JP5500752B2 - 運動障害の処置法 - Google Patents
運動障害の処置法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5500752B2 JP5500752B2 JP2002510102A JP2002510102A JP5500752B2 JP 5500752 B2 JP5500752 B2 JP 5500752B2 JP 2002510102 A JP2002510102 A JP 2002510102A JP 2002510102 A JP2002510102 A JP 2002510102A JP 5500752 B2 JP5500752 B2 JP 5500752B2
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- botulinum toxin
- neurotoxin
- disease
- botulinum
- tremor
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Description
本発明は、運動障害の処置法に関する。本発明は特に、神経毒の頭蓋内投与による運動障害の処置法に関する。
運動障害は、1つまたはそれ以上の筋肉または筋肉群に関係する神経学的障害である。運動障害は、パーキンソン病、ハンチントン舞踏病、進行性核上性麻痺、ウィルソン病、ツレット症候群、テンカン、および種々の慢性振せん、チックおよびジストニーを包含する。種々の臨床的に観察される運動障害は、脳の同一または類似の領域に由来する。例えば、脳幹神経節の異常(脳半球の深部の大きい細胞群)は、種々の運動障害の原因要素であると推定されている。
パーキンソン病は、高齢者において発症が増加する運動障害である。パーキンソン病は、米国において60才以上の人口の約1%が罹患する老齢者の一般的無力化疾患(disabling disease)である。パーキンソン病の発症は、年齢と共に増加し、該疾病を発症している人の累積寿命リスク(cumulative lifetime risk)は約40人に1人である。症状は、四肢の顕著な振せん、運動緩徐、硬直および姿勢変化を包含する。認められるパーキンソン病の病態生理学的原因は、黒質区画部を有して成る脳幹神経節、脳幹に存在する基底核における、ドーパミン生産細胞の進行性破壊である。ドーパミン作用性ニューロンの減少は、アセチルコリンの相対的過剰を生じる。Jellinger, K. A., Post Mortem Studies in Parkinson's Disease − Is It Possible to Detect Brain Areas For Specific Symptoms?,J Neural Transm 56(Supp); 1−29:1999。
痙攣は、中枢神経系ニューロンの集合体からの異常な過剰の高同期放電(hypersynchronous discharge)による発作性事象である。テンカンは、慢性的な潜在するプロセスによって、人が再発性痙攣を有する状態である。テンカンの多くの原因の中に、臨床的および病理学的性質が特徴的な、特定の潜在する病因を示唆する種々のテンカン症候群が存在する。テンカンの有病率は、1000人中5〜10人と推定される。重度の穿通性頭部外傷は、最大50%のテンカン発症リスクを伴う。テンカンの他の原因は、脳卒中、感染および遺伝的感受性を包含する。
大脳のいくつかの領域は、運動活性に影響を与える。従って、脳卒中によって生じるような大脳の運動皮質への損傷は、前庭および網様脳幹核の抑制を除去し、次に、それらは自発的に活性になり、抑制解除された下脳領域によって影響を受けた筋肉の痙攣を生じる。
クロストリジウム属は、形態および機能によって分類される127より多い種を有する。
嫌気性グラム陽性細菌であるボツリヌス菌(Clostridium botulinum)は、ボツリヌス中毒と呼ばれる神経麻痺性障害をヒトおよび動物において引き起こす強力なポリペプチド神経毒であるボツリヌス毒素を産生する。ボツリヌス菌の胞子は、土壌中に見出され、滅菌と密閉が不適切な零細缶詰工場の食品容器内で増殖する可能性があり、これが多くのボツリヌス中毒症例の原因である。ボツリヌス中毒の影響は、通例、ボツリヌス菌の培養物または胞子で汚染された食品を飲食した18〜36時間後に現れる。ボツリヌス毒素は、消化管内を弱毒化されないで通過することができ、そして末梢運動ニューロンを攻撃することができるようである。ボツリヌス毒素中毒の症状は、歩行困難、嚥下困難および会話困難から、呼吸筋の麻痺および死にまで進行し得る。
