JP4624777B2 - ボツリヌス毒素のようなクロストリジウム神経毒による、神経精神医学的障害の頭蓋内処置 - Google Patents
ボツリヌス毒素のようなクロストリジウム神経毒による、神経精神医学的障害の頭蓋内処置 Download PDFInfo
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Description
神経精神医学的障害は、4つの心的能力のうちのどれが冒されているかに従って典型的には分類される神経学的障害である。例えば、1つの群には、思考障害および認知障害、例えば、統合失調症および譫妄などが含まれ、2番目の群には、気分障害、例えば、情動障害および不安などが含まれ、3番目の群には、社会生活行動障害、例えば、性格欠陥および人格障害などが含まれ、4番目の群には、学習障害、記憶障害および知能障害、例えば、精神遅延および痴呆などが含まれる。従って、神経精神医学的障害には、統合失調症、譫妄、アルツハイマー病、うつ病、躁病、注意欠陥障害、薬物常用癖、痴呆、激越、無感動、不安、精神病、心的外傷後ストレス障害、興奮性および脱抑制が含まれる。
統合失調症は、世界人口の約1パーセントが冒されている障害である。統合失調症の3つの一般的な症状は、多くの場合、陽の症状、陰の症状、および解体型症状と呼ばれる。陽の症状には、妄想(異常な信念)、幻覚(異常な知覚)、および、まとまりのない思考が含まれ得る。幻覚は、聴覚的、視覚的、嗅覚的または触覚的であり得る。まとまりのない思考は、とりとめのない発言、および、論理的思考プロセスを維持することができないことによって統合失調症患者に現れ得る。陰の症状は、正常な行動が見られないことに相当し得る。陰の症状には、感情の単調性および表現の欠如が含まれ、陰の症状は、社会からの引きこもり、気力の低下、意欲の低下、および活動の低下によって特徴づけられ得る。緊張病もまた、統合失調症の陰の症状に関連し得る。統合失調症の症状は、患者が統合失調症患者として診断されるためには、約6ヶ月の期間にわたって継続して持続しなければならない。患者に見られる症状のタイプに基づいて、統合失調症は、緊張型統合失調症、妄想型統合失調症および解体型統合失調症を含む様々なサブタイプに分類され得る。
躁病は、米国では何百万人ものうつ病患者を冒す多幸感の持続した形態である。躁状態は、数日間続く、高まった気分、発揚妄想性の気分または怒りっぽい気分によって特徴づけることができ、躁状態には、多くの場合、活動過多、多弁、社会生活での押しつけがましさ、気力の増大、発想の重圧、誇張、注意散漫、低下した睡眠要求、および無謀などの様々な他の症状が伴う。躁病患者はまた、妄想および幻覚を経験することがある。
不安障害には、人口の約10パーセント〜30パーセントが冒されていると考えられ、覚醒、落ちつきがないこと、応答性の高まり、発汗、脈拍増大、血圧上昇、口渇、逃避願望および回避行動を含む恐怖心の様々な症状の頻繁な発生によって特徴づけられ得る。全般性の不安が数ヶ月間にわたって持続し、そのような不安は、運動緊張(震え、引きつり、筋肉痛、不穏);自律神経の活動過多(息切れ、動悸、心拍数増大、発汗、冷たい手)、ならびに、警戒および入念観察(過敏、大げさな驚き応答、集中することの困難)に関連する。
アルツハイマー病は、認知および非認知の神経精神医学的症状によって特徴づけられる変性脳障害であり、65歳を超える患者については全痴呆症例の約60%を占める。精神医学的症状はアルツハイマー病では共通しており、精神病(幻覚および妄想)が罹患患者の約50パーセントに存在する。統合失調症と同様に、陽の精神病症状がアルツハイマー病では共通している。妄想が、典型的には、幻覚よりも頻繁に生じる。アルツハイマー病患者はまた、解放状態、無感動、低下した情動応答性、意志力の喪失、および低下した自発性などの様々な陰の症状を示すことがある。
アルツハイマー病患者はまた、側脳室および第3脳室の両方の拡大ならびに側頭部構造の萎縮を示すことがある。
クロストリジウム属には127を越える種があり、形態学および機能に従って分類されている。嫌気性グラム陽性細菌であるボツリヌス菌(Clostridium botulinum)は、ボツリヌス中毒と呼ばれる神経麻痺性障害をヒトおよび動物において引き起こす強力なポリペプチド神経毒であるボツリヌス毒素を産生する。ボツリヌス菌の胞子は土壌中に見出され、滅菌と密閉が不適切な零細缶詰工場の食品容器内で増殖する可能性があり、これが多くのボツリヌス中毒症例の原因である。ボツリヌス中毒の影響は、通例、ボツリヌス菌の培養物または胞子で汚染された食品を飲食した18〜36時間後に現れる。ボツリヌス毒素は、消化管内を弱毒化されないで通過することができ、そして末梢運動ニューロンを攻撃することができるようである。ボツリヌス毒素中毒の症状は、歩行困難、嚥下困難および会話困難から、呼吸筋の麻痺および死にまで進行し得る。
