JP5112071B2 - γ−LiV2O5の製造方法 - Google Patents
γ−LiV2O5の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5112071B2 JP5112071B2 JP2007537325A JP2007537325A JP5112071B2 JP 5112071 B2 JP5112071 B2 JP 5112071B2 JP 2007537325 A JP2007537325 A JP 2007537325A JP 2007537325 A JP2007537325 A JP 2007537325A JP 5112071 B2 JP5112071 B2 JP 5112071B2
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- Prior art keywords
- lithium
- mol
- carbon
- positive electrode
- precursor
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- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 15
- 229910006305 γ-LiV2O5 Inorganic materials 0.000 title 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 48
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 45
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 39
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 39
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 35
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 33
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 20
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- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical group [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000012300 argon atmosphere Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000012429 reaction media Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- -1 methide compound Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007900 aqueous suspension Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium chloride Chemical compound [Li+].[Cl-] KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
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- 229910013684 LiClO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- POILWHVDKZOXJZ-ARJAWSKDSA-M (z)-4-oxopent-2-en-2-olate Chemical compound C\C([O-])=C\C(C)=O POILWHVDKZOXJZ-ARJAWSKDSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910013553 LiNO Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 2
- YNQRWVCLAIUHHI-UHFFFAOYSA-L dilithium;oxalate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O YNQRWVCLAIUHHI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000001153 fluoro group Chemical group F* 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011872 intimate mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- XIXADJRWDQXREU-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium acetate Chemical compound [Li+].CC([O-])=O XIXADJRWDQXREU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940071264 lithium citrate Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- WJSIUCDMWSDDCE-UHFFFAOYSA-K lithium citrate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O WJSIUCDMWSDDCE-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 2
- HGPXWXLYXNVULB-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium stearate Chemical compound [Li+].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O HGPXWXLYXNVULB-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- ZPPPLBXXTCVBNC-ZVGUSBNCSA-M lithium;(2r,3r)-2,3,4-trihydroxy-4-oxobutanoate Chemical compound [Li+].OC(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C([O-])=O ZPPPLBXXTCVBNC-ZVGUSBNCSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- GKQWYZBANWAFMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;2-hydroxypropanoate Chemical compound [Li+].CC(O)C([O-])=O GKQWYZBANWAFMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- OFJHGWPRBMPXCX-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;2-oxopropanoate Chemical compound [Li+].CC(=O)C([O-])=O OFJHGWPRBMPXCX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- XKPJKVVZOOEMPK-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;formate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]C=O XKPJKVVZOOEMPK-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
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- WHNWPMSKXPGLAX-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidone Chemical compound C=CN1CCCC1=O WHNWPMSKXPGLAX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 229910002975 Cd Pb Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Images
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G31/00—Compounds of vanadium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G31/00—Compounds of vanadium
- C01G31/02—Oxides
