JP5473592B2 - 励磁機及び系統に接続されていない電力変換器を有する可変速風力タービン - Google Patents
励磁機及び系統に接続されていない電力変換器を有する可変速風力タービン Download PDFInfo
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03D—WIND MOTORS
- F03D7/00—Controlling wind motors
- F03D7/02—Controlling wind motors the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor
- F03D7/028—Controlling wind motors the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor controlling wind motor output power
- F03D7/0284—Controlling wind motors the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor controlling wind motor output power in relation to the state of the electric grid
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03D—WIND MOTORS
- F03D7/00—Controlling wind motors
- F03D7/02—Controlling wind motors the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor
- F03D7/022—Adjusting aerodynamic properties of the blades
- F03D7/0224—Adjusting blade pitch
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03D—WIND MOTORS
- F03D9/00—Adaptations of wind motors for special use; Combinations of wind motors with apparatus driven thereby; Wind motors specially adapted for installation in particular locations
- F03D9/20—Wind motors characterised by the driven apparatus
- F03D9/25—Wind motors characterised by the driven apparatus the apparatus being an electrical generator
- F03D9/255—Wind motors characterised by the driven apparatus the apparatus being an electrical generator connected to electrical distribution networks; Arrangements therefor
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
- H02P21/00—Arrangements or methods for the control of electric machines by vector control, e.g. by control of field orientation
- H02P21/22—Current control, e.g. using a current control loop
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
- H02P3/00—Arrangements for stopping or slowing electric motors, generators, or dynamo-electric converters
- H02P3/06—Arrangements for stopping or slowing electric motors, generators, or dynamo-electric converters for stopping or slowing an individual dynamo-electric motor or dynamo-electric converter
- H02P3/18—Arrangements for stopping or slowing electric motors, generators, or dynamo-electric converters for stopping or slowing an individual dynamo-electric motor or dynamo-electric converter for stopping or slowing an ac motor
- H02P3/22—Arrangements for stopping or slowing electric motors, generators, or dynamo-electric converters for stopping or slowing an individual dynamo-electric motor or dynamo-electric converter for stopping or slowing an ac motor by short-circuit or resistive braking
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
- H02P9/00—Arrangements for controlling electric generators for the purpose of obtaining a desired output
- H02P9/007—Control circuits for doubly fed generators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
- H02P9/00—Arrangements for controlling electric generators for the purpose of obtaining a desired output
- H02P9/10—Control effected upon generator excitation circuit to reduce harmful effects of overloads or transients, e.g. sudden application of load, sudden removal of load, sudden change of load
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
