JP5245116B2 - 有機半導体膜の形成方法、及び有機薄膜トランジスタの製造方法 - Google Patents
有機半導体膜の形成方法、及び有機薄膜トランジスタの製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5245116B2 JP5245116B2 JP2007522376A JP2007522376A JP5245116B2 JP 5245116 B2 JP5245116 B2 JP 5245116B2 JP 2007522376 A JP2007522376 A JP 2007522376A JP 2007522376 A JP2007522376 A JP 2007522376A JP 5245116 B2 JP5245116 B2 JP 5245116B2
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- 229920001230 polyarylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910021420 polycrystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002530 polyetherether ketone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001601 polyetherimide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011112 polyethylene naphthalate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000069 polyphenylene sulfide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005591 polysilicon Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- BITYAPCSNKJESK-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassiosodium Chemical compound [Na].[K] BITYAPCSNKJESK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000002572 propoxy group Chemical group [*]OC([H])([H])C(C([H])([H])[H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000004673 propylcarbonyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- LLHKCFNBLRBOGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene glycol methyl ether acetate Chemical compound COCC(C)OC(C)=O LLHKCFNBLRBOGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019423 pullulan Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000003226 pyrazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005412 pyrazyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005495 pyridazyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004076 pyridyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005400 pyridylcarbonyl group Chemical group N1=C(C=CC=C1)C(=O)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000000714 pyrimidinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- HNJBEVLQSNELDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrrolidin-2-one Chemical compound O=C1CCCN1 HNJBEVLQSNELDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002294 quinazolinyl group Chemical group N1=C(N=CC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 238000010526 radical polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000005871 repellent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001846 repelling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052706 scandium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SIXSYDAISGFNSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N scandium atom Chemical compound [Sc] SIXSYDAISGFNSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007650 screen-printing Methods 0.000 description 1
- HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon nitride Chemical compound N12[Si]34N5[Si]62N3[Si]51N64 HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003808 silyl group Chemical group [H][Si]([H])([H])[*] 0.000 description 1
- 150000003384 small molecules Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004528 spin coating Methods 0.000 description 1
- VEALVRVVWBQVSL-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium titanate Chemical compound [Sr+2].[O-][Ti]([O-])=O VEALVRVVWBQVSL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000475 sulfinyl group Chemical group [*:2]S([*:1])=O 0.000 description 1
- 125000000472 sulfonyl group Chemical group *S(*)(=O)=O 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001308 synthesis method Methods 0.000 description 1
- PCCVSPMFGIFTHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetracyanoquinodimethane Chemical compound N#CC(C#N)=C1C=CC(=C(C#N)C#N)C=C1 PCCVSPMFGIFTHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000335 thiazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- PYJJCSYBSYXGQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N trichloro(octadecyl)silane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[Si](Cl)(Cl)Cl PYJJCSYBSYXGQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RCHUVCPBWWSUMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N trichloro(octyl)silane Chemical compound CCCCCCCC[Si](Cl)(Cl)Cl RCHUVCPBWWSUMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002023 trifluoromethyl group Chemical group FC(F)(F)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000000025 triisopropylsilyl group Chemical group C(C)(C)[Si](C(C)C)(C(C)C)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000000026 trimethylsilyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])[Si]([*])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 238000001771 vacuum deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001935 vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N yttrium atom Chemical compound [Y] VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K71/00—Manufacture or treatment specially adapted for the organic devices covered by this subclass
- H10K71/10—Deposition of organic active material
- H10K71/12—Deposition of organic active material using liquid deposition, e.g. spin coating
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K71/00—Manufacture or treatment specially adapted for the organic devices covered by this subclass
- H10K71/10—Deposition of organic active material
- H10K71/12—Deposition of organic active material using liquid deposition, e.g. spin coating
- H10K71/15—Deposition of organic active material using liquid deposition, e.g. spin coating characterised by the solvent used
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K10/00—Organic devices specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching; Organic capacitors or resistors having potential barriers
