot. Cu 0.5 to 30 wt-%, preferably 1 to 10 wt-%, more preferably 1 to 5 wt-%, .cndot. Mn below 35 wt-%, .cndot. Ni below 30 wt-%, .cndot. Mo below 30 wt-%, and .cndot. Nb below 30 wt-%.
.cndot. Cu 0.5 to 30 wt-%, preferably 1 to 10 wt-%, more preferably 1 to 5 wt-%, .cndot. Mn below 35 wt-%, .cndot. Ni below 30 wt-%, .cndot. Mo below 30 wt-%, and .cndot. Nb below 30 wt-%.
23. The process according to any of the claims 1 to 18, wherein the feed mix containing in percentages of mass:
.cndot. Nb 0.5 to 30 wt-%, preferably 1 to 10 wt-%, more preferably 1 to 5 wt-%, .cndot. Mn below 35 wt-%, .cndot. Ni below 30 wt-%, .cndot. Mo below 30 wt-%, and .cndot. Cu below 30 wt-%.
.cndot. Nb 0.5 to 30 wt-%, preferably 1 to 10 wt-%, more preferably 1 to 5 wt-%, .cndot. Mn below 35 wt-%, .cndot. Ni below 30 wt-%, .cndot. Mo below 30 wt-%, and .cndot. Cu below 30 wt-%.
24. The process according to any of the claims 1 to 18, wherein the feed mix containing in percentages of mass:
.cndot. Mn 1.0 to 35 wt-%, preferably 2 to 25 wt-%, more preferably 2 to 20 wt-%, .cndot. Ni 1.0 to 30 wt-%, preferably 1 to 26 wt-%, more preferably 1 to 24 wt-%, most pref-erably 1 to 20 wt-%, .cndot. Mo below 30 wt-%, .cndot. Cu below 30 wt-%, and .cndot. Nb below 30 wt-%.
.cndot. Mn 1.0 to 35 wt-%, preferably 2 to 25 wt-%, more preferably 2 to 20 wt-%, .cndot. Ni 1.0 to 30 wt-%, preferably 1 to 26 wt-%, more preferably 1 to 24 wt-%, most pref-erably 1 to 20 wt-%, .cndot. Mo below 30 wt-%, .cndot. Cu below 30 wt-%, and .cndot. Nb below 30 wt-%.
25. The process according to any of the claims 1 to 18, wherein the feed mix containing in percentages of mass:
.cndot. Mn 1.0 to 35 wt-%, preferably 2 to 25 wt-%, more preferably 2 to 20 wt-%, .cndot. Ni 1.0 to 30 wt-%, preferably 1 to 26 wt-%, more preferably 1 to 24 wt-%, most preferably 1 to 20 wt-%, .cndot. Mo 0.5 to 30 wt-%, preferably 1 to 10 wt-%, more preferably 1 to 5 wt-%, .cndot. Cu below 30 wt-%, and .cndot. Nb below 30 wt-%.
.cndot. Mn 1.0 to 35 wt-%, preferably 2 to 25 wt-%, more preferably 2 to 20 wt-%, .cndot. Ni 1.0 to 30 wt-%, preferably 1 to 26 wt-%, more preferably 1 to 24 wt-%, most preferably 1 to 20 wt-%, .cndot. Mo 0.5 to 30 wt-%, preferably 1 to 10 wt-%, more preferably 1 to 5 wt-%, .cndot. Cu below 30 wt-%, and .cndot. Nb below 30 wt-%.
26. The process according to any of the claims 1 to 18, wherein the feed mix containing in percentages of mass:
.cndot. Mn 1.5 to 35 wt-%, preferably 2 to 25 wt-%, more preferably 2 to 20 wt-%, .cndot. Ni below 30 wt-%, .cndot. Mo below 30 wt-%, .cndot. Cu below 30 wt-%, and .cndot. Nb below 30 wt-%, .cndot. the balance being Fe, Cr and inevitable impurities such as Ti, V, S, Mg, Ca, Si, and Al.