- F05B2200/00—Mathematical features
- F05B2200/20—Special functions
- F05B2200/26—Special functions trigonometric
- F05B2200/261—Sine
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
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- F05B2260/00—Function
- F05B2260/70—Adjusting of angle of incidence or attack of rotating blades
- F05B2260/75—Adjusting of angle of incidence or attack of rotating blades the adjusting mechanism not using auxiliary power sources, e.g. servos
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
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- F05B2270/00—Control
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
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- F05B2270/00—Control
- F05B2270/10—Purpose of the control system
- F05B2270/109—Purpose of the control system to prolong engine life
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
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- F05B2270/00—Control
- F05B2270/30—Control parameters, e.g. input parameters
- F05B2270/337—Electrical grid status parameters, e.g. voltage, frequency or power demand
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
- H02P2101/00—Special adaptation of control arrangements for generators
- H02P2101/15—Special adaptation of control arrangements for generators for wind-driven turbines
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
- H02P2207/00—Indexing scheme relating to controlling arrangements characterised by the type of motor
- H02P2207/07—Doubly fed machines receiving two supplies both on the stator only wherein the power supply is fed to different sets of stator windings or to rotor and stator windings
- H02P2207/076—Doubly fed machines receiving two supplies both on the stator only wherein the power supply is fed to different sets of stator windings or to rotor and stator windings wherein both supplies are made via converters: especially doubly-fed induction machines; e.g. for starting
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/70—Wind energy
- Y02E10/72—Wind turbines with rotation axis in wind direction
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Description
本願は、2006年6月30日に出願された米国出願第11/477,593号及び2006年3月17日に出願された米国仮出願第60/783,029号からの優先権を主張し、上記出願の開示の全体が参照により本明細書に援用される。
概して、本発明の様々な例示的な実施形態による可変速風力タービン発電機は、二次励磁誘導発電機の超同期動作時にロータが発生する電力を励磁機に流す。続いて、励磁機は、この電気エネルギーを機械回転エネルギーに変換し戻し、続いてこのエネルギーを、ステータが発生して系統に送出される電力をさらに増加させるために用いることができる。電力がDFIGのステータによってしか系統に送出されないことで、電力変換器を介した系統への電力の送出が回避される。したがって、系統に供給される電力の品質が改善される。
最適電力追尾コントローラ(OPTC)(303)は、発電機電力を制御するために、DFIGコントローラ(300)によって行われる電力制御ループの電力基準を調整する。この基準は、主調整変数としての測定風速に基づく。
DFIGのステータ有効電力及び無効電力制御は、二次励磁誘導発電機のコントローラ(300)によって行われる。このコントローラは、系統に送出される総電力の優れた調整性能及び制御を提供する。この制御は、以下でさらに詳細に説明するように、系統磁束配向(GFO)を用いて機械の電気パラメータから完全に独立した種々の調整ループに基づく。調整すべき種々の大きさを高精度で測定することにより、二次励磁誘導発電機(205)のステータ(210)によって系統に送出される総電力が完璧に制御され、高品質エネルギーが得られる。
Av_Ps=3/2(Vsd×Isd+Vsq×Isq) 式1
Av_Qs=3/2(Vsq×Isq−Vsd×Isd) 式2
例示的な一実施形態では、可変速システムは、二次励磁誘導発電機(205)を備え、そのロータ(211)は電子電力変換器(222)に接続される。この電子電力変換器は、DCバスシステム(224)を介して第2の電子電力変換器(225)に結合される。一実施形態では、この周波数変換器(電力変換器)(225)は、接触器(228)によって励磁機(212)に接続される。非同期機、DC機、同期(例えば永久磁石)機、又は可逆電気機械等の励磁機は、駆動系に機械的に結合される。
Sp_IEq=バス電圧レギュレータ(607)出力+減結合及びスイッチオン補償(608)出力 式3
