JP5484326B2 - 免疫療法用の新規免疫原性エピトープ - Google Patents
免疫療法用の新規免疫原性エピトープ Download PDFInfo
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Description
C20orf42は、アクチン細胞骨格を血漿膜に付着させるプロセスおよびインテグリン媒介細胞プロセスに関与する限局性接着タンパク質である。 機能喪失変異の結果生じるC20orf42欠乏は、キンドラー症候群(皮膚の水疱を特徴とする常染色体後退遺伝性皮膚症)、進行性皮膚萎縮、光過敏症のほか、ときとして発癌につながる (Herz, C, Aumailley, M, Schulte, C, Schlotzer-Schrehardt, U, Bruckner-Tuderman, L, and Has, C; Kindlin-1 is a phosphoprotein involved in regulation of polarity, proliferation, and motility of epidermal keratinocytes, J Biol Chem., 2006, 281, 36082-36090)。 最近、機能喪失変異の患者での重度の出血性大腸炎を伴う胃腸器官の症状が報告された (Sadler, E, Klausegger, A, Muss, W, Deinsberger, U, Pohla-Gubo, G, Laimer, M, Lanschuetzer, C, Bauer, JW, and Hintner, H; Novel KIND1 gene mutation in Kindler syndrome with severe gastrointestinal tract involvement, Arch. Dermatol., 2006, 142, 1619-1624)。
NOX1は、スーパーオキシド(O2-)と過酸化水素(H2O2)の反応酸素種の生成を触媒する成長因子応答酵素である。 その発現は元々、大腸、前立腺、子宮、増殖血管平滑筋細胞において認められた (Suh, Y. A. et al. 1999; Cell transformation by the superoxide-generating oxidase Mox1. Nature 401, 79-82)。 その発現は、細胞増殖、血管形成、および細胞シグナル伝達経路活性化を含む数多くの生物学的応答と関連付けられている(Harper, R. W., Xu, C., Soucek, K., Setiadi, H. & Eiserich, J. P. A reappraisal of the genomic organization of human Nox1 and its splice variants. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 2005, 435, 323-330)。
PCNAは核の中に存在するもので、DNAポリメラーゼデルタの補因子である。 このエンコードされたタンパク質はホモトリマーとして作用し、DNA複製中のリーディング鎖合成のプロセッシビティの増加を助ける。 したがって、PCNAはあらゆる増殖性細胞、特に腫瘍細胞に発現するものであり、増殖を検知するためのマーカーとして用いられている。
TOP2A および TOP2B は、転座が起きているDNAのトポロジーを制御し変化させる酵素であるDNAトポイソメラーゼのイソフォームをコードする。 この核酵素は、染色体凝縮、染色分体分離、およびDNAの転座と複製の間に生じるねじり応力の軽減のようなプロセスに関与する。 DNAトポイソメラーゼは、2本鎖DNAの2本のストランドの過渡破壊と再結合を触媒するので、それらのストランドは互いに通り抜けができるようになり、したがって、DNAのトポロジーを変化させることができる。 この酵素の2つのイソフォームは、遺伝子複製イベントにより可能な産物として存在する。 α形をコードする遺伝子は染色体17に局在しており、β遺伝子は染色体3に局在する。
癌胎児性抗原(CEA = CEACAM5)は、180kDaで激しくグリコシル化された膜タンパク質であり、N末端 Ig V様の部位とC末端部位の間に挟まれた3つのC2 Ig様の反復単位から成り、グリコホスファチジルイノシトル結合部位を含む (Hegde, P, Qi, R, Gaspard, R, Abernathy, K, Dharap, S, Earle-Hughes, J, Gay, C, Nwokekeh, NU, Chen, T, Saeed, AI, Sharov, V, Lee, NH, Yeatman, TJ, and Quackenbush, J; Identification of tumour markers in models of human colorectal cancer using a 19,200-element complementary DNA microarray, Cancer Res., 2001, 61, 7792-7797)。
TGFBIは、TGFβ誘導性遺伝子としてヒトの肺腺癌細胞株で最初に特定された。 TGFBIは、分泌された細胞外基質タンパク質のエンコードをするもので、細胞接着と細胞外基質組成に作用すると考えられている。