.cndot. Mn 1.5 to 35 wt-%, preferably 2 to 25 wt-%, more preferably 2 to 20 wt-%, .cndot. Ni below 30 wt-%, .cndot. Mo below 30 wt-%, .cndot. Cu below 30 wt-%, and .cndot. Nb below 30 wt-%, .cndot. the balance being Fe, Cr and inevitable impurities such as Ti, V, S, Mg, Ca, Si, and Al.
27. The process according to any of the claims 1 to 18, wherein the feed mix containing in percentages of mass:
.cndot. Ni 1.0 to 30 wt-%, preferably 2 to 26 wt-%, more preferably 2 to 24 wt-%, most pref-erably 2 to 20 wt-%, .cndot. Mn below 35 wt-%, .cndot. Mo below 30 wt-%, .cndot. Cu below 30 wt-%, and .cndot. Nb below 30 wt-%, .cndot. the balance being Fe, Cr and inevitable impurities such as Ti, V, S, Mg, Ca, Si, and Al.
.cndot. Ni 1.0 to 30 wt-%, preferably 2 to 26 wt-%, more preferably 2 to 24 wt-%, most pref-erably 2 to 20 wt-%, .cndot. Mn below 35 wt-%, .cndot. Mo below 30 wt-%, .cndot. Cu below 30 wt-%, and .cndot. Nb below 30 wt-%, .cndot. the balance being Fe, Cr and inevitable impurities such as Ti, V, S, Mg, Ca, Si, and Al.
28. The process according to any of the claims 1 to 18, wherein the feed mix containing in percentages of mass:
.cndot. Mo 0.5 to 30 wt-%, preferably 1 to 10 wt-%, more preferably 1 to 5 wt-%, .cndot. Mn below 35 wt-%, .cndot. Ni below 30 wt-%, .cndot. Cu below 30 wt-%, and .cndot. Nb below 30 wt-%, .cndot. the balance being Fe, Cr and inevitable impurities such as Ti, V, S, Mg, Ca, Si, and Al.
.cndot. Mo 0.5 to 30 wt-%, preferably 1 to 10 wt-%, more preferably 1 to 5 wt-%, .cndot. Mn below 35 wt-%, .cndot. Ni below 30 wt-%, .cndot. Cu below 30 wt-%, and .cndot. Nb below 30 wt-%, .cndot. the balance being Fe, Cr and inevitable impurities such as Ti, V, S, Mg, Ca, Si, and Al.
29. The process according to any of the claims 1 to 18, wherein the feed mix containing in percentages of mass:
.cndot. Cu 0.5 to 30 wt-%, preferably 1 to 10 wt-%, more preferably 1 to 5 wt-%, .cndot. Mn below 35 wt-%, .cndot. Ni below 30 wt-%, .cndot. Mo below 30 wt-%, and .cndot. Nb below 30 wt-%, .cndot. the balance being Fe, Cr and inevitable impurities such as Ti, V, S, Mg, Ca, Si, and Al.
.cndot. Cu 0.5 to 30 wt-%, preferably 1 to 10 wt-%, more preferably 1 to 5 wt-%, .cndot. Mn below 35 wt-%, .cndot. Ni below 30 wt-%, .cndot. Mo below 30 wt-%, and .cndot. Nb below 30 wt-%, .cndot. the balance being Fe, Cr and inevitable impurities such as Ti, V, S, Mg, Ca, Si, and Al.
30. The process according to any of the claims 1 to 18, wherein the feed mix containing in percentages of mass:
.cndot. Nb 0.5 to 30 wt-%, preferably 1 to 10 wt-%, more preferably 1 to 5 wt-%, .cndot. Mn below 35 wt-%, .cndot. Ni below 30 wt-%, .cndot. Mo below 30 wt-%, and .cndot. Cu below 30 wt-%, .cndot. the balance being Fe, Cr and inevitable impurities such as Ti, V, S, Mg, Ca, Si, and Al.