別の実施形態によれば、発電ブレーキ(DEB)が設けられ、これは風力タービンが発電機を停止させるのに電気ブレーキを加えることを可能にする。したがって、早期損傷を引き起こす可能性がある風力タービン構成要素の機械的力を回避することができる。
Pb_MAX=(VDC_bus)2/Rbrake 式4
式中、VDC_busは、DCバス電圧(Av_Ubus)の実際値である。
SP_Pb=Pb_MAX.fMOD 式5
fMOD=SP_Pb.(Rbrake/(Av_Ubus)2) 式6
別の実施形態に従って接続シーケンスが提供される。この実施形態は、電力電子変換器が系統に結合されていない、励磁機(212)に結合された二次励磁誘導発電機(DFIG)(205)と、系統への二次励磁誘導発電機の接続を可能にする接続シーケンスとを含み、この接続シーケンスは、無効エネルギーの消費も、接触器(215)を通る接続電流ピークもないため、接触器(215)の寿命を延ばす。図7は、接続シーケンスを示す。ここで説明する技法は、接触器の代わりに主回路遮断器又は任意の他のスイッチが系統への発電機の結合に用いられる場合にも適用できることが、当業者には明らかであろう。
本発明の別の実施形態に従って切断シーケンスが提供される。この実施形態は、電力電子変換器が系統に結合されていない、励磁機(212)に結合された二次励磁誘導発電機(DFIG)(205)と、システムの種々の要素における過電流又は過電圧に関係する摂動を伴わない、系統からの二次励磁誘導発電機(205)の切断を可能にする切断シーケンスとを含む。ほぼ0の電流で接触器(215)を開放するため、この接触器の寿命が延び、保守作業が減る。他の切断シーケンスと比較して、同じ用途で接触器の定格をより小さくすることもできる。
本発明のこの実施形態では、可変速風力タービンは、励磁機ベースピッチコントローラ(EBPC)を備える。図8は、励磁機への要求電力の制限に基づくこのようなピッチ制御システムの例示的な一実施形態を示す。
誤差_β=Sp_β−Av_β 式7
である。
誤差_n=Sp_n−Av_n 式8
である。
誤差_I=Sp_I−Av_I 式9
である。
本発明の別の実施形態では、可変速風力タービンは、励磁機への需要電力の制限に基づくピッチ制御システムを備える。
Claims (19)
- 可変速風力タービンシステムであって、
少なくとも1つのブレードを含む第1のロータ軸と、
前記第1のロータ軸に結合され、電力系統に接続可能なステータ及び軸を有する二次励磁誘導発電機と、
前記二次励磁誘導発電機の前記軸に結合されている励磁機と、
前記二次励磁誘導発電機を制御するように該二次励磁誘導発電機のロータ及び前記励磁機に電気的に接続されている、電力変換システムと、を備え、
前記電力変換システムは、前記系統から分離されており、前記系統に送出される電力の経路は、前記二次励磁誘導発電機が有するステータを介した経路に制限されており、
前記電力変換システムは、前記系統から分離されている双方向電力変換器であり、
前記電力変換システムは、DCリンクバスによって連結され、一方のAC側が前記二次励磁誘導発電機のロータ回路に接続されて他方のAC側が前記励磁機に接続されている2つの能動電子電力変換器(electronic power converters)を備える、可変速風力タービンシステム。 - 前記系統に送出される風力タービン電力出力を制御する電力制御システムをさらに備える、請求項1に記載の可変速風力タービンシステム。
- 前記発電機はスリップリング無しの(non-slip ring:スリップリングレス)誘導発電機である、請求項1に記載の可変速風力タービンシステム。
- 前記励磁機は可逆電気機械である、請求項1に記載の可変速風力タービンシステム。
- 前記励磁機は同期機である、請求項1に記載の可変速風力タービンシステム。
- 前記励磁機は非同期機である、請求項1に記載の可変速風力タービンシステム。
- 前記励磁機はDC機である、請求項1に記載の可変速風力タービンシステム。
- 前記励磁機の制御はDCバス電圧調整に基づく、請求項1に記載の可変速風力タービンシステム。
- 可変速風力タービンであって、
少なくとも1つのブレードを含むロータと、
前記ロータに結合されている駆動系であって、少なくとも1つの二次励磁誘導発電機(DFIG)を含み、該DFIGは電力系統に接続可能なステータを有する、駆動系と、
前記DFIGの動作が同期速度以上である超同期モードで前記DFIGのロータにおいて発生する電力を消費し、且つ前記DFIGの動作が同期速度未満である準同期モードで前記DFIGのロータのための電力を発生し、前記駆動系に結合されている、励磁機手段と、
前記DFIGのロータと前記励磁機手段との間で伝送される電力を変換する、電力変換手段と、を備え、
前記電力変換手段が、前記系統から分離されており、前記系統に送出される電力の経路は、前記DFIGが有するステータを介した経路に制限されており、
前記電力変換手段は、前記系統から分離されている双方向電力変換器であり、
前記電力変換手段は、DCリンクバスによって連結され、一方のAC側が前記二次励磁誘導発電機のロータ回路に接続されて他方のAC側が前記励磁機に接続されている2つの能動電子電力変換器(electronic power converters)を備える、可変速風力タービン。 - 系統に送出される風力タービン電力出力を制御する電力制御手段をさらに備える、請求項9に記載の可変速風力タービン。
- ピッチ調整を行うピッチ制御手段をさらに備える、請求項9に記載の可変速風力タービン。
- 可変速風力タービンであって、
少なくとも1つのブレードを含むロータと、
前記ロータに結合されている駆動系であって、少なくとも1つの二次励磁誘導発電機(DFIG)を含み、該DFIGは電力系統に接続可能な少なくとも1つのステータを有する、駆動系と、
前記駆動系に結合されている少なくとも1つの励磁機と、
前記二次励磁誘導発電機のロータ及び前記励磁機に電気的に結合されて、前記二次励磁誘導発電機のロータと前記励磁機との間で電力を伝送する、少なくとも1つの電力変換装置と、を備え、
前記少なくとも1つの電力変換装置は、前記系統から分離されており、前記系統に送出される電力の経路は、前記DFIGが有するステータを介した経路に制限されており、
前記電力変換装置は、前記系統から分離されている双方向電力変換器であり、
前記電力変換装置は、DCリンクバスによって連結され、一方のAC側が前記二次励磁誘導発電機のロータ回路に接続されて他方のAC側が前記励磁機に接続されている2つの能動電子電力変換器(electronic power converters)を備える、可変速風力タービン。 - 前記系統に送出される風力タービン電力出力を制御する電力制御システムをさらに備える、請求項12に記載の可変速風力タービン。
- 前記発電機はスリップリング無しの誘導発電機である、請求項12に記載の可変速風力タービン。
- 前記励磁機は可逆電気機械である、請求項12に記載の可変速風力タービン。
- 前記励磁機は同期機である、請求項12に記載の可変速風力タービン。
- 前記励磁機は非同期機である、請求項12に記載の可変速風力タービン。
- 前記励磁機はDC機である、請求項12に記載の可変速風力タービン。
- 前記励磁機の制御はDCバス電圧調整に基づく、請求項12に記載の可変速風力タービン。
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