PTPRZ1は、受容体型タンパク質チロシンホスファターゼファミリーに属し、2つの細胞質チロシン-タンパク質ホスファターゼドメインと、α-炭素脱水酵素ドメインと、フィブロネクチンIII型ドメインとで、単一経路I型膜タンパク質をコードする。 この遺伝子の発現は、胃癌細胞(Wu, CW, Li, AF, Chi, CW, and Lin, WC; Protein tyrosine-phosphatase expression profiling in gastric cancer tissues, Cancer Lett., 2006, 242, 95-103)、多発性硬化症部位の再有髄化オリゴデンドロサイト (Harroch, S, Furtado, GC, Brueck, W, Rosenbluth, J, Lafaille, J, Chao, M, Buxbaum, JD, and Schlessinger, J; A critical role for the protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type Z in functional recovery from demyelinating lesions, Nat. Genet., 2002, 32, 411-414)、および低酸素状態のヒト胎児腎細胞(Wang, V, Davis, DA, Haque, M, Huang, LE, and Yarchoan, R; Differential gene up-regulation by hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha and hypoxia-inducible factor-2 alpha in HEK293T-cells, Cancer Res., 2005, 65, 3299-3306)において誘導される。
JAKMIP2は、PAX3-FKHR の、多くの周知または推定の下流標的の1つとして特定されているもので、ARMS(小児横紋筋肉腫、歯槽亜型)に高過剰発現した (Lae, M, Ahn, E, Mercado, G, Chuai, S, Edgar, M, Pawel, B, Olshen, A, Barr, F, and Ladanyi, M; Global gene expression profiling of PAX-FKHR fusion-positive alveolar and PAX-FKHR fusion-negative embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas, J Pathol., 2007, 212, 143-151)。
フィブロネクチンは、約5%の炭水化物を含む、高分子量の糖タンパク質であり、細胞膜に広がるインテグリンと呼ばれる受容体タンパク質と結合する。 インテグリンの他に、コラーゲン、フィブリン、ヘパリンのような細胞外基質とも結合する。 フィブロネクチンのイソフォームはいくつかあり、それら全ては単一遺伝子の産物である。 FNは、正常な細胞形態、細胞接着、細胞移動、止血、血栓形成、傷の治癒、分化、および増殖の維持において重要な役割を果たしている(Hynes, RO; Fibronectins, Sci. Am., 1987, 254, 42-51)。
EGFRは、正常細胞の増殖、分化、および生存の調節において重要な役割を果たす。 このため、EGFRのステータスはヒトの腫瘍型の一定の範囲で改変することが多く、一般に、貧しい予後と相関する。 新生細胞においては、EGFRは、様々な相違する経路を介してそれらの成長と生存に貢献する(Maehama, T and Dixon, JE; The tumour suppressor, PTEN/MMAC1, dephosphorylates the lipid second messenger, phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate, J Biol Chem., 1998, 273, 13375-13378)。 EGFR異常は、グリア芽腫で最も多い分子異常の1つである(Zawrocki, A and Biernat, W; Epidermal growth factor receptor in glioblastoma, Folia Neuropathol., 2005, 43, 123-132)。
h-R3は、高アフィニティのEGFR外部ドメインを認識するヒト化単クローン抗体であり、チロシンキナーゼ活性を阻害する。 新たに診断された高グレード膠腫患者でh-R3の安全性、免疫原性、および初期効能を評価するために、フェーズI/II治験が実施された(Ramos, TC, Figueredo, J, Catala, M, Gonzalez, S, Selva, JC, Cruz, TM, Toledo, C, Silva, S, Pestano, Y, Ramos, M, Leonard, I, Torres, O, Marinello, P, Perez, R, and Lage, A; Treatment of high-grade glioma patients with the humanized anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibody h-R3: report from a phase I/II trial, Cancer Biol Ther., 2006, 5, 375-379)。