- H10K10/40—Organic transistors
- H10K10/46—Field-effect transistors, e.g. organic thin-film transistors [OTFT]
- H10K10/462—Insulated gate field-effect transistors [IGFETs]
- H10K10/464—Lateral top-gate IGFETs comprising only a single gate
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K10/00—Organic devices specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching; Organic capacitors or resistors having potential barriers
- H10K10/40—Organic transistors
- H10K10/46—Field-effect transistors, e.g. organic thin-film transistors [OTFT]
- H10K10/462—Insulated gate field-effect transistors [IGFETs]
- H10K10/466—Lateral bottom-gate IGFETs comprising only a single gate
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/10—Organic polymers or oligomers
- H10K85/111—Organic polymers or oligomers comprising aromatic, heteroaromatic, or aryl chains, e.g. polyaniline, polyphenylene or polyphenylene vinylene
- H10K85/113—Heteroaromatic compounds comprising sulfur or selene, e.g. polythiophene
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Thin Film Transistor (AREA)
- Liquid Deposition Of Substances Of Which Semiconductor Devices Are Composed (AREA)
Description
前記非ハロゲン系溶媒が、ヘキサン、オクタン、シクロヘキサン、ベンゼン、トルエン、キシレン、テトラヒドロフラン、ジオキサン、エチレングリコールジエチルエーテル、アニソール、ベンジルエチルエーテル、エチルフェニルエーテル、ジフェニルエーテル、メチル−t−ブチルエーテル、酢酸メチル、酢酸エチル、エチルセロソルブ、メタノール、エタノール、イソプロパノール、アセトン、メチルエチルケトン、シクロヘキサノン、2−ヘキサノン、2−ヘプタノン、3−ヘプタノン、ジメチルホルムアミド、ジメチルスルホキシド、ジエチルホルムアミド、1,3−ジオキソラン及びプロピレンカーボネートから選ばれる場合は、該非ハロゲン系溶媒の塗布時の平均揮発速度が3×10 1 mg/(sec・cm2)〜103mg/(sec・cm2)であり、
前記非ハロゲン系溶媒が、テトラリンである場合は、該非ハロゲン系溶媒の塗布時の平均揮発速度が10−4mg/(sec・cm2)〜103mg/(sec・cm2)であることを特徴とする有機半導体膜の形成方法。
2 ソース電極
3 ドレイン電極
4 ゲート電極
5 絶縁層
6 支持体
7 ゲートバスライン
8 ソースバスライン
10 有機TFTシート
11 有機TFT
12 出力素子
13 蓄積コンデンサ
14 垂直駆動回路
15 水平駆動回路
16 質量変化をモニターしながら、且つ、加熱機構を有する精密天秤
17 基板
18 溶液(有機半導体材料と非ハロゲン溶媒を含む)
本発明の有機半導体膜の形成方法について説明する。
前述のように、基板上に塗布された有機半導体材料は、塗布液に含まれる液体の揮発と共に成膜されるが、この過程に有機半導体膜の結晶状態は大きく影響される。有機半導体材料の結晶化は、塗布液中の液体存在下でより促進され、キャリア移動度が向上する。半導体の性能向上には溶媒乾燥速度が遅いことがよいと考えられる。同時に、溶媒の揮発により成膜性を向上させることで基板表面の表面処理を施した絶縁層への密着性を向上させることによっても、有機半導体素子の性能が向上する。
本発明の有機半導体膜の形成方法において、有機半導体材料と非ハロゲン溶媒を含む溶液の塗布時に非ハロゲン溶媒の平均揮発速度を測定する方法を図3を用いて説明する。
本発明に用いられる有機半導体材料について説明する。
有機半導体材料の分子量としては、重量平均分子量が5000以下であることが好ましい。重量平均分子量はGPC型高速液体クロマトグラフィーにより測定することができる。
前記分子量以下である低分子の有機半導体材料としては、分子構造中にヘテロ環を2つ以上含む化合物が好ましく、特にヘテロ環がチオフェン環である化合物が好ましい。チオフェン環はアルキル基等の置換基を有していても、また無置換のものでもよいが、分子内に置換基、特にアルキル基を有するチオフェン環が含まれることが好ましく、置換基を有するチオフェン環と無置換のチオフェン環の両者が含まれることがより好ましい。さらに、チオフェン環が2つ以上連結していることが好ましく、連結するチオフェン環の数は2〜10が好ましい。
前記一般式(1)で表されるチオフェンオリゴマーについて説明する。
本発明に用いられるチオフェンオリゴマーの末端基について説明する。
本発明に用いられるチオフェンオリゴマーは、構造中に、Head−to−Head構造を持たないことが好ましく、それに加えて、さらに好ましくは、前記構造中に、Head−to−Tail構造、または、Tail−to−Tail構造を有することが好ましい。
縮合多環芳香族化合物を有機半導体材料とする場合等、有機半導体層中には、有機半導体材料のみではなく、例えば、アクリル酸、アセトアミド、ジメチルアミノ基、シアノ基、カルボキシル基、ニトロ基等の官能基を有する材料や、ベンゾキノン誘導体、テトラシアノエチレン及びテトラシアノキノジメタンやそれらの誘導体等のように電子を受容するアクセプターとなる材料や、例えばアミノ基、トリフェニル基、アルキル基、水酸基、アルコキシ基、フェニル基等の官能基を有する材料、フェニレンジアミン等の置換アミン類、アントラセン、ベンゾアントラセン、置換ベンゾアントラセン類、ピレン、置換ピレン、カルバゾール及びその誘導体、テトラチアフルバレンとその誘導体等のように電子の供与体であるドナーとなるような材料を含有させ、いわゆるドーピング処理を行ってもよい。