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- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/136—Electrodes based on inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy
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- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
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- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/70—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data
- C01P2002/72—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data by d-values or two theta-values, e.g. as X-ray diagram
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
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- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
- H01M4/625—Carbon or graphite
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
- Inorganic Compounds Of Heavy Metals (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR0411312A FR2876998B1 (fr) | 2004-10-22 | 2004-10-22 | Procede de preparation de gamma-liv205 |
| FR0411312 | 2004-10-22 | ||
| PCT/FR2005/002579 WO2006045921A1 (fr) | 2004-10-22 | 2005-10-18 | Procede de preparation de gamma-liv2o5. |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JP2008516884A JP2008516884A (ja) | 2008-05-22 |
| JP2008516884A5 JP2008516884A5 (https=) | 2012-06-14 |
| JP5112071B2 true JP5112071B2 (ja) | 2013-01-09 |
Family
ID=34951191
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2007537325A Expired - Fee Related JP5112071B2 (ja) | 2004-10-22 | 2005-10-18 | γ−LiV2O5の製造方法 |
Country Status (9)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (2) | US7842273B2 (https=) |
| EP (1) | EP1831109B1 (https=) |
| JP (1) | JP5112071B2 (https=) |
| KR (1) | KR101275776B1 (https=) |
| CN (1) | CN100572287C (https=) |
| CA (1) | CA2584227C (https=) |
| ES (1) | ES2449743T3 (https=) |
| FR (1) | FR2876998B1 (https=) |
| WO (1) | WO2006045921A1 (https=) |
Families Citing this family (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2877146B1 (fr) * | 2004-10-22 | 2007-01-19 | Batscap Sa | Materiau nanostructure, procede pour sa preparation. |
| JP2008123822A (ja) * | 2006-11-10 | 2008-05-29 | Fuji Heavy Ind Ltd | 電極材料の製造方法、電極材料及び非水系リチウム二次電池 |
| JP2008123826A (ja) * | 2006-11-10 | 2008-05-29 | Fuji Heavy Ind Ltd | 蓄電デバイス |
| FR2912265B1 (fr) * | 2007-02-06 | 2009-04-24 | Batscap Sa | Batterie a modules de cellules en serie, et vehicule equipe de celle-ci |
| FR2912263B1 (fr) * | 2007-02-06 | 2009-05-15 | Batscap Sa | "module de batterie, pack de modules, chargeur pour le module" |
| FR2912264B1 (fr) * | 2007-02-06 | 2009-04-10 | Batscap Sa | Module de batterie de puissance, batterie, procede de charge du module, vehicule ayant la batterie |
| US20080305256A1 (en) * | 2007-06-08 | 2008-12-11 | Conocophillips Company | Method for producing lithium vanadium polyanion powders for batteries |
| CN102557131A (zh) * | 2010-12-07 | 2012-07-11 | 吉林师范大学 | 一种NaV2O5的制备方法 |
| CN114314663B (zh) * | 2021-11-19 | 2023-11-10 | 攀钢集团研究院有限公司 | 一种五氧化二钒正极材料的制备方法 |
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| US186462A (en) * | 1877-01-23 | Improvement in revolving chairs | ||
| US909751A (en) * | 1908-09-11 | 1909-01-12 | Robert W Butcher | Revolving and sliding chair. |
| US1290532A (en) * | 1918-06-20 | 1919-01-07 | Frank F Fischer | Opera-chair. |
| US2312030A (en) * | 1939-05-22 | 1943-02-23 | Roy A Cramer | Locking sliding seat |
| US2796920A (en) * | 1955-02-01 | 1957-06-25 | Gen Tire & Rubber Co | Chair back support |
| US3453024A (en) * | 1967-11-06 | 1969-07-01 | Stewart Warner Corp | Single action chair control |
| US4014507A (en) * | 1976-01-12 | 1977-03-29 | Milsco Manufacturing Company | Seat supporting assembly |
| US4168050A (en) * | 1977-08-31 | 1979-09-18 | Winnebago Industries, Inc. | Tiltable swivel seat |
| US4429917A (en) * | 1981-04-29 | 1984-02-07 | Hauserman Inc. Int. Furniture & Textile Division | Chair |
| DE8401000U1 (de) * | 1984-01-14 | 1984-04-05 | Mauser Waldeck AG, 3544 Waldeck | Drehsessel |
| IT1231750B (it) * | 1989-05-12 | 1991-12-21 | Consiglio Nazionale Ricerche | Accumulatori al litio ad alta energia e potenza e relativo metodo di produzione |
| BR9307983B1 (pt) * | 1992-06-15 | 2010-07-27 | estrutura de assento e método de fabricação da mesma. | |
| JPH06171947A (ja) * | 1992-12-11 | 1994-06-21 | Mitsui Toatsu Chem Inc | リチウムバナジウム酸化物の製造方法 |
| US5512214A (en) * | 1993-03-30 | 1996-04-30 | Koksbang; Rene | Lithium battery electrode compositions |