CHI3L2は、もともと、軟骨細胞から特定された。 CHI3L2は、リウマチ性関節炎における標的抗原としてしばしば記述されてきた。 CHI3L2と癌とのレリバントな関連は特定されていない。 キチナーゼ3様タンパク質は、細胞外シグナル調節キナーゼおよびPKB媒介シグナル伝達経路の活性によってヒト結合組織細胞、例えば線維芽細胞の増殖を刺激すると言われている(Recklies AD, White C, Ling H; The chitinase 3-like protein human cartilage glycoprotein 39 (HC-gp39) stimulates proliferation of human connective-tissue cells and activates both extracellular signal-regulated kinase- and protein kinase B-mediated signalling pathways; Biochem J. 2002; 365:119-126)。 マウスにおいて、キチナーゼ3様タンパク質がヘリコバクター誘導胃癌モデルにおいて強く上方調節することがわかった(Takaishi S, Wang TC; Gene expression profiling in a mouse model of Helicobacter-induced gastric cancer; Cancer Sci. 2007 (3): 284-293)。
微小管(MT)関連DCXタンパク質は、哺乳類大脳皮質の発育において基本的な役割を果たす。 DCXに非常に相同性のあるドメイン(DC)を持つタンパク質キナーゼ、ダブルコルチンキナーゼ-2(DCAMKL2)の特定が報告されている。 DCAMKL2は、そのDCドメインに関連するMT結合活性およびキナーゼドメインに媒介されるキナーゼ活性を有し、これら2つのドメインが機能的に独立な構造で組織されている。
内向き整流カリウムチャネル(Kir)の主要機能は、グリアに特徴的な生理特性であるグリア細胞膜の高カリウム(K+)選択性および強陰性静止膜電位(RMP)の確立である。 Kirの古典的特性は、RMPがK+の平衡電位に対して陰性であるときは(E(K))K+が内向きに流れるが、より陽性電位では外向きの流れが阻害されることである。 CNSグリアの特徴は、KCNJ10サブタイプの特異的発現であり、これはグリア細胞膜における主要なK+コンダクタンスであり、グリアRMPの設定において重要な役割を持つ。 したがって、Kir、特にKCNJ10は、グリア機能にとり重要な調節剤であり、それにより、神経細胞興奮性および軸索の状態が決定される(Butt, AM and Kalsi, A; Inwardly rectifying potassium channels (Kir) in central nervous system glia: a special role for Kir4.1 in glial functions, J Cell Mol. Med, 2006, 10, 33-44)。
CpG免疫刺激性オリゴヌクレオチドも、ワクチン設定におけるアジュバントの効果を高めるという報告がある。 理論に束縛されず、CpGオリゴヌクレオチドはトール様受容体(TLR)(主にTLR9)を介して生来の(非適応の)免疫系を活性化する作用を持つ。 CpGが起動するTLR9活性は、予防ワクチンおよび治療ワクチンの両方で、ペプチドまたはタンパク質抗原、生および殺傷されたウィルス、樹状細胞ワクチン、自己細胞ワクチン、および多糖共役体を含む様々な抗原に対する体液性および細胞性の抗原特異的応答を高める。 より重要なのは、たとえCD4T細胞の助けがなくても、それが樹状細胞の成熟と分化を増進し、TH1 細胞の活性および細胞傷害性Tリンパ球(CTL)の生成を増進することである。 TLR9の刺激によって誘導されるTH1 バイアスは、TH2バイアスを通常促進するミョウバンまたはフロイント不完全アジュバント(IFA)のようなワクチンアジュバントが存在していても維持される。 CpGオリゴヌクレオチドは、その他のアジュバントと共処方または併投与するか、もしくは微粒子、ナノ粒子、脂質エマルションまたは類似の処方によって、さらに高いアジュバント活性を示すものであり、比較的弱い抗原の場合に強い応答を誘導するには特に必要である。 それらは、免疫応答も加速するものであり、いくつかの実験では、CpGのない全用量ワクチンに匹敵する抗体応答が、約二桁低減した抗原用量で得られた(Arthur M. Krieg, Therapeutic potential of Toll-like receptor 9 activation, Nature Reviews, Drug Discovery, 5, JUNE 2006, 471-484)。 米国特許第6,406,705号B1は、CpGオリゴヌクレオチドと非核酸アジュバントと抗原との組み合わせによって抗原特異的免疫応答を誘導することについて記述している。 市販のCpG TLR9拮抗薬であるMologen(ドイツBerlin市)のdSLIM(double Stem Loop Immunomodulator)は、本発明の医薬組成物の好ましい構成要素である。 RNA結合TLR7、TLR8、および/またはTLR9のようなその他のTLR結合分子を使用することもできる。
