JP5090074B2 - Improvement of feed efficiency and reduction of fish meal - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to a technology for significantly improving the economics of aquatic feeds, and more particularly, by administering a feed containing a bamboo subfamily plant component to cultured seafood, feed efficiency is improved and growth is significantly promoted. Further, the present invention relates to a technique for improving aquatic feed that can reduce the mixing ratio of fish meal in the feed.

  Aquaculture animals to be cultivated have a higher protein requirement rate than terrestrial animals. Therefore, most aquaculture feeds have a high protein content.

  The raw material for aquatic feeds is required to have a high protein content. Above all, fish meal is important as an animal protein source and has become the main raw material for aquatic feeds.

  Fish meal was produced from sardines caught in large quantities in the near sea, but since the catch has drastically decreased in recent years, domestic production has also decreased sharply, and its supply depends on imports from South America such as Peru and Chile. The situation is inevitable.

  The global stock of sardines and other high-yielding fish is influenced by climatic conditions such as El Nino, and in South American countries that supply fish meal, there are restrictions on fishing to maintain that resource. Is insecure.

  On the other hand, in recent years, the cultivation of seafood has become increasingly popular in other countries such as Northern Europe, China, Southeast Asia, and North America. As a result, fish meal, which is the main ingredient of the mixed feed for aquaculture, has been tightened worldwide, and prices have risen. Yes. In particular, there is much demand in China, and further increase is expected in the future.

  Plant-based high protein raw materials include soybean oil cake and corn gluten meal, which are relatively inexpensive, but their utilization rate is low in many marine animals and they are not used effectively.

  In addition, the yield of these plant-based feedstocks varies greatly depending on the climatic conditions. Furthermore, the growing demand for environmentally-friendly bioethanol alternatives to oil is increasing, and there is a tendency to increase prices along with supply concerns.

  Japan's aquaculture industry is exhausted due to sluggish fish prices and declining consumption in a prolonged recession, and there is a need for economical feed to reduce production costs.

  Until now, many researchers have developed feeds that use less expensive plant materials and reduce fish meal. However, in many aquatic animals, the feed rate of plant materials is low. There are a lot of problems to be solved, such as a decrease in efficiency and the occurrence of green liver disease due to a lack of taurine contained in a large amount of fish meal, and an ideal fish meal-reducing feed has not been completed.

  Bamboo subfamily is a valuable biomass material, and various pharmacological effects have been reported, but there is a huge amount of resources mainly in Chishimasa and Kumaisasa that grow naturally in mountainous areas such as Hokkaido and Tohoku. Most of the resources are unused and left unattended.

  Regarding the application technology of bamboo subfamily plants to the feed, there is a “method for producing a bear extract extract” (Japanese Patent Publication No. 61-28350 (Patent Document 1)). It is an extract that gives an extract of Kumagusu as a feed, and relates to an alternative feed for Kumagusu. Moreover, “additive for feed comprising bamboo or persimmon extract” (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2005-151928 (Patent Document 2)) is intended to reduce the morbidity of pets and the like.

  That is, it is not related to improvement of feed efficiency or fish meal reduction in aquatic feed as in the present invention.

  As mentioned earlier, farmers are looking for more economical feed to reduce production costs. In order to answer this demand, we are waiting for the development of feed that will reduce the mixing ratio of fish meal, which is in tight supply and demand, and will not decrease feed efficiency even if more cheap plant materials are used. .

Japanese Patent Publication No. 61-28350 JP 2005-151928 A

  Fish meal and fish oil, which are under increasing price pressure due to fluctuations in the catch of sardines and other raw materials, as well as global demand, are the main raw materials in current aquatic feed. In addition, plant feed materials such as corn and soybean, whose yields vary greatly depending on the climatic conditions, are increasing in demand as environmentally friendly bioethanol raw materials instead of petroleum. By making the best use of these precious resources used in aquatic feeds, and by discovering undeveloped inexpensive biomass materials in the aquaculture field and applying them to feed, the increase in feed costs is suppressed. The goal is to complete technology that contributes to the stability of farmer management.

  As a result of intensive studies on the effects of administration on cultured fish and shellfish using various materials, the present inventors have found that the bamboo subfamily plant component, which has various functions, significantly improves the efficiency of aquatic feed. It was found to have an effect. Furthermore, the present inventors have found that a bamboo subfamily plant component is effective for reducing the proportion of fish meal in the feed and using inexpensive plant feed raw materials, thereby completing the present invention.