.cndot. Nb 0.5 to 30 wt-%, preferably 1 to 10 wt-%, more preferably 1 to 5 wt-%, .cndot. Mn below 35 wt-%, .cndot. Ni below 30 wt-%, .cndot. Mo below 30 wt-%, and .cndot. Cu below 30 wt-%, .cndot. the balance being Fe, Cr and inevitable impurities such as Ti, V, S, Mg, Ca, Si, and Al.
31. The process according to any of the claims 1 to 18, wherein the feed mix containing in percentages of mass:
.cndot. Mn 1.0 to 35 wt-%, preferably 2 to 25 wt-%, more preferably 2 to 20 wt-%, .cndot. Ni 1.0 to 30 wt-%, preferably 1 to 26 wt-%, more preferably 1 to 24 wt-%, most pref-erably 1 to 20 wt-%, .cndot. Mo below 30 wt-%, .cndot. Cu below 30 wt-%, and .cndot. Nb below 30 wt-%, .cndot. the balance being Fe, Cr and inevitable impurities such as Ti, V, S, Mg, Ca, Si, and Al.
.cndot. Mn 1.0 to 35 wt-%, preferably 2 to 25 wt-%, more preferably 2 to 20 wt-%, .cndot. Ni 1.0 to 30 wt-%, preferably 1 to 26 wt-%, more preferably 1 to 24 wt-%, most pref-erably 1 to 20 wt-%, .cndot. Mo below 30 wt-%, .cndot. Cu below 30 wt-%, and .cndot. Nb below 30 wt-%, .cndot. the balance being Fe, Cr and inevitable impurities such as Ti, V, S, Mg, Ca, Si, and Al.
32. The process according to any of the claims 1 to 18, wherein the feed mix containing in percentages of mass:
.cndot. Mn 1.0 to 35 wt-%, preferably 2 to 25 wt-%, more preferably 2 to 20 wt-%, .cndot. Ni 1.0 to 30 wt-%, preferably 1 to 26 wt-%, more preferably 1 to 24 wt-%, most preferably 1 to 20 wt-%, .cndot. Mo 0.5 to 30 wt-%, preferably 1 to 10 wt-%, more preferably 1 to 5 wt-%, .cndot. Cu below 30 wt-%, and .cndot. Nb below 30 wt-%, .cndot. the balance being Fe, Cr and inevitable impurities such as Ti, V, S, Mg, Ca, Si, and Al.
.cndot. Mn 1.0 to 35 wt-%, preferably 2 to 25 wt-%, more preferably 2 to 20 wt-%, .cndot. Ni 1.0 to 30 wt-%, preferably 1 to 26 wt-%, more preferably 1 to 24 wt-%, most preferably 1 to 20 wt-%, .cndot. Mo 0.5 to 30 wt-%, preferably 1 to 10 wt-%, more preferably 1 to 5 wt-%, .cndot. Cu below 30 wt-%, and .cndot. Nb below 30 wt-%, .cndot. the balance being Fe, Cr and inevitable impurities such as Ti, V, S, Mg, Ca, Si, and Al.
33. The process according to any of the claims 1 to 18, wherein the feed mix containing in percentages of mass:
.cndot. Mn 2 to 30 wt-%, preferably 5 to 30 wt-%, more preferably 10 to 30 wt-%, .cndot. Ni 0.1 to 20 wt-%, preferably 0.1 to 15 wt-%, more preferably 0.1 to 11 wt-%, .cndot. Mo below 30 wt-%, .cndot. Cu below 30 wt-%, and .cndot. Nb below 30 wt-%.
.cndot. Mn 2 to 30 wt-%, preferably 5 to 30 wt-%, more preferably 10 to 30 wt-%, .cndot. Ni 0.1 to 20 wt-%, preferably 0.1 to 15 wt-%, more preferably 0.1 to 11 wt-%, .cndot. Mo below 30 wt-%, .cndot. Cu below 30 wt-%, and .cndot. Nb below 30 wt-%.