ペプチドは、Fmoc化学を用いる標準的な確立された固相合成によって合成した。 準備したHPLCで精製した後、フィジコロジカルに適合性のある対イオンを組み入れるためにイオン交換を行った(酢酸塩または塩化物)。 凍結乾燥後、白色からオフホワイト色の固体を最終的に得た。 製造手順上の技術的な理由から、IMA-CCN-001だけは塩化物塩として供給し、残りの全てのTUMAPは酢酸塩として投与した。
組織標本
患者の腫瘍および健常組織は、数ヶ所の異なる臨床部位(下表を参照)から提供された。 全患者の書面によるインフォームドコンセントは、施術前に与えられた。 組織は手術後直ちに液体窒素で衝撃凍結し、TUMAPの単離まで-80℃で保管した。
HLA-A*02-特異的抗体BB7.2またはHLA-A、 -B、 -C-特異的抗体W6/32、CNBr-活性セファローズ、酸処理、および限外ろ過を用いて若干修正したプロトコルにしたがい、固体組織からの免疫沈降によって衝撃凍結組織サンプルからのHLAペプチドプールを入手した(Falk,K., Rotzschke,O., Stevanovic,S., Jung,G. & Rammensee,H.G. Allele-specific motifs revealed by sequencing of self-peptides eluted from MHC molecules. Nature 1991, 351, 290-296; Seeger,F.H. et al. The HLA-A*6601 peptide motif: prediction by pocket structure and verification by peptide analysis. Immunogenetics 1999, 49, 571-576)。
入手したHLAペプチドプールは、それらの疎水性にしたがって逆相クロマトグラフィー(CapLC, Waters)によって分離し、溶出するペプチドをハイブリッド4重直交加速型時間飛行タンデム質量分析(Q-TOF Ultima, Waters)で分析した。 濃縮および脱塩のためにペプチドプールをC18プレカラムに投入した。 投入後、該プレカラムをラインに配置し、5 μm C18逆相物質(Dionex)を充填した溶融シリカマイクロキャピラリーカラム(75 μm i.d. x 250 mm)で分離した。 溶剤Aは、4 mMの酢酸アンモニウム/水混合溶液である。 溶剤Bは、80%アセトニトリル/水混合溶液に2mMの酢酸アンモニウムを加えたものである。 どちらの溶剤もギ酸でpH 3.0 に調製した。 5 μl/分の流量を適用し、90分間に15%〜60%のバイナリーグラジエントを実施し、スプリットシステムにより約200 nl/分に低下した。 金で被覆したガラスキャピラリー(PicoTip, New Objective)を使用し、マイクロESIソースに導入した。 TOFアナライザーの積分時間は1.9 s であり、インタースキャン遅延は0.1 sであった。その後、衝突誘起減衰(CID)質量分析(ESI-LCMS/MS)により、その配列を明らかにした。 特定されたTUMAP配列の確認は、生成された天然TUMAPフラグメンテーションパターンを合成の同一配列を持つ基準ペプチドと比較することにより行った。
MHC分子によって腫瘍細胞表面に提示されるものとして特定されたペプチドは、それらの由来組織に対し高特異的な認識をもってT細胞を誘導する可能性が高い。 そのようなペプチドでのワクチン接種によって誘導される自己免疫のリスクを最低限にするために、本発明者らは、正常組織の大半のものに比べて腫瘍細胞上で過剰発現するタンパク質由来のペプチドに焦点を当てた。
各患者からの書面によるインフォームドコンセントを入手後、外科切除した組織標本が提供された(表2を参照)。
腫瘍および正常組織のRNA標本全ての遺伝子発現分析は、Affymetrix Human Genome (HG) U133AまたはHG-U133 Plus 2.0 オリゴヌクレオチドマイクロアレイ(Affymetrix、米国カリフォルニア州Santa Clara市)によって行われた。 全ての工程は、Affymetrixのマニュアル(http://www.affymetrix.com/support/technical/manual/expression_manual.affx)にしたがって実行された。 要約すると、二本鎖cDNAは、SuperScript RTII (Invitrogen) およびオリゴ-dT-T7プライマー(MWG Biotech、ドイツEbersberg市) を用いてマニュアル通りに、5〜8μg のトータルRNAから合成した。 in vitroでの転写は、U133Aに関してはBioArray High Yield RNA Transcript Labelling Kit (ENZO Diagnostics, Inc.、米国ニューヨーク州Farmingdale市) を用い、U133 Plus 2.0に関してはGeneChip IVT Labelling Kit (Affymetrix) を用いて行い、その後に、cRNAフラグメンテーション、ハイブリダイゼーション、および染色を、ストレプトアビジン-ファイコエリスリンとビオチン化抗ストレプトアビジン抗体(Molecular Probes,、オランダLeiden市)で行った。 画像のスキャンはAgilent 2500A GeneArray Scanner (U133A)またはAffymetrix Gene-Chip Scanner 3000 (U133 Plus 2.0)で行い、データの解析はGCOSソフトウェア(Affymetrix)を使い、全てのパラメータを初期設定として行った。 正規化のために、Affymetrixが提供した100個のハウスキーピング遺伝子を使った(http://www.affymetrix.com/support/technical/mask_files.affx)。 相対的発現値は、該ソフトウェアによって与えられたシグナルログ比を元に計算し、該正常標本は任意に1.0に設定した。