That is, the present invention
(1) Aquatic feed for improving feed efficiency and / or reducing fish meal content, comprising bamboo subfamily plant components,
(2) The bamboo subfamily plant component is made from the leaves and stems of the bamboo family plant, and contains at least one or more of the dried product, extract and extract residue or dried product thereof ( 1) Seafood feed as described
(3) The feed according to (1) or (2), wherein the aquatic feed is for cultivating moss and / or ayu
(4) The content of the Bamboo subfamily plant component in the dry feed is 0.01% to 1% by weight in the total dry product, 0.005 to 0.1% by weight in the extract, and in the dry product of the extraction residue The feed according to (2) or (3), which is 0.05 to 2% by weight.

  The bamboo subfamily of the present invention includes all bamboo and Sasa species. Among them, the application of Sasa genus Sasa is desirable, and Sasa such as Miyakosasa, Chimakisa, Chishimasa, Kumizasa, Kumazasa, etc. For reasons such as abundant quantities and good harvesting efficiency, it is particularly desirable to use Chishimazasa and Kumaizasa.

  The starting material for obtaining the bamboo subfamily component of the present invention is the collected leaves and stems. The total dry matter of the present invention is to chop the leaves and stems of the harvested bamboo subfamily plant, dry it with a paddle type rotary dryer or the like until the water content is 10% or less, and if necessary It was obtained by further grinding with a hammer mill, vertical mill, bin mill or the like.

  The extract of the present invention has various production methods such as a method of extracting with water, hot water or hot water, a method of extracting with a solvent such as alcohol, a method of pressing and squeezing, or a method of combining these methods. The extract of the present invention can also be obtained by the production method, but the fresh raw material is obtained by pressing under high pressure and low temperature and concentrating it under reduced pressure, which is preferable in that the active ingredient is very little denatured. . The extract is a liquid, and it can be diluted as needed and added to pellets etc. at the farming site, but it is better to use this as a dry powder by spray drying or freeze drying. Easy to use industrially.

  The extraction residue is a residue obtained by extracting the extract by the method as described above, and it is obtained as a wet product and can be used as it is. However, it is dried with a paddle type rotary dryer, and further, a hammer mill or vertical A method of pulverizing with a mill, a bin mill or the like and using it as a dry powder product is convenient for transportation, storage and use.

  The present invention includes yellowtail, red sea bream, amberjack, flounder, sea bass, sea bass, mackerel, coho salmon, Atlantic salmon, eel, carp, rainbow trout, cultured fish such as sweetfish, cultured crustacean such as prawn, shellfish such as abalone, ornamental It can be applied to all animals that are fed and managed by feeding, such as fish and shellfish, and the effect is particularly remarkable in moss and sweetfish.

  The aquatic feed according to the present invention is (1) a solid dry feed such as a dry pellet, (2) a crumbled dry feed obtained by crushing and classifying the dry pellet with a sieve, and (3) a relatively high moisture pellet. (4) Granulated dry feed granulated using a device such as a feeding high-speed agitation granulator, (5) Feed simply mixed and crushed raw materials Powdered dry feed that is fed by adding water and kneaded to it, (6) Moist pellets that are fed by mixing, crushing, and shaping raw feed and powdered dry feed, and pellet types that are mixed and used when producing the moist pellets (7) Single moist pellets that are used after molding by adding water to powdered feed only, (8) Rotifers and artemia that are cultured in seedling production and fed to juveniles (9) Paste feed that uses a lot of raw materials, (10) Small catch fish such as sardines and horse mackerel used alone as raw feed, and (11) Dry pellets and crumbles, high moisture expanded pellet feed It refers to all feeds such as moist pellets, water for kneading and hydration, and feed additives used by adding to paste-like feeds.

  Among these, the addition ratio of the dried bamboo shoots of the present invention to the dried feed such as (1), (2) and (4) is 0.01% to 1% by weight of the extract. The addition rate is 0.005 wt% to 0.1 wt%, and the dry residue addition rate is 0.05 wt% to 2 wt%. This addition rate is the basis. More desirably, the total dry weight is about 0.05% by weight, the extract is about 0.01% by weight, and the dry residue of the extraction residue is in the range of 0.5% to 1% by weight.

  If the addition rate is lower than the above lower limit for each material, the effect of improving feed efficiency is not obvious, and if the addition rate exceeds the upper limit, the nutrient value such as crude protein in the feed itself may decrease, limiting growth. This is because it can be negative and cost-effective. In addition, the dry substance said to this invention points out a thing with a water | moisture content of about 5 to 10% normally.

  Based on the basic rate of addition to this dry feed and its standard feeding rate, the dose of each ingredient per unit weight of seafood is calculated. Furthermore, based on these numbers, the rate of addition to the feed such as the above (3), (5) to (10) with various feeding rates may be calculated as appropriate. In addition, in the feed additive of (11), the blending ratio of each material in the feed additive is determined from the basic addition rate to the dry feed and the addition rate of the feed additive to the feed feed.