(1)頸部ジストニーを処置するための筋肉内注射(多数の筋肉)あたり約75単位〜125単位のBOTOX(登録商標);
(2)眉間のしわを処置するための筋肉内注射あたり約5単位〜10単位のBOTOX(登録商標)(5単位が鼻根筋に筋肉内注射され、10単位がそれぞれの皺眉筋に筋肉内注射される);
(3)恥骨直腸筋の括約筋内注射による便秘を処置するための約30単位〜80単位のBOTOX(登録商標);
(4)上瞼の外側瞼板前部眼輪筋および下瞼の外側瞼板前部眼輪筋に注射することによって眼瞼痙攣を処置するために筋肉あたり約1単位〜5単位の筋肉内注射されるBOTOX(登録商標);
(6)卒中後の上肢痙性を処置するために、下記のように5つの異なる上肢屈筋にBOTOX(登録商標)が筋肉内注射される:
(a)深指屈筋:7.5U〜30U
(b)浅指屈筋:7.5U〜30U
(c)尺側手根屈筋:10U〜40U
(d)橈側手根屈筋:15U〜60U
(e)上腕二頭筋:50U〜200U。5つの示された筋肉のそれぞれには同じ処置時に注射されるので、患者には、それぞれの処置毎に筋肉内注射によって90U〜360Uの上肢屈筋BOTOX(登録商標)が投与される。
(7)偏頭痛を治療するために、25UのBOTOX(登録商標)を頭蓋周囲に注射する(眉間、前頭および側頭筋に対称的に注射する):該注射は、偏頭痛頻度、最大重症度、付随嘔吐および急性薬剤使用の減少(25U注射後の3ヶ月間にわたる)によって評価した場合に、ビヒクルと比較して、偏頭痛の予防療法として有意な利益を与える。
典型的には、単一タイプの小分子の神経伝達物質のみが、哺乳動物の神経系において各タイプのニューロンによって放出される。神経伝達物質アセチルコリンが脳の多くの領域においてニューロンによって分泌されているが、具体的には運動皮質の大錐体細胞によって、基底核におけるいくつかの異なるニューロンによって、骨格筋を神経支配する運動ニューロンによって、自律神経系(交感神経系および副交感神経系の両方)の節前ニューロンによって、副交感神経系の節後ニューロンによって、そして交感神経系の一部の節後ニューロンによって分泌されている。本質的には、汗腺、立毛筋および少数の血管に至る節後交感神経線維のみがコリン作動性であり、交感神経系の節後ニューロンの大部分は神経伝達物質のノルエピネフリンを分泌する。ほとんどの場合、アセチルコリンは興奮作用を有する。しかし、アセチルコリンは、迷走神経による心臓の抑制のように、抑制作用を一部の末梢副交感神経終末において有することが知られている。
「約」は、おおよそまたは近いことを意味し、本発明において示される数値または数値範囲に関しては、記載の数値または数値範囲の±10%であることを意味する。
定位法を、所望される標的組織に対する、水性形態物での、またはインプラントとしての神経毒の正確な頭蓋内投与のために使用することができる。従って、神経精神医学的障害を処置するための神経毒の頭蓋内投与を下記のように行うことができる。
48歳男性が、日常生活における低下した意欲および興味により来院する。この患者は、様々な声が聞こえると訴える。患者を6ヶ月間にわたって定期的にモニターする。症状はモニターリング期間を通して徐々に悪くなり、患者は統合失調症であると診断される。上記の実施例1に示されたように、CATスキャンまたはMRIにより支援された定位固定を使用して、2単位のA型ボツリヌス毒素(例えば、BOTOX(登録商標)または約8単位のDysport(登録商標))を脳脚橋核に注入する。患者は48時間以内に退院し、数日(1日〜7日)、統合失調症の陽の症状の著しい改善を享受する。統合失調症の陽の症状は約2ヶ月〜約6ヶ月にわたって著しく軽減されたままである。治療的緩和を延ばす場合、好適な量のA型ボツリヌス毒素を含む1個以上のポリマーインプラントを標的組織部位に設置することができる。
以前に統合失調症と診断され、それについて処置されている68歳女性が、新しい治療的処置を試みることを希望する。この女性は、ボツリヌス毒素治療を勧める医師の助言を求めている。上記の実施例1に示されたように、CATスキャンまたはMRIにより支援された定位固定を使用して、10単位〜約50単位のB型ボツリヌス毒素調製物(例えば、Neurobloc(登録商標)またはInnervateTM)を脳脚橋核に注入する。患者は48時間以内に退院し、数日(1日〜7日)、陽の症状の著しい改善を享受する。幻覚はほぼ完全に消失している。陽の症状は約2ヶ月〜約6ヶ月にわたって著しく軽減されたままである。治療的緩和を延ばす場合、好適な量のB型ボツリヌス毒素を含む1個以上のポリマーインプラントを標的組織部位に設置することができる。
