JP5420128B2 - ヘッジホッグ経路の調節物質、並びにそれに関する組成物及び利用法 - Google Patents
ヘッジホッグ経路の調節物質、並びにそれに関する組成物及び利用法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5420128B2 JP5420128B2 JP2001530353A JP2001530353A JP5420128B2 JP 5420128 B2 JP5420128 B2 JP 5420128B2 JP 2001530353 A JP2001530353 A JP 2001530353A JP 2001530353 A JP2001530353 A JP 2001530353A JP 5420128 B2 JP5420128 B2 JP 5420128B2
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Description
パターン形成という働きにより、胚細胞は、分化の済んだ組織を秩序ある空間的配置に置いていく。高等生物の身体の複雑さは胚発生の段階で生じるが、細胞が元々持つ系譜と、細胞の外側で働くシグナル伝達とが相互作用した結果の所産である。ボディー・プランを最初に設定するときから、器官系のパターニングや、組織分化中の多様な細胞種の発生に至るまで、脊椎動物の発生において誘導的な相互作用は胚のパターニングにとって重要である(Davidson, E., (1990) Development 108: 365-389; Gurdon, J. B., (1992) Cell 68: 185-199; Jessell, T. M. et al., (1992) Cell 68: 257-270)。発生上で細胞間相互作用の及ぼす効果は多様である。典型的には、応答細胞が一経路の細胞分化から別の経路へ分岐していく現象は、誘導されない応答細胞とも、誘導された状態の応答細胞とも異なる誘導細胞によって引き起こされるものである(誘導)。細胞は隣接する細胞を自らに似るように分化するよう、誘導することもあるし(ホメオジェネティック誘導)、隣接細胞が自らに似る分化を遂げることを抑制することもある。初期発生段階での細胞間相互作用は順次に起きるものと考えられ、二つの細胞種間に最初の相互作用が起きると、多様性が増幅していくのである。さらに、誘導的相互作用は、胚だけでなく成体細胞でも起き、形態学的パターンを確立かつ維持したり、分化を誘導することがある(J. B. Gurdon (1992)Cell 68: 185-199)。
Heuvel et al. )。smoのヒト相同体は同定済みである。例えば、Stone et al. (1996) Nature 384: 129-134, 及び GenBank 受託番号 U84401を参照されたい。インビトロ結合検定では、脊椎動物のSmoとHhたんぱくとの間に、何ら物理的相互作用を検出できなかった (上記のStone et al.,) が、他方、同じ条件下でも、脊椎動物のPtcは比較的に高い親和性でソニック・ヘッジホッグ(Shh)たんぱくに結合する(Marigo et al. (1996)Nature 384: 176-179; 上記のStone et al.)。最近、活性化smoothened突然変異が、突発性基底細胞癌、Xie et al. (1998) Nature 391: 90-2、及び中枢神経系の原始神経外胚葉腫瘍、Reifenberger et al. (1998) Cancer Res 58: 1798-803に起きることが報告された。
サプレッサ・オブ・フューズド(原語:suppressor-of-fused)[Su(fu)]と複合体を形成し、この複合体を通じて微小管と結合している。この結合によりCiはプロテアソームに案内されて、そこで開裂して転写抑制型Ci75を遊離させる。Ci155のリン酸化は、Cos-2-Fuとの結合を促進するか、又は、ユビキチン結合を促進することのいずれか(又は両方)により、その開裂を促進する。HhがPtcに結合すると、Smoに対する阻害作用が抑制される。その結果Smoが活性化し、Fu-Cos-2-Ci複合体が微小管から離れる。Ci155の開裂が遮断される。次に、これ、もしくは、関連する形のCiが核内に進入して、CREB結合たんぱく(CBP)と関連するptc、gli及び他の標的遺伝子の転写を活性化させる。