  The administration effect of the bamboo subfamily plant component of the present invention begins to appear as early as 2 to 3 weeks after the start of the administration, but when administered over the entire period of breeding, there is a remarkable effect of improving feed efficiency.

  According to the present invention, feed efficiency is improved, and useful resources such as other expensive small fish for live food, fish meal and fish oil, soybean, corn and wheat can be effectively utilized, and many of them are currently utilized. The biomass resources of no bamboo subfamily can be effectively used in aquaculture.

  EXAMPLES The present invention will be specifically described below with reference to examples, but the present invention is not limited to these examples.

(Water tank test in rainbow trout)
The dry residue powder of Chishimazasa used as a bamboo subfamily component was obtained from Hiro International Co., Ltd. This powder is obtained by shredding the harvested leaves and stems, squeezing them at high pressure and low temperature, drying the remaining sap from the paddle-type rotary dryer, and then crushing it with a bin mill. It is a thing.

Test feeds having the blending contents of three types (feed 1, feed 2 and feed 3) shown in Table 1 were prepared.
After weighing and mixing each raw material except fish oil, pulverize to JIS standard sieve 32 mesh or less, add fish oil to feed 2 and feed 3, add about 4% water to this, knead, and then disk pelleter Was molded into a pellet shape having a diameter of about 3.2 mm, and dried using a hot air dryer to prepare a hard pellet feed. Feed 1 is a control feed, feed 2 is a feed in which the blending ratio of fish meal is reduced and the blending ratio of soybean oil cake is increased, and feed 3 is a feed in which 0.1% by weight of extract extract residue dry powder is blended with feed 2. .

  A rainbow trout with an average weight of around 45 g was tested, and for each test feed, two 300-liter panlite water tanks were used, each of which contained 15 fish whose total body weight was measured, and aerated. The animals were bred under running water at a water temperature of 16-17 ° C. Each feed was divided into three times of morning and evening, and in principle, every day except Sunday, a satiety feeding was performed and the amount of food intake was recorded. The test period was 52 days and the number of feeding days was 40 days. The total body weight of the test fish in each tank and the number of fish were confirmed on the test end date.

  The results of the breeding test are shown in Table 2. The survival rate was 100% in any water tank.

The calculation of feed efficiency was based on the following formula.
(Total weight at end-total weight at start) / feeding amount × 100 = feed efficiency

Moreover, the individual average weight multiplication factor was based on the following formula.
Average weight at the end / Average weight at the start × 100 = Individual average weight gain

  Compared with the control feed 1, the feed 2 was inferior and the feed 3 was superior in terms of feed efficiency and individual average weight gain. That is, the feed 2 in which the fish meal was reduced and the fish oil was added gave poor results, and in addition to the fish meal reduced and the fish oil added, the feed 3 containing the dried extract powder of chishimasa was obtained. From this result, it became clear that even if the fish meal content in the feed was reduced by blending the extract residue dry powder of Chishimasa, the breeding performance would not be reduced, but rather improved.

(Water tank test at Ayu)
Similar to the one used in Example 1, the powder obtained from Hiro International Co., Ltd. was used as the dry residue dry powder of Chishimazasa used as a bamboo subfamily plant component.

  A crumble type test feed having the blending contents of 7 types (feed 4 to feed 10) shown in Table 3 was prepared.

  Each raw material is weighed and mixed, then pulverized to a JIS standard sieve of 32 mesh or less with a pulverizer, humidity-conditioned and kneaded with a conditioner, molded into a pellet with a diameter of about 6 mm with a twin screw extruder, and dried with hot air EP feed was prepared by drying with a machine. The pellets were crushed with a cumbler, and a fraction between 12 mesh and 24 mesh of a JIS standard sieve was collected and used as a test feed. Feed 4 is a control feed, and feed 5 to feed 10 are 0.05% by weight, 0.1% by weight, 0.5% by weight, 1% by weight, 2% by weight, and 5% by weight, respectively, of the extract extraction residue. It is the feed which mix | blended and adjusted with the fish meal so that the total might be set to 100.

Using a concrete octagonal aquarium 7 tanks with a bottom area of 4.8 m ² and a depth of 1 m, each tank contains 8.46 kg of sweetfish with an average weight of about 7.2 g (estimated number is 1169). Aeration was applied, and the animals were bred under running water at a water temperature of 16 to 17 ° C. Each feed was divided into three times of morning, noon, and evening. As a general rule, every day except Sunday, a satiety feeding was performed, and the amount of food consumed and the number of moribund tails were recorded. The test period was 30 days and the number of feeding days was 25 days. The total body weight of the test fish in each water tank was measured on the test end day.