これらの有機半導体膜は、有機薄膜トランジスタを構成する場合、ゲート絶縁膜(例えばシリコンの熱酸化膜)等の疎水性の高い膜を有する基板上に形成されるため、有機半導体材料を溶解する溶媒としては、基板への親和性が高いものが好ましい。
従来、アルキル置換ペンタセン等の有機半導体材料を溶解するにはトリクロロベンゼン等の芳香族ハロゲン化炭化水素が用いられているが、本発明に用いる溶媒としては、環境負荷が小さい非ハロゲン系溶媒を用いることが必須であり、全溶媒中の主成分(全溶媒中に占める非ハロゲン系溶媒の含有量が50質量%以上であることを示す。)として用いることが好ましい。
本発明の有機半導体膜の形成に係る塗布液には少なくとも非ハロゲン系溶媒が用いられるが、その他、併用可能な溶媒としては、特に制限されるものではないが、好ましいものとしては、メタノール、エタノール、イソプロパノール、アセトン、メチルエチルケトン、メチルイソブチルケトン、ピロリドン、N−メチルピロリドン、ジメチルホルムアミド、ジメチルアセトアミド、酢酸メチル、酢酸エチル、酢酸ブチル、乳酸メチル、乳酸エチル、乳酸ブチル、β−メトキシプロピオン酸メチル、β−エトキシプロピオン酸エチル、プロピレングリコールモノメチルエーテルアセテート、トルエン、キシレン、ヘキサン、リモネン、シクロヘキサン等が挙げられる。これらの有機溶媒は2種類以上を組合せて用いることもできる。
本発明に係る基板について説明する。
有機薄膜トランジスタは、支持体上に有機半導体チャネル(活性層)で連結されたソース電極とドレイン電極を有し、その上にゲート絶縁層を介してゲート電極を有するトップゲート型と、支持体上に先ずゲート電極を有し、ゲート絶縁層を介して有機半導体チャネルで連結されたソース電極とドレイン電極を有するボトムゲート型に大別される。本発明に係わる有機半導体膜の形成方法により得られる有機薄膜トランジスタはこれらトップゲート型またボトムゲート型のいずれでもよく、またその形態を問わない。
《有機半導体膜1の形成》:実施例
比抵抗0.02Ω・cmのn型Siウェハーに厚さ200nmの熱酸化ケイ素皮膜を形成し、ゲート絶縁膜とした。
得られた有機半導体膜1の評価は、下記のように有機薄膜トランジスタを作製して、キャリア移動度、閾値を評価した。
有機薄膜トランジスタのI−V特性の飽和領域から、キャリア移動度(cm2/V・s)を求めた。
有機半導体1の形成において、平均揮発速度、基板温度、溶媒種、半導体材料、塗布方法(滴下またはIJ(インクジェットヘッドを用いる))等を表1、表2に記載のように変更した以外は同様にして、有機半導体膜2〜40を各々形成した。
有機半導体1の形成において、平均揮発速度、基板温度、溶媒種、半導体材料、塗布方法(滴下またはIJ(インクジェットヘッドを用いる))等を表2に記載のように変更した以外は同様にして、有機半導体膜41、42を各々形成した。
(※1):成膜が不安定
PC:プロピレンカーボネート
CP:1−クロロペンタン
DCB:オルトジクロロベンゼン
CH:シクロヘキサン
THF:テトラヒドロフラン
混合溶媒の場合、シクロヘキサン80質量%、テトラヒドロフラン20質量%になるように調製した。
得られた有機半導体膜2〜34についても、有機半導体膜1と同様に、有機薄膜トランジスタ2〜34を各々作製して評価した。
Claims (11)
- 有機半導体材料と、ヘキサン、オクタン、シクロヘキサン、ベンゼン、トルエン、キシレン、テトラヒドロフラン、ジオキサン、エチレングリコールジエチルエーテル、アニソール、ベンジルエチルエーテル、エチルフェニルエーテル、ジフェニルエーテル、メチル−t−ブチルエーテル、酢酸メチル、酢酸エチル、エチルセロソルブ、メタノール、エタノール、イソプロパノール、アセトン、メチルエチルケトン、シクロヘキサノン、2−ヘキサノン、2−ヘプタノン、3−ヘプタノン、ジメチルホルムアミド、ジメチルスルホキシド、ジエチルホルムアミド、1,3−ジオキソラン、テトラリン及びプロピレンカーボネートから選ばれた非ハロゲン系溶媒を含む塗布液を基板上に供給した後、乾燥させることにより、有機半導体膜を基板上に形成する有機半導体膜の形成方法において、
前記非ハロゲン系溶媒が、ヘキサン、オクタン、シクロヘキサン、ベンゼン、トルエン、キシレン、テトラヒドロフラン、ジオキサン、エチレングリコールジエチルエーテル、アニソール、ベンジルエチルエーテル、エチルフェニルエーテル、ジフェニルエーテル、メチル−t−ブチルエーテル、酢酸メチル、酢酸エチル、エチルセロソルブ、メタノール、エタノール、イソプロパノール、アセトン、メチルエチルケトン、シクロヘキサノン、2−ヘキサノン、2−ヘプタノン、3−ヘプタノン、ジメチルホルムアミド、ジメチルスルホキシド、ジエチルホルムアミド、1,3−ジオキソラン及びプロピレンカーボネートから選ばれる場合は、該非ハロゲン系溶媒の塗布時の平均揮発速度が3×10 1 mg/(sec・cm2)〜103mg/(sec・cm2)であり、
前記非ハロゲン系溶媒が、テトラリンである場合は、該非ハロゲン系溶媒の塗布時の平均揮発速度が10−4mg/(sec・cm2)〜103mg/(sec・cm2)であることを特徴とする有機半導体膜の形成方法。 - 基板温度または塗布液温度を制御することにより、前記非ハロゲン系溶媒の塗布時の平均揮発速度を制御することを特徴とする請求項第1項に記載の有機半導体膜の形成方法。
- 前記有機半導体材料の重量平均分子量が5000以下であることを特徴とする請求項第1項または第2項に記載の有機半導体膜の形成方法。
- 前記有機半導体材料がアルキルチオフェンオリゴマーを含有することを特徴とする請求項第1項〜第3項のいずれか1項に記載の有機半導体膜の形成方法。
- 前記有機半導体材料が、ペンタセン誘導体であることを特徴とする請求項第1項〜第4項のいずれか1項に記載の有機半導体膜の形成方法。
- 前記ハロゲン系溶媒が、芳香族炭化水素系溶媒であることを特徴とする請求項第1項〜第5項のいずれか1項に記載の有機半導体膜の形成方法。
- 前記基板が表面処理されていない基板であることを特徴とする請求項第1項〜第6項のいずれか1項に記載の有機半導体膜の形成方法。
- 前記基板温度が20℃〜100℃であることを特徴とする請求項第1項〜第7項のいずれか1項に記載の有機半導体膜の形成方法。