| AUPM694194A0 (en) * | 1994-07-20 | 1994-08-11 | Henderson's Industries Pty Ltd | Lumbar support adjustment |
| US5649740A (en) * | 1995-11-27 | 1997-07-22 | Hodgdon; Dewey | Chair tilt control mechanism |
| US5755488A (en) * | 1997-03-06 | 1998-05-26 | Steelcase Inc. | Chair with adjustable seat |
| US5871258A (en) * | 1997-10-24 | 1999-02-16 | Steelcase Inc. | Chair with novel seat construction |
| US6176548B1 (en) * | 1998-10-23 | 2001-01-23 | Haworth, Inc. | Tilt mechanism for chair having adjustable spring characteristics |
| US6136476A (en) * | 1999-01-29 | 2000-10-24 | Hydro-Quebec Corporation | Methods for making lithium vanadium oxide electrode materials |
| US6709058B1 (en) * | 1999-04-09 | 2004-03-23 | Humanscale Corp. | Ergonomic chair |
| EP1191863A4 (en) * | 1999-06-17 | 2004-06-09 | Steelcase Inc | CHAIR DESIGN |
| US6528033B1 (en) * | 2000-01-18 | 2003-03-04 | Valence Technology, Inc. | Method of making lithium-containing materials |
| JP4716072B2 (ja) * | 2001-07-02 | 2011-07-06 | 株式会社豊田中央研究所 | 水系リチウム二次電池負極活物質用リチウムバナジウム複合酸化物、その製造方法およびそれを用いたリチウム二次電池 |
| AU783829B2 (en) * | 2000-09-28 | 2005-12-08 | Formway Furniture Limited | A reclinable chair |
| US6688692B2 (en) * | 2001-06-15 | 2004-02-10 | Hon Technology Inc. | Locking device for chair seat horizontal adjustment mechanism |
| US6572190B2 (en) * | 2001-06-15 | 2003-06-03 | Hon Technology Inc. | Lumbar support for a chair |
| US6609755B2 (en) * | 2001-06-15 | 2003-08-26 | Hon Technology Inc. | Ergonomic chair |
| US6616231B2 (en) * | 2001-06-15 | 2003-09-09 | Hon Technology Inc. | Multi-position tilt-limiting mechanism |
| US20030132653A1 (en) * | 2001-10-18 | 2003-07-17 | Doug Thole | Tension control mechanism for a chair |
| FR2831715B1 (fr) * | 2001-10-25 | 2004-03-19 | Centre Nat Rech Scient | Oxyde de lithium et de vanadium, son utilisation comme matiere active d'electrode |
| KR100846578B1 (ko) * | 2002-06-01 | 2008-07-16 | 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 | 리튬 전지 |
| JP3950958B2 (ja) * | 2002-06-07 | 2007-08-01 | 独立行政法人物質・材料研究機構 | Li−V酸化物の製造方法 |
| JP4137536B2 (ja) * | 2002-07-03 | 2008-08-20 | コクヨ株式会社 | 椅子 |
| WO2004008915A1 (ja) * | 2002-07-23 | 2004-01-29 | Okamura Corporation | 椅子 |
| US7041239B2 (en) * | 2003-04-03 | 2006-05-09 | Valence Technology, Inc. | Electrodes comprising mixed active particles |
| US6981743B2 (en) * | 2003-11-21 | 2006-01-03 | Hni Technologies Inc. | Chair with adjustable lumbar support |
| US6994400B2 (en) * | 2003-12-30 | 2006-02-07 | Hni Technologies Inc. | Chair with adjustable seat depth |
| FR2866641B1 (fr) * | 2004-02-23 | 2006-06-16 | Batscap Sa | Procede de preparation d'un oxyde de lithium et de vanadium |
| US7273253B2 (en) * | 2004-06-09 | 2007-09-25 | Kimball International, Inc. | Chair ride mechanism with tension assembly |
-
2004
- 2004-10-22 FR FR0411312A patent/FR2876998B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2005
- 2005-10-18 US US11/665,920 patent/US7842273B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-10-18 JP JP2007537325A patent/JP5112071B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-10-18 KR KR1020077011604A patent/KR101275776B1/ko not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-10-18 CN CNB2005800361507A patent/CN100572287C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-10-18 ES ES05809094.5T patent/ES2449743T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2005-10-18 CA CA2584227A patent/CA2584227C/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-10-18 EP EP05809094.5A patent/EP1831109B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2005-10-18 WO PCT/FR2005/002579 patent/WO2006045921A1/fr not_active Ceased
-
2010
- 2010-10-19 US US12/907,785 patent/US20110033752A1/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR2876998B1 (fr) | 2007-01-19 |
| KR101275776B1 (ko) | 2013-06-19 |
| ES2449743T3 (es) | 2014-03-21 |
| WO2006045921A1 (fr) | 2006-05-04 |
| EP1831109B1 (fr) | 2013-12-04 |
| CA2584227A1 (fr) | 2006-05-04 |
| FR2876998A1 (fr) | 2006-04-28 |
| CN100572287C (zh) | 2009-12-23 |
| JP2008516884A (ja) | 2008-05-22 |
| US7842273B2 (en) | 2010-11-30 |
| KR20070085425A (ko) | 2007-08-27 |
| US20080076025A1 (en) | 2008-03-27 |
| US20110033752A1 (en) | 2011-02-10 |
| EP1831109A1 (fr) | 2007-09-12 |
| CN101065326A (zh) | 2007-10-31 |
| CA2584227C (fr) | 2013-02-05 |
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