The test results are shown in Table 4.
The calculation of the feed efficiency is calculated by (total body weight at the end−total weight at the start) ÷ feeding amount × 100, but for the feeding section of the feed 6, there was some drowning and the survival rate was not 100%. The corrected feed efficiency and survival rate were determined from the total body weight at the start and end, the number of moribund tails, and the total feed amount.

The calculation of the corrected feed efficiency was based on the following formula.
[Total weight at the end-Total weight at the start + (Average weight at the start + Average weight at the end) ÷ 2 x Number of moribund tails] ÷ Feeding amount x 100 = Corrected feed efficiency

  Compared to the control feed 4, feeds 5 to 9 are excellent in both feed efficiency and individual average weight gain, especially feed 7 and feed 8 containing 0.5% to 1% by weight of dry powder of extraction residue. However, the feed 10 containing 5% by weight of the dry powder was inferior. In other words, the feed efficiency and the individual average weight gain were better than the control up to 2% by weight of the dry residue extract of Chishimasa, but the feed efficiency and the average gain of the individual weight were 5% by weight of the dry residue extract of Chishimasa. Was found to be inferior to the control.

(Water tank test in rainbow trout)
All the dried products, extracts, and dry extract powders used as the bamboo subfamily plant components were those obtained from Hiro International Co., Ltd. The whole dried product was obtained by shredding the harvested leaves and stems and drying them directly with a paddle type rotary dryer, and then crushing them with a bin mill. It is an extract obtained by chopping the stem and squeezing it at high pressure and low temperature and concentrating it under reduced pressure. The extraction residue dry powder was obtained by drying and pulverizing the remaining residue from which the sap was collected, similar to that used in Example 1.

  A crumble type test feed having a blending content of 13 types (feed 11 to feed 23) shown in Table 5 was prepared.

  Each raw material is weighed and mixed, then pulverized to a JIS standard sieve of 32 mesh or less with a pulverizer, kneaded with about 4% water, and then pelleted in a diameter of about 3.2 mm using a disk pelleter. And dried using a hot air dryer to produce a hard pellet feed. The pellets were crushed with a cumbler, and a fraction between 10.5 mesh and 16 mesh of a JIS standard sieve was collected and used for the test. The feed 11 is a control feed, and the feed 12 to the feed 17 are 0.005% by weight, 0.01% by weight, 0.05% by weight, 0.1% by weight, 0.5% by weight, The feeds 18 to 22 contain 0.005%, 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1% and 0.5% by weight of the extract, respectively. This is a feed containing 0.1% by weight of dry powder extracted from the extract.

  A rainbow trout with an average weight of about 2 g was tested, and for each test feed, 15 fishes whose total body weight was measured in each aquarium using 13 aquariums of 27 cm, 15 cm, and 17 cm in height, width, and height, respectively. Were housed, aerated, and reared in running water at a water temperature of 16 to 17 ° C. Each feed was divided into three times of morning and evening, and in principle, every day except Sunday, a satiety feeding was performed and the amount of food intake was recorded. The test period was 17 days and the feeding period was 13 days. The total body weight of the test fish in each tank and the number of fish were confirmed on the test end date.

The results are shown in Table 6.
The survival rate was 100% in any water tank. Compared with the control feed 11, feed 13 to feed 16 and feed 18 to feed 21 were excellent in feed efficiency and average weight gain. However, the breeding performance of the feed 22 to which 0.5 wt% of the extract was added was inferior to the control feed 11. From this result, it became clear that the blending level of the dried twigs most effective for improving feed efficiency is around 0.05% by weight, and the blending level of the extract is around 0.01% by weight. Moreover, the effect of the extraction residue dry powder in Example 1 was confirmed again from the result of the feed 23.

(Water tank test at Ayu)

  The crumble type test feed of the 6 types (feed 24-feed 29) shown in Table 7 was prepared.

  Each raw material is weighed and mixed, then pulverized to a JIS standard sieve of 32 mesh or less with a pulverizer, humidity-conditioned and kneaded with a conditioner, molded into a pellet with a diameter of about 6 mm with a twin screw extruder, and dried with hot air EP feed was prepared by drying with a machine. This pellet was crushed with a crambler, and a fraction between 9.2 mesh and 14 mesh of JIS standard sieve was collected and used as a test feed. The feed 24 and the feed 25 are control feeds. The feed 24 contains about 55% by weight of fish meal and the feed 25 contains about 50% by weight. In addition, feed 26 and feed 27 have a fish meal blending ratio of about 50% by weight, extraction residue dry powder is 0.5% by weight and 1% by weight, respectively, and feed 28 and feed 29 have a fish meal blending ratio of approximately 40% by weight. The feed was obtained by mixing 0.5% by weight and 1% by weight of the dry powder of the extraction residue, respectively.