34. The process according to any of the claims 1 to 18, wherein the feed mix containing in percentages of mass:
.cndot. Mn 0.1 to 20 wt-%, preferably 0.1 to 15 wt-%, more preferably 0.1 to 10 wt-%, .cndot. Ni 1 to 30 wt-%, preferably 1 to 20 wt-%, more preferably 2 to 12 wt-%, .cndot. Mo below 30 wt-%, .cndot. Cu below 30 wt-%, and .cndot. Nb below 30 wt-%.
.cndot. Mn 0.1 to 20 wt-%, preferably 0.1 to 15 wt-%, more preferably 0.1 to 10 wt-%, .cndot. Ni 1 to 30 wt-%, preferably 1 to 20 wt-%, more preferably 2 to 12 wt-%, .cndot. Mo below 30 wt-%, .cndot. Cu below 30 wt-%, and .cndot. Nb below 30 wt-%.
35. The process according to any of the claims 1 to 18, wherein the feed mix containing in percentages of mass:
.cndot. Mn 2 to 30 wt-%, preferably 5 to 30 wt-%, more preferably 10 to 30 wt-%, .cndot. Ni 0.1 to 15 wt-%, preferably 0.1 to 15 wt-%, more preferably 0.1 to 11 wt-%, .cndot. Mo below 30 wt-%, .cndot. Cu below 30 wt-%, and .cndot. Nb below 30 wt-%, .cndot. the balance being Fe, Cr and inevitable impurities such as Ti, V, S, Mg, Ca, Si, and Al.
.cndot. Mn 2 to 30 wt-%, preferably 5 to 30 wt-%, more preferably 10 to 30 wt-%, .cndot. Ni 0.1 to 15 wt-%, preferably 0.1 to 15 wt-%, more preferably 0.1 to 11 wt-%, .cndot. Mo below 30 wt-%, .cndot. Cu below 30 wt-%, and .cndot. Nb below 30 wt-%, .cndot. the balance being Fe, Cr and inevitable impurities such as Ti, V, S, Mg, Ca, Si, and Al.
36. The process according to any of the claims 1 to 18, wherein the feed mix containing in percentages of mass:
.cndot. Mn 0.1 to 20 wt-%, preferably 0.1 to 15 wt-%, more preferably 0.1 to 10 wt-%, .cndot. Ni 1 to 30 wt-%, preferably 1 to 20 wt-%, more preferably 2 to 12 wt-%, .cndot. Mo below 30 wt-%, .cndot. Cu below 30 wt-%, and .cndot. Nb below 30 wt-%, .cndot. the balance being Fe, Cr and inevitable impurities such as Ti, V, S, Mg, Ca, Si, and Al.
.cndot. Mn 0.1 to 20 wt-%, preferably 0.1 to 15 wt-%, more preferably 0.1 to 10 wt-%, .cndot. Ni 1 to 30 wt-%, preferably 1 to 20 wt-%, more preferably 2 to 12 wt-%, .cndot. Mo below 30 wt-%, .cndot. Cu below 30 wt-%, and .cndot. Nb below 30 wt-%, .cndot. the balance being Fe, Cr and inevitable impurities such as Ti, V, S, Mg, Ca, Si, and Al.