実施例1の方法で特定されたTUMAPを、質量分析によって、結腸直腸腫瘍標本から体系的に検出した。
このHLA結合アッセイは、ELISA EpI Kit (Soeren Buus、Institute of Medical Microbiology and Immunology at the University of Copenhagen(デンマーク)から入手したもの) を使い、Sylvester-Hvid (Sylvester-Hvid, C, Kristensen, N, Blicher, T, Ferre, H, Lauemoller, SL, Wolf, XA, Lamberth, K, Nissen, MH, Pedersen, LO, and Buus, S; Establishment of a quantitative ELISA capable of determining peptide - MHC class I interaction, Tissue Antigens, 2002, 59, 251-258) および ELISA EpI Kit キット製造業者のマニュアルにしたがって行われた。
ペプチドは、10 mg/mlの濃度でDMSO + 0.5% TFA (Merck、ドイツDarmstadt市) に溶解した。 このアッセイに使われた最高のペプチド希釈標準溶液は200 μMであり、したがって、その原液をペプチド-希釈緩衝液(0.1% ルトロール-F68および10 mg/l フェノール赤)にて1:50に希釈し、最終量である100 μlを得た。 ペプチド-希釈緩衝液で、連続5倍希釈を行った。
マニュアルにしたがい、2倍濃縮HLA-A*0201溶液は、3x pH緩衝液(pH6.6) 、ルトロール-F68、ヒトβ2m、組み換えHLA-A*0201 (全て ELISA EpI Kitに含まれている) をPBSと混合して調整した。
Maxisorp プレート (Nunc、ニューヨーク州Rochester市) を、コーティングバッファー(pH 9.6)にて5 μg/mlのw6/32 抗体でコーティングし、4℃で24時間培養し、PBSにて4℃で一晩、5%スキムミルク粉末(Merck、ドイツDarmstadt市)で遮断した。
CD8+T細胞のin vitroプライミング
ペプチド-MHC複合体(pMHC)および抗CD28抗体を負荷した人工抗原提示細胞(aAPC)によるin vitroでの刺激を与えるために、まず、標準的な密度勾配分離培地(PAA,ドイツCoelbe市)を用いて、PBMC(末梢血単核細胞)を新鮮なHLA-A*02+軟膜から単離した。 軟膜は、Blood Bank TuebingenまたはKatharinenhospital Stuttgartのどちらかから入手した。 単離したPBMCを一晩、10%加熱不活性化したヒトAB血清(PAA, ドイツCoelbe市)と、100 U/mlペニシリン/ 100 μg/mlストレプトマイシン(Cambrex, ベルギーVerviers市)と、1 mMのピルビン酸ナトリウム(CC Pro, ドイツNeustadt市) と、20 μg/mlのゲンタマイシン(Cambrex)とを追加したRPMI-Glutamax (Invitrogen, ドイツKarlsruhe市) からなるヒトin vitroプライミング用T細胞培地(TCM)で培養した。 CD8+リンパ球は、CD8+MACS陽性選択キット(Miltenyi, ドイツBergisch Gladbach市)を用いて、該製造業者の指示通りに単離した。 入手したCD8+T細胞は、2.5 ng/mlのIL-7 (PromoCell, ドイツHeidelberg市) および10 U/mlのIL-2 (Chiron, ドイツMunich市)を追加したTCMで培養後に用いた。 pMHC/抗CD28被覆ビーズ、T細胞刺激および読み出しは、前述の方法 (Walter, S, Herrgen, L, Schoor, O, Jung, G, Wernet, D, Buhring, HJ, Rammensee, HG, and Stevanovic, S; Cutting edge: predetermined avidity of human CD8 T cells expanded on calibrated MHC/anti-CD28-coated microspheres, J. Immunol., 2003, 171, 4974-4978) に若干の修正を加えて行った。 要約すると、膜貫通ドメインが欠如しており、重鎖のカルボキシ末端にてビオチン化されたビオチン化組み換えHLA-A*0201分子を、次の方法にしたがって生成した:Altman et al. (Altman, JD, Moss, PA, Goulder, PJ, Barouch, DH, Heyzer-Williams, MG, Bell, JI, McMichael, AJ, and Davis, MM; Phenotypic analysis of antigen-specific T lymphocytes, Science, 1996, 274, 94-96)。 