一態様の本発明は、smoothened依存的経路活性化を阻害する方法及び試薬を、利用可能にするものである。いくつかの実施例では、当該方法を、例えばヘッジホッグ機能亢進、ptc機能欠損、又はsmoothened機能亢進といった突然変異を原因とするなど、ヘッジホッグ経路の望ましくない活性化の表現型作用に拮抗させるのに利用できる。例えば、当該方法に、smoothened依存的経路活性化に拮抗するのに充分な量の、ステロイド系アルカロイド又は他の小分子など、smoothenedアンタゴニスト(以下に定義する)に、細胞を(インビトロ又はインビボで)接触させるステップを含めてもよい。
1.概観
本発明は、ステロイド系アルカロイド及びそれらの類似体により、patched(ptc)及び/又はsmoothenedが調節するシグナル伝達経路を、少なくとも部分的に抑制できる、という発見に関するものである。以下により詳細に説明するように、我々は、シクロパミン誘導体がヘッジホッグ経路のsmoothened依存的活性を阻害できることを観察した。何ら特定の理論に拘束されるのを望むわけではないが、我々のデータは、シクロパミンが、smoothenedのレベルで、直接的又は間接的に作用して、活性型及び不活性型のsmoothenedの定常状態比を、(ステロイド系アルカロイドの非存在時に比較して)不活性型にシフトさせることを示している。
便宜上、本明細書、実施例及び付属の請求項で用いた用語をいくつか、ここに収集する。
以下に詳述するように、当該法は、例えばここに解説する薬剤スクリーニング検定法など、容易に同定できる様々なステロイド系アルカロイドのいずれを利用して、実施してもよいと考えられる。ステロイド系アルカロイドは大変複雑な含窒素核を有する。本発明で用いる二つのクラスのステロイド系アルカロイドの例は、ソラナム型及びベラトラム型である。しかし、ある好適な実施例では、上記の本発明の方法及び組成物は、シクロパミンのステロイド系アルカロイド環系を有する化合物を利用する。
R2、R3、R4、及びR5は、各々の結合相手である環に対する一つ以上の置換を表し、それぞれの位置で独立に、水素、ハロゲン、アルキル、アルケニル、アルキニル、アリール、ヒドロキシル、=O、=S、アルコキシル、シリルオキシ、アミノ、ニトロ、チオール、アミン、イミン、アミド、ホスホリル、ホスホネート、ホスフィン、カルボニル、カルボキシル、カルボキサミド、無水物、シリル、エーテル、チオエーテル、アルキルスルホニル、アリールスルホニル、セレノエーテル、ケトン、アルデヒド、エステル、糖(例えば、単糖、二糖、多糖、等々)、(例えば酸素でステロイドに結合した)カルバメート、炭酸塩、又は-(CH2) m-R8 を表し;
R6、R7、及びR'7は、存在しないか、又は独立に、ハロゲン、アルキル、アルケニル、アルキニル、アリール、ヒドロキシル、=O、=S、アルコキシル、シリルオキシ、アミノ、ニトロ、チオール、アミン、イミン、アミド、ホスホリル、ホスホネート、ホスフィン、カルボニル、カルボキシル、カルボキサミド、無水物、シリル、エーテル、チオエーテル、アルキルスルホニル、アリールスルホニル、セレノエーテル、ケトン、アルデヒド、エステル、又は-(CH2) m-R8を表すか、あるいは
R6 及びR7、又は、R7及びR'7は、一緒に捉えると、例えば置換もしくは未置換の一個の環又は多環式の環を形成しており、
ただし前提として、R6、R7、又はR'7のうちの少なくとも一つは存在し、かつ、例えば当該環の構成原子の一つとして、一個のアミンを含み;
R8 は、一個のアリール、一個のシクロアルキル、一個のシクロアルケニル、一個の複素環、又は一個の多環を表し;そして
m は0以上8以下の整数である。
R2、R3、R4、R5及びR8は上に定義したとおりであり;
A 及び Bは、単環式又は多環式の基を表し;
Tは、一個のアルキル、一個のアミノアルキル、一個のカルボキシル、一個のエステル、1乃至10個の結合長の一個のアミド、エーテルもしくはアミン結合を表し;
T'は存在しないか、又は、一個のアルキル、一個のアミノアルキル、一個のカルボキシル、一個のエステル、1乃至3個の結合長の一個のアミド、エーテルもしくはアミン結合を表し(但し、T 及び T'が共に存在する場合、T 及び T'は環A又はBと共に、5乃至8環原子が共有結合した閉環を形成する);
R9は、環A又はBに対する一つ以上の置換を表し、それぞれ独立に、ハロゲン、アルキル、アルケニル、アルキニル、アリール、ヒドロキシル、=O、=S、アルコキシル、シリルオキシ、アミノ、ニトロ、チオール、アミン、イミン、アミド、ホスホリル、ホスホネート、ホスフィン、カルボニル、カルボキシル、カルボキサミド、無水物、シリル、エーテル、チオエーテル、アルキルスルホニル、アリールスルホニル、セレノエーテル、ケトン、アルデヒド、エステル、又は-(CH2) m-R8を表し;そして
n 及びm は、独立に、ゼロ、1又は 2を表し;