37. Use of the ferrochromium alloy manufactured according to any of the claims 1 to 36 in the produc-tion of steel.
38. Use of the ferrochromium alloy manufactured according to any of the claims 1 to 36 in the produc-tion of stainless steel.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FI20165580 | 2016-07-11 | ||
| FI20165580 | 2016-07-11 | ||
| PCT/FI2017/050528 WO2018011467A1 (en) | 2016-07-11 | 2017-07-10 | Process for manufacturing ferrochromium alloy with desired content of manganese, nickel and molybdenum |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA3029886A1 true CA3029886A1 (en) | 2018-01-18 |
Family
ID=59501479
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA3029886A Abandoned CA3029886A1 (en) | 2016-07-11 | 2017-07-10 | Process for manufacturing ferrochromium alloy with desired content of manganese, nickel and molybdenum |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP3497249A1 (en) |
| CN (1) | CN109477155A (en) |
| BR (1) | BR112019000146A2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA3029886A1 (en) |
| EA (1) | EA201990103A1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2018011467A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP3828295A4 (en) * | 2018-07-23 | 2021-06-02 | Posco | Alloy steel manufacturing method |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN110373602A (en) * | 2019-07-31 | 2019-10-25 | 游峰 | A kind of master alloy additive and the preparation method and application thereof |
| CN110777293A (en) * | 2019-09-24 | 2020-02-11 | 王应青 | Low-silicon low-titanium high-carbon ferrochromium and preparation method thereof |
| CN114381572A (en) * | 2021-12-07 | 2022-04-22 | 安阳钢铁股份有限公司 | Molybdenum oxide direct alloying process |
Family Cites Families (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CA402771A (en) * | 1942-02-10 | F. Doom Ernest | Alloy production | |
| SE401524B (en) * | 1976-04-14 | 1978-05-16 | Ferrolegeringar Trollhetteverk | PROCEDURE FOR CONVERSION OF MOLYBDEN CONCENTRATE TO FERROMOLYBD AND AT THE SAME TIME DISPOSAL OF POLLUTIONS BY DIRECT REDUCTION WITH SULFID-FORMING REDUCING AGENT |
| DE19723491C1 (en) * | 1997-06-05 | 1998-12-03 | Krupp Vdm Gmbh | Use of a nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy |
| RU2184171C2 (en) * | 2000-08-04 | 2002-06-27 | Институт металлургии Уральского отделения РАН | Iron-based alloy for manufacture of steel and ferroalloys |
| FI127721B (en) * | 2009-02-11 | 2019-01-15 | Outokumpu Oy | Method for producing a ferro-alloy containing nickel |
| FI123241B (en) * | 2011-06-13 | 2013-01-15 | Outokumpu Oy | Process for improving the degree of reduction in melting of a ferro-mixture |
| WO2013011521A1 (en) * | 2011-07-18 | 2013-01-24 | Tata Steel Limited | A method for direct reduction of oxidized chromite ore fines composite agglomerates in a tunnel kiln using carbonaceous reductant for production of reduced chromite product/ agglomerates applicable in ferrochrome or charge chrome production. |
| CN103014327B (en) * | 2011-09-21 | 2015-03-25 | 宝山钢铁股份有限公司 | Chrome-manganese ore composite pellets for argon oxygen refinement furnace, and preparation method thereof |
| EP2780484B1 (en) * | 2011-11-15 | 2017-03-01 | Outotec Oyj | Metallurgical composition for the manufacture of ferrochrome |
| FI126719B (en) * | 2013-12-17 | 2017-04-28 | Outotec Finland Oy | Process for making manganese-containing iron alloy |
-
2017
- 2017-07-10 EP EP17746154.8A patent/EP3497249A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2017-07-10 EA EA201990103A patent/EA201990103A1/en unknown
- 2017-07-10 WO PCT/FI2017/050528 patent/WO2018011467A1/en active Search and Examination
- 2017-07-10 CA CA3029886A patent/CA3029886A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2017-07-10 CN CN201780042647.2A patent/CN109477155A/en active Pending
- 2017-07-10 BR BR112019000146A patent/BR112019000146A2/en not_active Application Discontinuation
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP3828295A4 (en) * | 2018-07-23 | 2021-06-02 | Posco | Alloy steel manufacturing method |
| US11549162B2 (en) | 2018-07-23 | 2023-01-10 | Posco Co., Ltd | Alloy steel manufacturing method |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| BR112019000146A2 (en) | 2019-04-24 |
| EA201990103A1 (en) | 2019-06-28 |
| WO2018011467A1 (en) | 2018-01-18 |
| CN109477155A (en) | 2019-03-15 |
| EP3497249A1 (en) | 2019-06-19 |
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