精製された共刺激マウスIgG2a抗ヒトCD28 Ab9.3 (Jung, G, Ledbetter, JA, and Muller-Eberhard, HJ; Induction of cytotoxicity in resting human T lymphocytes bound to tumor cells by antibody heteroconjugates, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1987, 84, 4611-4615) は、スルホ-N-ヒドロキシサクシンイミドビオチンを用いて、その製造業者(Perbio, ドイツBonn市)が推奨する方法で化学的にビオチン化した。 使用したビーズは大きさが5.60μmのストレプトアビジン被覆ポリスチレン粒子(Bangs Labooratories, 米国Illinois州)である。正の対照として使用したpMHC はA*0201/MLA-001 (修飾メラン-A/Mart-1からのペプチドELAGIGILTV)であり、負の対照として使用したのはA*0201/DDX5-001 (DDX5からのYLLPAIVHI) またはA*0201/HBV-001 (FLPSDFFPSV)である。
Tヘルパー細胞は、CTLが腫瘍細胞に対する免疫応答を活性化および持続するのを支援する重要な役割を果たす。 したがって、MHCクラスIIペプチドをIMA910に含めた。 IMA910に含まれる3つのクラスIIペプチドの1つであるTGFBI-004の免疫原性をin vitroで試験し、TGFBI-004が特異的CD4+およびCD8+T細胞の誘導剤であることを証明した。 自己システムにおいて行われた刺激を用いた実験で、CD4+および機能的CD8+Tリンパ球の生成が示された。
特異的なヒトCD4+およびCD8+細胞のプライミングと拡大は、単球欠損PBMCを自己DCでプライムし、自己PBMCで再刺激することにより、in vitroアッセイした。 要約すると、抗原特異的なCD4+T細胞を生成するために、1健常ドナーの単球欠損PBMC(HLAゲノタイプクラスI: A1/A25/B8/B18およびクラスII: DQB1*02/DQB1*06/DRB1*03/DRB1*15/DRB3/DRB5)を、ペプチドパルス自己DCを用いて刺激し、自己PBMC+ペプチドで再刺激した。 読み出しシステムとして、短期再刺激でのIFNγ 生成をELISPOTおよびフローサイトメトリーにより評価した。 T細胞はELISPOTによる8回刺激および細胞内IFNγ 染色+CD4-FITCおよびCD8-PerCPの後に分析し、特異的なT細胞サブポピュレーションにおけるIFNγ生成細胞のパーセンテージを測定した。 この実験では、異なるウェルからのTGFBI-004ペプチドで刺激した細胞をプールし、読み出しのために無関係ペプチドで培養し、負対照として施行した。
ヒトDCは、10%自己血漿//100 U/mlペニシリンおよび100μg/mlストレプトマイシンを追加した、 RPMI 1640-Glutamax/25mM Hepes (Invitrogen, ドイツ) からなるDC培地で培養した単球から得た。 まず、健常ドナーからの血液(Bloodbank Tuebingen)を遠心分離して軟膜と血漿を得た。 次に、PBMCを、標準的な密度勾配分離(Lymphocyte Separation Medium, PAA, オーストリア)によって軟膜から単離し、DC培地に再懸濁し、細胞合計数を測定した。 1〜1.2億のPBMCを洗浄し、15 mlのX-Vivo 20培地(BioWhittaker, ベルギー) で再懸濁し、細胞培養フラスコに移した。 37℃で2時間後、末梢血白血球(PBL)を含む培地を取り除き、接着した単球を10mlのPBSで2回洗浄し、GM-CSFを100 ng/mlとIL-4 を30 ng/ml (ImmunoTools, ドイツ)または20 ng/ml (R&D systems, ドイツ)有する10ml DC培地で6日間培養した。 3日目および5日目に、100 ng/mlのGM-CSFおよび30 ng/mlのIL-4 (Immunotools)または20 ng/mlのIL-4 (R&D Systems, ドイツ) を加えた。 7日目に、未熟のDCを10 ng/mlのTNF-α (R&D Systems, ドイツ) および20 μg/mlのポリ(IC) (Sigma Aldrich, ドイツ) または100 ng/mlのLPSで24時間活性した。 残りのPBMCおよび入手したPBLは等分して冷凍した。