(1)頸部ジストニーを処置するための筋肉内注射(多数の筋肉)あたり約75単位〜125単位のBOTOX(登録商標);
(2)眉間のしわを処置するための筋肉内注射あたり約5単位〜10単位のBOTOX(登録商標)(5単位が鼻根筋に筋肉内注射され、10単位がそれぞれの皺眉筋に筋肉内注射される);
(3)恥骨直腸筋の括約筋内注射による便秘を処置するための約30単位〜80単位のBOTOX(登録商標);
(4)上瞼の外側瞼板前部眼輪筋および下瞼の外側瞼板前部眼輪筋に注射することによって眼瞼痙攣を処置するために筋肉あたり約1単位〜5単位の筋肉内注射されるBOTOX(登録商標);
(6)卒中後の上肢痙性を処置するために、下記のように5つの異なる上肢屈筋にBOTOX(登録商標)が筋肉内注射される:
(a)深指屈筋:7.5U〜30U
(b)浅指屈筋:7.5U〜30U
(c)尺側手根屈筋:10U〜40U
(d)橈側手根屈筋:15U〜60U
(e)上腕二頭筋:50U〜200U。5つの示された筋肉のそれぞれには同じ処置時に注射されるので、患者には、それぞれの処置毎に筋肉内注射によって90U〜360Uの上肢屈筋BOTOX(登録商標)が投与される。
(7)偏頭痛を処置するために、25UのBOTOX(登録商標)の頭蓋骨膜注射(眉間筋、前頭筋、側頭筋に対称的に注射される)は、25U注射後3ヶ月間にわたって、偏頭痛の頻度、最大重度、関連嘔吐および急性薬使用の減少した測定値によって示されるように、賦形剤と比較して偏頭痛の予防的処置として有意な利益を示す。
典型的には、単一タイプの小分子の神経伝達物質のみが、哺乳動物の神経系において各タイプのニューロンによって放出される。神経伝達物質アセチルコリンが脳の多くの領域においてニューロンによって分泌されているが、具体的には運動皮質の大錐体細胞によって、基底核におけるいくつかの異なるニューロンによって、骨格筋を神経支配する運動ニューロンによって、自律神経系(交感神経系および副交感神経系の両方)の節前ニューロンによって、副交感神経系の節後ニューロンによって、そして交感神経系の一部の節後ニューロンによって分泌されている。本質的には、汗腺、立毛筋および少数の血管に至る節後交感神経線維のみがコリン作動性であり、交感神経系の節後ニューロンの大部分は神経伝達物質のエピネフリンを分泌する。ほとんどの場合、アセチルコリンは興奮作用を有する。しかし、アセチルコリンは、迷走神経による心臓の抑制のように、抑制作用を一部の末梢副交感神経終末において有することが知られている。
運動および視覚視床の両方のコリン作用性影響は、脳幹および基底前脳に由来する。例えば、Billet S. ら、Cholinergic Projections to the Visual Thalamus and Superior Colliculus, Brain Res. 847;121−123:1999およびOaKman, S. A. ら、Characterization of the Extent of Pontomesencephallic Cholinergic Neuron's projections to the Thalamus:Comparison with Projections to Midbrain Dopaminergic Groups, Neurosci 94(2);529−547:1999参照。従って、アセチルコリンエステラーゼ(AchE)染色法を使用する組織化学研究およびコリンアセチルトランスフェラーゼ(ChAT)免疫化学を使用する逆行性追跡に基づいて、視床ニューロンの脳幹による上行コリン作用性刺激が存在しうることが既知である。Steriade M. ら、Brain Cholinergic Systems, Oxford University Press(1990)、第1章。実際に、多くの視床核は、脳幹網様体から緻密なコリン作用性神経支配を受ける。上記文献p. 167。既知の脳幹コリン作用性細胞群は下記に位置する:(1)結合腕のまわりの中心被蓋領域内に位置し、脚橋被蓋核を形成するCh5位置と称される位置の吻側橋、および;(2)Ch6位置と称される位置、中脳水道周囲および室周囲灰白質に埋封されている外側背側被蓋核における、中脳の尾部。