71歳女性が、乱れた思考パターンにより入院し、幻聴および幻視に悩まされている。0.1単位〜100単位のC1型、D型、E型、F型またはG型ボツリヌス毒素を、腹側被蓋領域に対する興奮性のコリン作動性突出部を化学的に脱神経化するために脳脚橋核に注入する。上記の実施例1に示されたように、CATスキャンまたはMRIにより支援された定位固定を、脳室造影法により補足して、使用する。患者は48時間以内に退院し、数日(1日〜7日)、震せんの著しい寛解を享受し、これは約2ヶ月〜約6ヶ月にわたって著しく軽減されたままである。治療的緩和を延ばすために、好適な量のC1型、D型、E型、F型またはG型ボツリヌス毒素を含む1個以上のポリマーインプラントを標的組織部位に設置することができる。
知力の進行性低下に直面し、かつ、歯磨きまたは整髪などの単純な仕事を行う方法がもはや思い出せない85歳男性が入院する。この患者は、それ以外の点では、85歳のわりには健康である。この男性は進行型アルツハイマー病と診断される。
上記実施例5の患者は、水溶液で、または好適な神経毒インプラントの形態で、約1単位〜約1000単位の間のB型、C1型、D型、E型またはG型ボツリヌス毒素を用いて青斑を標的化する同じプロトコルおよび方法を使用して等しく処置することができる。そのような処置により、精神病的症状は1日〜7日で治まり、そして、1回の毒素注入につき約2ヶ月〜約6ヶ月にわたって実質的に軽減されたままであるか、または、インプラントポリマーの特定の放出特性およびインプラントに担持させた神経毒の量に依存して約1年〜5年にわたって実質的に軽減されたままである。
44歳男性が双極性障害と診断される。A型ボツリヌス毒素を含有するインプラントを、ノルエピネフリン放出を減少させるために青斑の近くに置く。インプラントは、A型ボツリヌス毒素の水溶液が生分解性ポリマーマイクロスフェアに配合されたもの、またはA型ボツリヌス毒素の生分解性ペレットのいずれかであり得る。この場合、インプラント形態はどちらも、合計で約20単位(約1ng)の毒素を含有し、同時に、インプラント放出部位において、そして各側約2mm〜3mmにおいて、治療レベルの毒素の少なくとも約4年の期間にわたり継続放出するというインプラント特性を有する。インプラントは約1単位の毒素を本質的に直ちに放出することができ、そして、約1単位のさらなる量を続く2ヶ月〜4ヶ月の期間にわたって累積的に放出することができる。
上記実施例7の患者は、水溶液で、または好適な神経毒インプラントの形態で、約1単位〜約1000単位の間のB型、C1型、D型、E型、F型またはG型ボツリヌス毒素を用いて、標的化する同じプロトコルおよび方法を使用して等しく処置することができる。そのような処置により、症状を1日〜7日で鎮めることができ、また、1回の毒素注入につき約2ヶ月〜約6ヶ月にわたって実質的に軽減されたままにすることができるか、または、インプラントポリマーの特定の放出特性およびインプラントに担持させた神経毒の量に依存して約1年〜5年の間にわたって実質的に軽減されたままにすることができる。
右利きの22歳の女性患者がてんかんの病歴により来院する。MRI、そしてEEG記録の研究に基づいて、側頭葉てんかんの診断がなされる。約5単位〜50単位の神経毒(例えば、A型ボツリヌス毒素など)をもたらすインプラントを、非優勢の左半球に対する片側法を用いて、中側頭回に沿って側頭葉の頂部から5cm〜6cmで側頭葉の前方部分に挿入することができる。てんかん発作を1日〜7日で実質的に減少させることができ、また、1回の毒素注入につき約2ヶ月〜約6ヶ月にわたって実質的に軽減されたままにすることができるか、または、インプラントポリマーの特定の放出特性およびインプラントに担持させた神経毒の量に依存して約1年〜5年にわたって実質的に軽減されたままにすることができる。
上記実施例9の患者は、水溶液で、または好適な神経毒インプラントの形態で、約1単位〜約1000単位の間のB型、C1型、D型、E型、F型またはG型ボツリヌス毒素を用いて、標的化する同じプロトコルおよび方法を使用して等しく処置することができる。そのような処置により、てんかん発作を1日〜7日で鎮めることができ、また、1回の毒素注入につき約2ヶ月〜約6ヶ月にわたって実質的に軽減されたままにすることができるか、または、インプラントポリマーの特定の放出特性およびインプラントに担持させた神経毒の量に依存して約1年〜5年にわたって実質的に軽減されたままにすることができる。
1.神経精神医学的障害の活動過多なニューロン系に関連する症状などの症状を劇的に減少させることができる。
2.神経精神医学的障害の症状を、1回の毒素注入につき約2ヶ月〜約4ヶ月にわたって減少させることができ、また、制御放出神経毒インプラントを使用したときには約1年〜5年にわたって減少させることができる。