CD4+T細胞を生成するために、3百万PBMC/PBLを2x105の自己DCで刺激した。 DCは8日目に収穫した(3.1章「DCの生成」を参照)。 この目的のために、できるだけ多くの細胞(接着細胞を含む)を収穫すべく、5mMのEDTAと共にPBSを用いた。 DC培地で洗浄後、細胞数を測定した。 ペプチドを負荷するために、DCを1mlのDC培地に再懸濁し、25 μg/mlのペプチドで2時間、37℃で培養した。DCのパルシングに用いたペプチドは、TGFBI-004、Posmix (EBV とCMV関係ペプチドの混合物)、Padre、およびCMVである。 自己PBMC/PBLは解凍し、DC培地で(少なくとも2度)洗浄し、1ml中3Mio 細胞/mlの密度で、24ウェルプレートに載せた。 次に、ペプチドを負荷したDCを(該ペプチドを含む1ml懸濁液として)、該プレートに載せたPBMC/PBLに加え、37℃で7日間培養した。プライミング後に得られたCTLは、まず、凍結保存された自己ペプチドを負荷した放射線照射PBMCで再刺激した(30 Gy; Gammacell 1000 Elite, Nordion International, カナダ)。 この目的で、5 x 105 のCTLおよび2,5 x 106 のPBMCをウェルに加えた。 PBMCのペプチドパルシングは(DCについて)前述した方法で行った。 第1の刺激から1日目に、IL-2 (R&D Systems, ドイツ) およびIL-7を加え、各々2 ng/mlおよび5 ng/mlの最終濃度とした。 その後、2日毎および7日毎に該培地にIL-2およびIL-7を加えた。 第2の再刺激は7日後に行ったが、この時はペプチドを単独で(PBMCなしに)該培養CTLに加えた。 7日サイクルで、ペプチドを負荷したPBMCを加えるのとペプチドのみを加えるのを交互に行い、再刺激を施行した。 8回の刺激後、細胞内IFNγ 染色とIFNγ ELISPOTにより分析を行った。
関心のあるペプチドに特異的に応答するCD4+T細胞株をプライムすることは可能であった(図6および図3)。 T細胞応答は、4つのT細胞株のうち2つにELISPOTで検出され、4つのT細胞株のうち3つに、TGFBI-004に特異的なIFNγ を生成するCD4+およびCD8+細胞がICSを介して示された。 このように、TGFBI-004は、上述の実験システムで試験された1ドナーにCD4+およびCD8+T細胞応答を引き出すことができた。 この有望な結果によると、このペプチドが免疫原性で、T細胞応答を誘導する能力を有する可能性は高い。
IMA910に含まれるペプチドの免疫原性は、immaticsのTUMAP検証プラットフォーム(immatics biotechnologies GmbH、ドイツTuebingen市)を用いてin vitroで実証された。 特異的T細胞の誘導は、ペプチドがその免疫系を活性化する能力を示す指標である。 効率的な抗腫瘍免疫応答は、活性化T細胞のアビディティが高く機能的な場合のみ可能であるので、それらのIFNγ生成能力または腫瘍細胞株殺傷能力を試験することによって、我々はTUMAPをさらに調査した。 より厳しい検証のために、高アビディティのCTLをin vitroで誘導する能力のある2つのペプチド、NOX-001およびTGFBI-001を選んだ。 この結果は、ヒトにおいて両方のペプチドに対して高アビディティの前駆T細胞が存在すること、および機能的CD8+T細胞株をNOX-001で生成可能であることを証明した。
IMA910のペプチドの免疫原性および特異的T細胞の特性についてより深く知るために、2つのペプチド(NOX-001およびTGFBI-001)を選択し、さらに詳しく評価した。 この目的で実施された実験は、immaticsで実行された(細胞のソートはUniversity of TuebingenのBuehring博士の研究室で実施された)。
ペプチド-MHC複合体(pMHC)を負荷した人工抗原提示細胞(aAPC)と抗CD28抗体を用いるin vitroでの刺激は、上述の方法で実施した。 上述の方法との唯一の違いは、200ngの関係MHC(高密度ビーズ)の代わりに、2ngの関係+200ngの無関係ライブラリー(pMHC)MHC(低密度ビーズ)を負荷したビーズで刺激を施行したことである。 こうして、ペプチドをより深く検証するための主に高アビディティのT細胞が生成された。 3回の刺激後、in vitroでプライムされたT細胞の画分をpMHC-テトラマー染色し、サイトメトリー解析により検出した。 与えられた抗原の免疫原性は、in vitroでの刺激後に特異的CD8+T細胞株を含む、一健常ドナーの評価可能なin vitro刺激ウェルが少なくとも1つあれば検出された(すなわち、このウェルは、CD8+T細胞中に少なくとも1%の特異的テトラマー+を含んでおり、特異的なテトラマー+細胞は負対照の刺激の中央値の少なくとも10倍であった)。 後に、各ドナーのテトラマー陽性細胞を抗原の特異性にしたがってプールし、対応するpMHC-テトラマーとヒト抗CD8-FITC抗体クローンSK1で染色し、最後に、FACSAria(BD Biosciences、ドイツ)でFACSソートした。 ソートした細胞を、5 x 105細胞/mlの放射線照射した新鮮な同種PBMC、5 x 104細胞/mlの放射線照射したLG2-EBV細胞、150 U/mlのIL-2 (Chiron, ドイツMunich市)、および0,5 μg/mlのPHA-L (Roche Diagnostics, ドイツMannheim市)の存在下で、T細胞培地(10%加熱不活性化したヒトAB血清、100 U/mlのペニシリン、100 μg/mlのストレプトマイシン、1mMのピルビン酸ナトリウム、および20 μg/mlのゲンタマイシンを追加したRPMI-Glutamax)で培養した。 これらの細胞の拡大は、150 U/mlのIL-2を含むT細胞培地で生じた。プライムされた高アビディティの抗原特異的細胞生成の読み出しとして、pMHC-テトラマー染色を上述のように実施し、4色FACSCalibur(BD Biosciences、ドイツ)で解析した。