Ch5およびCH6細胞群は、ほぼコリン作用性ニューロンだけから成り、一緒になって、橋コリン作用性系を形成する。Ch5−Ch6コリン作用性群は、直接的上行投射を与え、該投射は、上丘、腹側蓋前野、後交連の間質大型細胞核、外側手綱核、視床、大型細胞視索前核、外側乳頭核、基底前脳、嗅球、内側前前頭皮質および橋核を包含する中脳、間脳および終脳における多くの標的構造において終結する。Stone T. W., CNS Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators: Acetylcholine, CRC Press(19950, P. 16。Schafer M. K. −Hら、Cholinergic Neurons and Terminal Fields Revealed by Immunochemistry for the Vesicular Acetylcholine Transporter. I. Central Nervous System, Neuroscience, 84(2);331−359:1998も参照。Ch1−8コリン作用性核の三次元位置決定は、ヒトにおいてマッピンングされている。例えば、Tracey, D. J. ら,Neurotransmitters in the Human Brain, Plenum Press(1995),p. 136−139参照。
本発明は、この要求を満たし、長期活性、投与された頭蓋内部位からの低拡散率、および処置投与レベルにおける極少ない全身作用の特性を有する薬剤の投与によって、運動障害を効果的に処置する方法を提供する。
「約」は、凡そかまたはほぼを意味し、本明細書に示されている数値に関連して、記載されているかまたは要求されている数値の±10%を意味する。
以下の実施例は、運動障害を処置する本発明の特定の方法を示すが、本発明の範囲を限定するものではない。
頭蓋内標的組織の位置決定および方法
水溶液の形態かまたはインプラントとしての神経毒を、標的組織に正確に頭蓋内投与するために、定位法を使用することができる。従って、薬剤耐性振せん、即ち、パーキンソン病において起こるような安静時振せん、または動作時振せん、例えば、本能性振せん、多発性硬化症振せん、外傷後振せん、片麻痺後振せん(脳卒中後痙性)、ニューロパシーに関連した振せん、書字振せん、およびテンカンを処置する神経毒の頭蓋内投与は、以下のように行うことができる。
A型ボツリヌス毒素を使用するパーキンソン病の処置
64才の右手利きの男性は、頻繁に転ぶような四肢の顕著な振せん、運動緩徐、硬直および姿勢変化を有する。丸剤作製様運動振せんが、右手に認められる。脳卒中は除外され、症状が右側においてより重度であることが認められる。パーキンソン病と診断される。実施例1に記載したように、CATスキャンまたはMRI補助定位脳手術を使用して、2単位のA型ボツリヌス毒素(例えばBOTOX(登録商標)、または8単位のDysport(登録商標))を、淡蒼球の左側に注射する。患者は48時間以内に解放され(discharged)、数日(1〜7日)で、右側においてより明瞭であるが、左側においても、パーキンソン症候群の運動症状の有意な改善を得る。運動異常はほぼ完全に消失する。パーキンソン病の運動障害の症状は、約2〜約6ヶ月間にわたって有意に軽減した状態を維持する。長期の処置的軽減のために、適切な量のA型ボツリヌス毒素を組み込んだ1つまたはそれ以上のポリマーインプラントを、標的組織部位に配置しうる。
B型ボツリヌス毒素を使用するパーキンソン病の処置
68才の左手利きの男性は、頻繁に転ぶような四肢の顕著な振せん、運動緩徐、硬直および姿勢変化を有する。丸剤作製様運動振せんが、左側に認められる。脳卒中は除外され、症状が左側においてより重度であることが認められる。パーキンソン病の診断がなされる。実施例1に記載したように、CATスキャンまたはMRI補助定位脳手術を使用して、10〜約50単位のB型ボツリヌス毒素製剤(例えばNeurobloc(登録商標)またはInnervate(登録商標))を、淡蒼球の右側に注射する。患者は48時間以内に解放され、数日(1〜7日)で、左側においてより明瞭であるが、右側においても、パーキンソン症候群の運動症状の有意な改善を得る。運動異常はほぼ完全に消失する。パーキンソン病の運動障害の症状は、約2〜約6ヶ月間にわたって有意に軽減した状態を維持する。長期の処置的軽減のために、適切な量のB型ボツリヌス毒素を組み込んだ1つまたはそれ以上のポリマーインプラントを、標的組織部位に配置しうる。