4.注入または埋め込まれた神経毒は、頭蓋内の注入部位または埋め込み部位から拡散する傾向、あるいはそのような部位から輸送される傾向をほとんどまたは全く示さない。
6.頭蓋内に注入される神経毒の量は、匹敵し得る抑制効果を達成するために他の投与経路(すなわち、筋肉内、括約筋内、経口または非経口)によって要求される同じ神経毒の量よりもかなり少なくすることができる。
8.神経毒の大きい処置用量を、全身的毒性を伴うことなく長期間にわたって頭蓋内の標的組織に送達することができる。
従って、特許請求の範囲の精神および範囲は、上記に示される好ましい実施形態の記載に限定されるべきではない。
Claims (14)
- 統合失調症の陽の症状、アルツハイマー病、躁病およびてんかんから成る群から選択する神経精神医学的障害を処置するための医薬組成物であって、A型、B型、C1型、D型、E型、F型およびG型のボツリヌス毒素から成る群から選択するボツリヌス毒素を含有し、頭蓋内投与用である組成物。
- ボツリヌス毒素がA型ボツリヌス毒素である請求項1に記載の組成物。
- ボツリヌス毒素を、10-4U/kg〜1U/kgの量で投与する請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 症状緩和効果が1ヶ月間〜5年間持続する請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 下方脳領域に投与する請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 脳橋領域に投与する請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 脚橋核に投与する請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 青斑に投与する請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 腹側被蓋領域に投与する請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 制御放出ボツリヌス毒素系の形態であり、頭蓋内に埋め込む請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 統合失調症の陽の症状、アルツハイマー病、躁病およびてんかんから成る群から選択する神経精神医学的障害を処置するための医薬組成物であって、A型、B型、C1型、D型、E型、F型およびG型のボツリヌス毒素から成る群から選択する処置有効量のボツリヌス毒素を含有し、頭蓋内投与用であり、投与から4ヶ月以内に、該障害の症状に寄与するニューロンからの神経伝達物質放出を低減することにより、神経精神医学的障害の症状を処置する組成物。
- 症状が、統合失調症の陽の症状である請求項11に記載の組成物。
- 統合失調症の陽の症状を処置するための医薬組成物であって、A型、B型、C1型、D型、E型、F型およびG型のボツリヌス毒素から成る群から選択する処置有効量のボツリヌス毒素を含有し、頭蓋内投与用である組成物。
- ボツリヌス毒素がA型ボツリヌス毒素である請求項13に記載の組成物。
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US7229626B2 (en) | 2007-06-12 |
US6921538B2 (en) | 2005-07-26 |
AU2003221922B2 (en) | 2006-09-28 |
US20040180061A1 (en) | 2004-09-16 |
EP1503790A1 (en) | 2005-02-09 |
CA2484774A1 (en) | 2003-11-20 |
AU2003221922A1 (en) | 2003-11-11 |
BR0309888A (pt) | 2005-03-22 |
WO2003094955A1 (en) | 2003-11-20 |
EP1503790B1 (en) | 2008-09-17 |
ES2314193T3 (es) | 2009-03-16 |
US7811587B2 (en) | 2010-10-12 |
CA2484774C (en) | 2012-07-10 |
DE60323628D1 (de) | 2008-10-30 |
ATE408416T1 (de) | 2008-10-15 |
JP2005530770A (ja) | 2005-10-13 |
AU2003221922B8 (en) | 2009-06-18 |
US20030211121A1 (en) | 2003-11-13 |
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