それらの機能性を測定するために、対応するペプチドでそれらの細胞を再刺激した後、ELISPOT (IFNγ ELISPOT Set, BD, ドイツ)でIFNγの生成を評価した。 加えて、LIVE/DEAD細胞媒介細胞傷害性キット(L7010、Invitrogen、ドイツ)を用い、腫瘍細胞株の殺傷によって、特異的CTLの細胞媒介細胞傷害性を調査した。 別に記述しない限り、アッセイは両方とも製造業者の指示通りに行った。
ペプチドNOX-001およびTGFBI-001は両方とも、低pMHC密度のaAPCによるプライムの成功が示すように、in vitroで免疫原性であった。 NOX-001およびTGFBI-001の両方について、T細胞株がFACSによって確立可能であったことにより、健常ドナーに高アビディティのCD8+細胞前駆体が存在することが実証された。
この解析の目的は、HLA-A*0201対立遺伝子によりコードされるMHC分子に対する、HLAクラスIペプチドCHI-001、DCA-001、JAK-001、およびPTP-001のアフィニティを評価することであった。 HLA-A*0201に対する全てのペプチドのアフィニティは、周知の対照ペプチドHBV-001に匹敵するものであり、解離定数(KD) は0.05〜1.6 nMの範囲であった。
安定したHLA/ペプチド複合体は、 HLA重鎖、β-2ミクログロブリン(b2m)、およびそのペプチドリガンドという3つの分子からなる。 変性した組み換えHLA-A*0201重鎖分子のみの活性は保存できるので、これらの分子は「空のHLA-A*0201分子」と機能的に同等である。b2mおよび適切なペプチドを含む水性緩衝液中に希釈すると、これらの分子は急速かつ効率的に、完全にペプチドに依存した方法で折り畳まれる(フォールドする)。これらの分子のアベイラビリティは、ペプチドとHLAクラスI分子の相互作用のアフィニティを測定するために、ELISAを使用するアッセイで使われている(Sylvester-Hvid et al., 2002) (Sylvester-Hvid C, Kristensen N, Blicher T, Ferre H, Lauemoller SL, Wolf XA, Lamberth K, Nissen MH, Pedersen LO, Buus S. Establishment of a quantitative ELISA capable of determining peptide - MHC class I interaction. Tissue Antigens 2002, 59, 251-258)。
結果を図9に示す。KD値が低いほど、HLA-A*0201に対するアフィニティが高い。HLA-A*0201に対する全てのペプチドのアフィニティは、周知の対照ペプチドHBV-001に匹敵するものであり、解離定数(KD) は0.05〜1.6 nMの範囲であった。
Claims (17)
- 配列番号1に示されるアミノ酸配列(ALSNLEVTL)からなるペプチド。
- ヒト主要組織適合性複合体(MHC)クラスI分子と結合する能力を有する、請求項1に記載のペプチド。
- HLA-DR抗原関連不変鎖(Ii)のN-末端アミノ酸および請求項1または2に記載のペプチドからなる融合ペプチド。
- 請求項1または2に記載のペプチドをコードする核酸。
- DNA、cDNA、RNA、またはそれらの組み合わせである、請求項4に記載の核酸。
- 請求項4または5に記載の核酸を発現する発現ベクター。
- 医薬に使用される、請求項1〜3のいずれかに記載のペプチド、請求項4もしくは5に記載の核酸、または請求項6に記載の発現ベクター。
- 請求項4もしくは5に記載の核酸、または請求項6に記載の発現ベクターを含む宿主細胞。
- 宿主細胞は樹状細胞を含む抗原提示細胞である、請求項8に記載の宿主細胞。
- 請求項8または9の宿主細胞を培養する工程、およびペプチドを該宿主細胞またはその培地から単離する工程を含む、請求項1〜3のいずれかに記載のペプチドを生成する方法。
- 適切な抗原提示細胞の表面で発現された抗原負荷ヒトクラスIのMHC分子を、抗原特異的に細胞傷害性Tリンパ球(CTL)を十分に活性化する時間、in vitroでCTLに接触させる工程を含み、該抗原が請求項1〜3のいずれかに記載のペプチドである、in vitroで活性化CTLを生成する方法。
- 十分な量の抗原が抗原提示細胞と接触することによって、適切な抗原提示細胞の表面で発現されたクラスIのMHC分子に該抗原が負荷される、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 抗原提示細胞は、配列番号1に示されるアミノ酸配列からなるペプチドを発現する能力のある発現ベクターを含む、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 請求項1または2に記載のペプチドを発現する細胞を選択的に認識する、請求項11〜13のいずれかに記載の方法によって生成される活性化細胞傷害性Tリンパ球(CTL)。
- 請求項1〜3のいずれか1つに記載のペプチド、請求項4もしくは5に記載の核酸、請求項6に記載の発現ベクター、請求項8もしくは9に記載の細胞、または請求項14に記載の活性化細胞傷害性Tリンパ球、の癌治療剤の製造における使用。
- 癌治療剤がワクチンである、請求項15に記載の使用。
- 癌治療剤の対象である癌の細胞は、グリア芽腫細胞、結腸直腸癌細胞、膵臓癌細胞、肺癌細胞、腎臓癌細胞、または胃癌細胞である、請求項15または16に記載の使用。
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