C 1 〜G型ボツリヌス毒素を使用するパーキンソン病の処置
71才の女性は、抑制不能な頻繁な振せんが認められる。無力化する(disabling)振せんについて、0.1〜100単位のC1、D、E、FまたはG型ボツリヌス毒素を、腹側外側視床に片側注射する。脳室造影法によって補助して、実施例1に記載したようなCATスキャンまたはMRI補助定位脳手術を使用する。患者は48時間以内に解放され、数日(1〜7日)で、振せんの有意な寛解を得、振せんは約2〜約6ヶ月間にわたって、有意に軽減した状態を維持する。長期の処置的軽減のために、適切な量のC1、D、E、FまたはG型ボツリヌス毒素を組み込んだ1つまたはそれ以上のポリマーインプラントを、標的組織部位に配置しうる。
A型ボツリヌス毒素を使用するジストニーの処理
頭蓋外傷に二次的な、近位四肢筋に影響を与える重度の無力化するジストニーを有する16才の少年は、医原性構語障害および偽延髄(pseudubulbar)作用の高リスクを有する左側の片側視床切開術、両側視床切開術の志願者である。患者は、経皮性神経刺激、EMGのフィードバックディスプレイおよび抗コリン作用性物質(anticholinergics)に反応できないか、または感受性が鈍くなっている。ジストニーは比較的安定であり、患者は手術に充分に耐えることができ、遠位相(distal phasic)および緊張性(tonic)の四肢ジストニーによって有意に無力化されている。
B〜G型ボツリヌス毒素を使用するジストニーの処置
水溶液の形態かまたは好適な神経毒インプラントの形態のB、C1、D、E、FまたはG型ボツリヌス毒素を約1単位〜約1000単位の量で使用して、実施例5の患者を同じプロトコルおよび標的へのアプローチによって同様に処置することができる。そのような処置によって、ジストニー収縮は、1〜7日以内に消失し、1回の毒素注射につき約2〜6ヶ月間か、またはインプラントポリマーの特定の放出特性およびそれに充填された神経毒の量に依存して約1〜5年間にわたって、実質的に軽減した状態に維持しうる。
A型ボツリヌス毒素を使用する振せんの処置
44才の男性は、日常生活の活動を妨げる3年間にわたる重度の無力化する振せんを有する。体の両側における運動症状の非対称も存在し、レボドパは末端運動異常を誘発した。意図する標的細胞の電気刺激による振せんにおける作用を定位検査することによって、振せん細胞を同定する。刺激の作用は、振せんを阻止することが認められる。定位誘導(実施例1と同様)インプラント配置は、正中線から約14〜15mm、運動感覚性および/または随意振せん細胞の中間のAC-PC線より2〜3mm上の部位に行うことができる。標的部位はVLまたはViであることができる。
B〜G型ボツリヌス毒素を使用する振せんの処置
水溶液の形態かまたは好適な神経毒インプラントの形態のB、C1、D、E、FまたはG型ボツリヌス毒素を約1単位〜約1000単位の量で使用して、上記実施例7の患者を同じプロトコルおよび標的へのアプローチによって同様に処置することができる。そのような処置によって、振せんは、1〜7日以内に消失し、1回の毒素注射につき約2〜6ヶ月間か、またはインプラントポリマーの特定の放出特性およびそれに充填された神経毒の量に依存して約1〜5年間にわたって、実質的に軽減した状態に維持しうる。
A型ボツリヌス毒素を使用するテンカンの処置
22才の右手利きの女性は、テンカンの病歴を有する。MRIおよびEEG記録の分析に基づいて、側頭葉テンカンと診断される。約5〜50単位の神経毒(例えばA型ボツニリヌス毒素)を与えるインプラントを、側頭葉の前部、中側頭回に沿った葉の先端から5〜6cmに、非優位左半球への片側アプローチによって挿入できる。テンカン発作は、約1〜7日以内に実質的に減少し、1回の毒素注射につき約2〜約6ヶ月間か、またはインプラントポリマーの特定の放出特性およびそれに充填された神経毒の量に依存して約1〜5年間にわたって、実質的に軽減した状態に維持しうる。
B〜G型ボツリヌス毒素を使用するテンカンの処置