但し前提として A、又は、一緒に捉えたときのT、T'及び Bは、少なくとも一個のアミンを含む。
ただし式中、
R2、R3、R4、R5、R6 及び R9は上に定義したとおりであり;
R22 は存在しないか、又は、一個のアルキル、一個のアルコキシル又は-OHを表す。
本発明の一態様は、当該方法に基づき、そして状況から見て妥当な方法で、上に記載した化合物に細胞を接触させることにより、正常細胞、又は、ptcの機能が欠損した、ヘッジホッグの機能が亢進したもしくはsmoothenedの機能が亢進した細胞など、ある細胞の分化後状態、生存、及び/又は、増殖、を変調する方法に関するものである。
本発明の化合物を単独で投与することも可能であるが、当該化合物を薬学的製剤(組成物)として投与するのが好ましい。本発明に基づく当該化合物を、ヒト又は獣医学での利用に向けて投与が便利に行えるように調合してもよい。いくつかの実施例では、当該薬学的製剤に含まれる化合物はそれ自体で有効であっても、又は、生理学的環境で有効化合物に転化することができるなど、プロドラッグであってもよい。
当該化合物及びその誘導体は、公知の合成法を利用して容易に調製できる。当業で公知のように、これらのカップリング反応は穏和な条件下で行われ、幅広い「スペクテータ」官能基にも耐える。付加的な化合物をコンビナトリアル法で合成かつ試験して、当該方法に利用できそうな更なる化合物の同定を容易に行えるようにしてもよい。
本発明の化合物、特に、多様な代表的なクラスの置換基を有する変種のライブラリは、コンビナトリアル・ケミストリ及び他のパラレル合成スキームになじむ(例えばPCT WO 94/08051を参照されたい)。その結果、潜在的なヘッジホッグ調節物質リード化合物を同定したり、リード化合物の特異性、毒性、及び/又は、細胞傷害的な運動プロファイルを精製するために、例えば上に記載した化合物のふ入りのライブラリなど、関連化合物の大きなライブラリを高処理能検定で迅速にスクリーニングすることができる。例えば、ptc機能欠損、ヘッジホッグ機能亢進、又はsmoothened機能亢進のいずれかを有する細胞を用いて開発できるであろうptc、ヘッジホッグ、又はsmoothened生物活性検定法を用いて、当該化合物のライブラリをスクリーニングし、ptcに対するアゴニスト活性、又は、ヘッジホッグもしくはsmoothenedに対するアンタゴニスト活性を有するものを探すこともできる。あるいは反対に、ptc機能欠損、ヘッジホッグ機能亢進、又はsmoothened機能亢進のいずれかを有する細胞を用いた生物活性検定法を用いて当該化合物のライブラリをスクリーニングし、ptcに対するアンタゴニスト活性、又は、ヘッジホッグもしくはsmoothenedに対するアゴニスト活性を有するものを探すこともできる。
ヘッジホッグ調節物質などの化合物が、ptc、smoothened、又はヘッジホッグ機能を調節する能力を調べるのに利用の可能な検定法は様々なものがあり、その多くは、高処理能のフォーマットに変えることができる。化合物及び天然抽出物のライブラリをテストする数多くの薬剤スクリーニングプログラムでは、ある一定の期間で調査できる化合物数を最大にするには、高処理能の検定法が好ましい。このように、合成及び天然の生成物のライブラリから、ヘッジホッグ調節物質である他の化合物を探すために、サンプルを採っておくこともできる。
ここまで一般的に説明してきた本発明は、以下の実施例によりさらに容易に理解されるであろうが、これは本発明のある態様または実施態様を具体化することのみを目的としており、本発明を限定するものではない。
ヘッジホッグシグナル伝達経路は正常な胚の発達に必要であり、また、発癌現象にも関与している(L. V. Goodrich and M. P. Scott, Neuron 21, 1243 (1998))。例えば、ソニックヘッジホッグシグナル伝達(Shh)が欠損すると、単眼奇形や、顔面、前脳、及びその他の臓器または構造などの発達異常が生じる(C. Chiang et al., Nature 383,407 (1996))が、その伝達経路を不適切に活性化すると、基底細胞癌、髄芽細胞腫、及びその他の腫瘍性障害の発症に関与する(H. Hahn et al., Cell 85, 841 (1996); R. L. Johnson et al., Science 272,1668 (1996); M. Gailani et al., Nat Genet 14,78 (1996); T. Pietsch et al., Cancer Res 57,2085 (1997); J. Reifenberger et al., Cancer Res. 58,1798 (1998); C. Raffel et al., Cancer Res 57, 842 (1997); J. Xie et al., Nature 391,90 (1998))。