- 前記塗布液の温度が20℃〜100℃であることを特徴とする請求項第1項〜第8項のいずれか1項に記載の有機半導体膜の形成方法。
- 前記塗布液の基板上への供給が、実質的に窒素ガス雰囲気中で行われることを特徴とする請求項第1項〜第9項のいずれか1項に記載の有機半導体膜の形成方法。
- 有機薄膜トランジスタが有する有機半導体膜を、請求項第1項〜第10項のいずれか1項に記載の有機半導体膜の形成方法により形成することを特徴とする有機薄膜トランジスタの製造方法。
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PCT/JP2006/312576 WO2006137512A1 (ja) | 2005-06-24 | 2006-06-23 | 有機半導体膜の形成方法、有機半導体膜、及び有機薄膜トランジスタ |
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US (1) | US8080438B2 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP5245116B2 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN100578744C (ja) |
GB (1) | GB2441701B (ja) |
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JPWO2008093663A1 (ja) * | 2007-01-31 | 2010-05-20 | コニカミノルタホールディングス株式会社 | 有機薄膜トランジスタ、その製造方法及び有機半導体デバイス |
EP2576724B1 (en) * | 2010-05-27 | 2019-04-24 | Merck Patent GmbH | Method for preparation of organic electronic devices |
EP2590481B1 (en) * | 2010-07-01 | 2021-11-24 | Joled Inc. | Ink for organic light emitting element and method for manufacturing an organic light emitting element |
GB201013820D0 (en) * | 2010-08-18 | 2010-09-29 | Cambridge Display Tech Ltd | Low contact resistance organic thin film transistors |
US20140061616A1 (en) * | 2010-12-28 | 2014-03-06 | Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd. | Organic semiconductor material, coating liquid containing the material, and organic thin film transistor |
KR102118354B1 (ko) * | 2012-12-12 | 2020-06-03 | 주식회사 다이셀 | 유기 트랜지스터 제조용 용제 또는 용제 조성물 |
CN103066216A (zh) * | 2012-12-27 | 2013-04-24 | 青岛艾德森能源科技有限公司 | 一种有机半导体薄膜的制备方法 |
JP6298896B2 (ja) * | 2014-09-29 | 2018-03-20 | 富士フイルム株式会社 | 有機半導体膜の製造方法、有機トランジスタ |
KR102632027B1 (ko) * | 2017-04-10 | 2024-01-31 | 메르크 파텐트 게엠베하 | 유기 기능성 재료의 제형 |
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WO2003016599A1 (fr) * | 2001-08-09 | 2003-02-27 | Asahi Kasei Kabushiki Kaisha | Element a semi-conducteur organique |
JP2004273678A (ja) * | 2003-03-07 | 2004-09-30 | Konica Minolta Holdings Inc | 有機薄膜トランジスタ |
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US6897284B2 (en) * | 2003-03-19 | 2005-05-24 | Xerox Corporation | Polythiophenes and devices thereof |
JP4194436B2 (ja) * | 2003-07-14 | 2008-12-10 | キヤノン株式会社 | 電界効果型有機トランジスタ |
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WO2003016599A1 (fr) * | 2001-08-09 | 2003-02-27 | Asahi Kasei Kabushiki Kaisha | Element a semi-conducteur organique |
JP2004273678A (ja) * | 2003-03-07 | 2004-09-30 | Konica Minolta Holdings Inc | 有機薄膜トランジスタ |
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JPWO2006137512A1 (ja) | 2009-01-22 |
US20100090199A1 (en) | 2010-04-15 |
US8080438B2 (en) | 2011-12-20 |
WO2006137512A1 (ja) | 2006-12-28 |
CN101203950A (zh) | 2008-06-18 |
GB2441701B (en) | 2009-01-14 |
GB2441701A (en) | 2008-03-12 |
CN100578744C (zh) | 2010-01-06 |
GB0724499D0 (en) | 2008-01-30 |
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