水溶液の形態かまたは好適な神経毒インプラントの形態のB、C1、D、E、FまたはG型ボツリヌス毒素を約1単位〜約1000単位の量で使用して、上記実施例9の患者を同じプロトコルおよび標的へのアプローチによって同様に処置することができる。そのような処置によって、テンカン発作は、1〜7日以内に消失し、1回の毒素注射につき約2〜6ヶ月間か、またはインプラントポリマーの特定の放出特性およびそれに充填された神経毒の量に依存して約1〜5年間にわたって、実質的に軽減した状態に維持しうる。
1. 運動障害の症状を劇的に減少しうる。
2. 運動障害の症状を、1回の神経毒注射につき約2〜約4ヶ月間、および調節放出神経毒インプラントの使用によって約1年〜約5年間減少しうる。
3. 注射された、または埋め込まれた神経毒は、頭蓋内標的組織部位に、特定の振せん抑制効果を発揮する。
4. 注射された、または埋め込まれた神経毒は、拡散する傾向または頭蓋内注射部位または埋め込み部位から輸送される傾向をほとんど示さないか、または示さない。
5. 神経毒の頭蓋内注射または埋め込みによって、有意な好ましくない副作用がほとんど生じないか、または生じない。
6. 頭蓋内に注射される神経毒の量は、比較しうる振せん抑制効果を得るために他の投与経路(即ち、筋肉内、括約筋肉、経口または非経口)によって必要とされる同神経毒の量よりかなり少ない。
7. 本発明の方法の振せん抑制効果は、患者のより高い可動性、より積極的な態度、向上した生活の質の好ましい副作用を生じうる。
8. 神経毒の高処置用量を、全身毒性を生じずに、長期間にわたって頭蓋内標的組織に輸送しうる。
また、特許請求の範囲に記載した意図および範囲は、前記の好ましい態様の記載に限定すべきでない。
Claims (10)
- パーキンソン病、ジストニー、振せんおよびテンカンから成る群から選択される運動障害を処置するための、ボツリヌス毒素を有効成分として含有する医薬組成物であって、頭蓋内注射によって、または調節放出システムとして頭蓋内埋め込みによって投与される組成物。
- ボツリヌス毒素が、A、B、C1、D、E、FおよびG型ボツリヌス毒素から成る群から選択される請求項1に記載の組成物。
- ボツリヌス毒素がA型ボツリヌス毒素である請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 下脳領域に投与する請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 橋領域に投与する請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 中橋領域に投与する請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 淡蒼球に投与する請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 視床に投与する請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 運動障害がパーキンソン病である請求項1または3に記載の組成物。
- パーキンソン病における振せん、運動緩徐または運動異常を処置するための請求項9に記載の組成物。
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CN1446100B (zh) | 2010-06-23 |
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CA2412947C (en) | 2011-05-24 |
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ES2215903T3 (es) | 2004-10-16 |
CN101380464B (zh) | 2011-10-05 |
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CN1446100A (zh) | 2003-10-01 |
AU6514201A (en) | 2001-12-24 |
EP1289544A2 (en) | 2003-03-12 |
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