したがって、この経路を薬理学的に操作できれば、シグナル伝達機序の解明を促進し、体性及び先天性異常を予防または治療するための実用的な手段を提供することができる。植物性ステロイド系アルカロイドであるシクロパミンは、脊椎動物胚に単眼異常及び重症HPEなどの発現を引き起こすことが以前から知られており(R. F. Keeler and W. Binns, Teratology 1,5 (1968))、さらに最近では、Shhシグナルに対する細胞応答を阻害することにより作用することが明らかになった(M. K. Cooper, J. A. Porter, K. E. Young, P. A. Beachy, Science 280, 1603 (1998); J. P. Incardona, W. Gaffield, R. P. Kapur, H. Roelink, Development 125,3553 (1998))。シクロパミンを治療に用いる可能性を評価するために、本願発明者らはシクロパミンの作用による機序を研究した。
新規誘導体の合成
シクロパミン及びジェルビン(それぞれの構造は図5の1及び2)は、ソニックヘッジホッグシグナル伝達経路を特異的に阻害することで知られる、密接に関連した関連植物由来のステロイド系アルカロイドである(Cooper et al., Science 280, p. 1603-1607,1998)。本願発明者らはこれら2種類の化合物をその第二アミン、C-3酸素、及び/またはC5-C6オレフィンを様々に修飾して、新規誘導体23種を化学合成した。これら化合物の中には容易に標識をした状態に合成することができるため、結合の研究に有用なものもある。また、光活性架橋とそれに続く放射標識またはビオチン部分の標識タンパクへの結合に有用な官能基を有する化合物もある。これらの化合物の一種は蛍光標識されており、細胞におけるシクロパミン作用のターゲットを直接観察するために有用であると考えられる。各種誘導体の効力を表IIに示す。
親NIH-3T3線維芽細胞に由来し、安定に組み込まれたShh感受性ルシフェラーゼレポーターを有するクローン細胞株を用いて、ソニックヘッジホッグ誘導を50%阻害するために必要な各化合物の濃度(IC50)を測定した。SAR研究により、3,b-ヒドロキシルが付加すると活性が劇的に低下するが、3,b-ヒドロキシルを酸化してケト基にすると効力が上昇することを明らかにした。また、かさ高い基を第二級アミンに付加すると効力は低下するが、長い脂肪族リンカーはこのようなかさ高い基を付加させやすくするだけでなく効力も上昇させることを明らかにした。これまで同定した化合物の中で最も活性な化合物の効力(図5の構造34、IC50=30nM)は、シクロパミンの効力(図5の構造1、IC50=300nM)の10倍を示した。さらに高い効力を得るために、第二級アミンへの様々な付加物を系統的に試験して、3-ケト官能性とともにこれらの付加物を組み合わせることを、すぐに行うべきである。本願発明者らはすでにさらに効力の高い誘導体を合成しており、それらは親化合物と比較して、毒性をはるかに低く抑えながらShhシグナル伝達を阻害する望ましい特性を示している。
本願発明者らは、これらの化合物が、Patched1(Ptc1)タンパクの機能の欠損またはSmoタンパクの構成的な活性化機能のために経路活性が上昇した細胞中の経路活性を遮断することができるということを明らかにした。これらの化合物がこの両タイプの欠陥を有する細胞中の経路活性を遮断することができることから、その化合物が特定の散発的な腫瘍の治療、またはそのような腫瘍の形成頻度が高い遺伝的素因を有する患者の予防的治療に広く有用である可能性が示唆される。そのような腫瘍には、基底細胞癌、髄芽細胞腫、線維肉腫、及び横紋筋肉腫がそれらに限定されずに含まれる。これらの化合物の用途には、さらに膵臓組織の誘導、過剰な毛髪成長の除去、及びその他の皮膚障害の治療がそれらに限定されずに含まれる。
一般合成方法 すべての反応は窒素加圧下により行われた。空気及び湿気に影響される化合物は、ゴム製隔膜を通してシリンジまたはカニューレにより導入した。すべての試薬及び溶液は分析級でありそのまま使用したが、以下に述べるものを例外とした。DMF及びDMSOは4オングストローム分子ふるい上に保存し、水は脱イオン化して蒸留した。フラッシュクロマトグラフィ精製は、指定した溶媒系をメルク社製シリカゲル60(230-400メッシュ)上で用いて行った。低分解能及び高分解能質量スペクトルは、ハーバード大学化学・化学生物学科の質量スペクトル分光施設において測定した。プロトン磁気共鳴スペクトル(H1 NMR)はバリアン社製500MHzスペクトル分光器で記録した。