A concrete octagonal aquarium 6 tanks with a bottom area of 4.8 m ² and a depth of 1 m were used. Each tank contained 1,000 fishes with an average weight of about 24 g, aerated, and bred under running water at a temperature of 16-17 ° C. . Each feed was divided into three times of morning and evening, and in principle, every day except Sunday, a satiety feeding was performed and the amount of food intake was recorded. The test period was 32 days and the number of feeding days was 25 days. The total body weight of the test fish in each tank and the number of fish were confirmed on the test end date.

The calculation of the corrected feed efficiency was based on the following equation as in Example 2.
[Total weight at the end-Total weight at the start + (Average weight at the start + Average weight at the end) ÷ 2 x Number of moribund tails] ÷ Feeding amount x 100 = Corrected feed efficiency

  As shown in Table 8, the survival rate did not change in each section, but in the corrected feed efficiency, the feed 27 to the feed 29 were superior to the feed 24 in which the feed 28 and the feed 29 were the controls in the individual average weight gain. As a result.

  In the comparison of the feed 25 to the feed 27 in which the fish meal mixture ratio was about 50% by weight, the feed residue 26 and the feed 27, that is, the dry powder of the extract of Chichimasasa was 0.5% by weight and 1% by weight, compared with the feed 25 as a control. Both the corrected feed efficiency and the individual average weight gain in the feeding area of the added feed were excellent.

  In addition, in the feed 28 and the feed 29 in which the fish meal mixture ratio was about 40% by weight, and 0.5% by weight and 1% by weight of the dried powdered extract of Chishimasa were added, the control feed 24 in which the fish meal mixture ratio was about 55% by weight. Or, the corrected feed efficiency and the individual average weight gain were superior to the control feed 25 in which the fish meal content was about 50% by weight.

  From the above results, it was clarified that, in the same way as rainbow trout, it is possible to reduce the mixing ratio of fish meal in the feed by mixing dry dried powder of Chishimasa in the feed for sweetfish.

(Water tank test with red sea bream)

  Pellet type test feeds having six types (feed 30 to feed 35) shown in Table 9 were prepared.

  Each raw material excluding fish oil is weighed and mixed, then pulverized to JIS standard sieve 32 mesh or less with a pulverizer, added with about 5% water and kneaded, and pellet machine (CPM, 2HP, 1/8) Inch dies) were formed into pellets having a diameter of about 3.2 mm, dried using a hot air drier, and then a predetermined amount of fish oil was sprayed to prepare a hard pellet feed. Feed 30 is a control feed, and feed 31 to feed 35 are blended with 0.1% by weight, 0.5% by weight, 1% by weight, 2% by weight, and 5% by weight, respectively, and the total is 100. It is a feed adjusted with fish meal.

  A red sea bream with an average body weight of around 45 g was tested, and for each test feed, using a 500 liter FRP water tank 6 water tanks, 30 fish whose weights were measured were accommodated in each tank, aerated, and a water temperature of 22 ° C. Was raised in running water. Each feed was divided into two mornings and evenings, and in principle, every day except Sunday, a satiety feeding was performed and the amount of food intake was recorded. The test period was 53 days and the number of feeding days was 45 days. On the test end date, the weight of each test fish in each tank and the number of fish were confirmed.

The test results are shown in Table 10.
Compared with the control feed 30, the feed 32 to the feed 34 were excellent in both feed efficiency and individual average weight gain, and the feed 33 in which 1% by weight of the extraction residue dry powder was blended was most excellent. In addition, feed 31 containing 0.1% by weight of the extracted residue dry powder was almost the same as control feed 30, but feed 35 containing 5% by weight of the dry powder had both feed efficiency and individual average weight gain. The result was inferior.

  From the above results, it has been clarified that, like rainbow trout and ayu, red sea urchin extract residue dry powder has an effect of improving feed efficiency and an effect of reducing fish meal.

Claims (1)

It contains at least one of all dry matter, extract and extract residue or dry residue thereof, and the content is 0.01 to 1% by weight for the total dry matter, and 0.1% for the extract. Feed for improving feed efficiency and / or reducing fish meal blending rate , oysters, red sea bream, and red sea bream feed, characterized in that it is 005 to 0.1% by weight, and 0.05 to 2% by weight in the dry residue of the extraction residue .