方法 メスヌードマウスに、Ptc-/-胚性線維芽細胞由来のP2A6線維肉腫細胞500万個を皮下注射した。注射してから3週間後、各マウスに離散性皮下腫瘍が形成された。各腫瘍の測定を行い、同日に治療を開始した。マウスにはトマチジン、シクロパミンまたはKAADシクロパミン33の腹腔内注射による治療(1治療につきマウス1匹)を1日一回、4日間行った。これらのマウスを殺し、腫瘍を測定して切除し、組織学的分析を行った。腫瘍容積を長さ x 幅の積で計算した。試料をパラホルムアルデヒドで固定してパラフィン包埋し、切片を切り出してヘマトキシリン−エオジン染色し、増殖マーカーKi-67に対するポリクローナル抗体について免疫組織化学的検査を行った(ノバカストラ社製NCL-Ki67p、検査は製造者の指示に従って行った)。
当業者であれば、ごく通常の実験を用いるのみで、ここに説明した本発明の特定の実施態様の等価物を数多く認識し、又は確認できることであろう。このような等価物は上述の特許請求の範囲の包含するところである。
Claims (16)
- R2がオキソ(=O)を表し、R3がメチルを表し、R4が水素を表し、R6がメチルを表し、R9がN−(ジヒドロシンナモイル)アミノエチルを表し、R9aがメチルを表し、及びR22がメチルを表す(化合物19)、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- R2がオキソ(=O)を表し、R3がメチルを表し、R4が水素を表し、R6がメチルを表し、R9がN−(ベンゾイルベンゾイル)アミノエチルを表し、R9aがメチルを表し、及びR22がメチルを表す(化合物21)、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- R2がヒドロキシルを表し、R3がメチルを表し、R4が水素を表し、R6がメチルを表し、R9がN−(N’−(ジヒドロシンナモイル)アミノカプロイル)アミノエチルを表し、R9aがメチルを表し、及びR22がメチルを表す(化合物33)、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- R2がオキソ(=O)を表し、R3がメチルを表し、R4が水素を表し、R6がメチルを表し、R9がN−(N’−(ジヒドロシンナモイル)アミノカプロイル)アミノエチルを表し、R9aがメチルを表し、及びR22がメチルを表す(化合物34)、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- 請求項1乃至5のいずれかの一つの請求項に記載の化合物を含む、動物において有糸分裂細胞増殖を阻害する際に使用する医薬組成物。
- 前記有糸分裂細胞増殖が癌に関連する、請求項6に記載の組成物。
- 前記癌が基底細胞癌、髄芽細胞癌、扁平上皮癌、癌肉腫、腺嚢癌腫、類表皮癌、鼻咽喉癌、腎細胞癌、乳頭腫、及び類表皮腫(原語:epidermoidoma)から選択される、請求項7に記載の組成物。
- 請求項1乃至5のいずれかの一つの請求項に記載の化合物を含む、高増殖性障害を診断された患者においてヘッジホッグ・パッチ経路の活性化を阻害する際に使用する医薬組成物。
- 前記高増殖性障害が癌に関連する、請求項9に記載の組成物。
- 前記癌が基底細胞癌、髄芽細胞癌、扁平上皮癌、癌肉腫、腺嚢癌腫、類表皮癌、鼻咽喉癌、腎細胞癌、乳頭腫、及び類表皮腫(原語:epidermoidoma)から選択される、請求項10に記載の組成物。
- 請求項1乃至5のいずれかの一つの請求項に記載の化合物を含む、患者において不要な毛髪成長を阻害する、又は、精子形成を阻害する際に使用する医薬組成物。
- 前記組成物が腫瘍への局所投与に適する剤形である、請求項6乃至12のいずれかに記載の組成物。
- ED50が1mM以下でptc機能欠損またはsmoothened機能亢進が媒介するシグナル伝達を阻害する、請求項1乃至5のいずれか一つに記載の化合物を含む、請求項6乃至12のいずれかに記載の組成物。
- ED50が1μM以下でptc機能欠損またはsmoothened機能亢進が媒介するシグナル伝達を阻害する、請求項1乃至5のいずれか一つに記載の化合物を含む、請求項14に記載の組成物。
- ED50が1nM以下でptc機能欠損またはsmoothened機能亢進が媒介するシグナル伝達を阻害する、請求項1乃至5のいずれか一つに記載の化合物を含む、請求項15に記載の組成物。
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