JP2006314313A - Drinking water for birds and protozoa contamination inhibitor - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide meat and eggs of birds which is easily and effectively improved in taste. <P>SOLUTION: Drinking water for birds which is from a Gramineae plant contains 0.00001-30 wt.% of extracted components of the Gramineae plant based on the whole drinking water. The Gramineae plant is Gramineae, Bambusaceae plant which is the genus Sasa. The extracted components are obtained by steaming leaves and/or culms of Gramineae plant and extracting the components with an aqueous solvent. The steaming comprises steaming the leaves and/or culms of the Gramineae plant at 120-250°C for 30 s - 1 h with dry steam having improved dryness by a reducing valve and a gas-liquid separator. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2007,JPO&INPIT

Description

The present invention relates to drinking water for edible chickens containing, as an active ingredient, an extract of a grass family, for example, a plant belonging to the family Gramineae, and a breeding method for feeding this to birds, and a livestock product obtained by feeding.
The drinking water of the present invention also functions as a protozoan contamination inhibitor represented by coccidium, and can prevent protozoa contamination.

  In recent years, consumer needs for livestock products such as meat, eggs, milk, etc. have been increasing, and consumer and hygiene management has been carried out to improve the quality of livestock products in response to this. Improvement is an important issue. For this reason, efforts have been made to improve the quality of these feeds or drinking water in order to improve the taste quality, freshness, nutrition, etc., which are one of the quality of livestock products.

  Several methods have been disclosed as means for improving feed in the context of such circumstances. As a method of adding fatty acids, a method of adding triglyceride (Patent No. 2584474), a method of adding medium chain fatty acid (Patent No. 2874701), a method of adding eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, etc. (Patent No. 2558050) Patent No. 2834005, Patent No. 2078881), a method of adding saccharides (JP 2001-238608, JP 10-215790, JP 3146086), adding oligosaccharides such as cellooligosaccharide or xylooligosaccharide And a method of adding quartz schist powder (Patent No. 2927553) can be exemplified to supplement natural minerals, both of which are intended for addition to feed Yes.

  The method of adding oligosaccharides is aimed at growing useful microorganisms existing in the digestive tract of livestock by adding oligos having bifidus selective proliferating activity such as fructo-oligosaccharides and xylo-oligosaccharides to the feed (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open (JP-A)). Sho 61-40754, JP-A-1-55150). Bacteria in the intestine have useful aspects such as the digestion and absorption of feed, and harmful aspects that produce septic substances such as ammonia and indole in the intestine. In the case of livestock, the generation of harmful substances by spoilage bacteria by amino acids that should originally be used for the host adversely affects the health and growth of livestock as well as the loss of nutrients. When bifidobacteria and the like grow in the intestine, the acetic acid and lactic acid produced thereby lower the intestinal pH and suppress the growth of intestinal spoilage bacteria. However, the method of adding these oligosaccharides has the effect of improving health conditions such as prevention of domestic diarrhea by improving the intestinal microflora, but the effect of dramatically improving feeding performance is due to its mechanism. Therefore, there is a limit, and further improvement of the effect is desired.

Many examples of adding plant extracts to feed are also disclosed. Examples include the addition of an effective amount of firewood charcoal made from rice husks (Patent No. 2561619), the addition of wheat powder (Patent No. 3572295), the addition of wood vinegar powder, seaweed powder, and dried mugwort leaf powder (Patent) No. 2590040), addition of ginkgo biloba extract (Patent No. 3480047), addition of tea polyphenol (Patent No. 2718653), addition of Tochu (Patent No. 2591173), addition of soybean germ or defatted soybean germ 2001-128622). Among them, an example relating to the grass family is the addition of wheat leaf powder disclosed in Japanese Patent No. 3572295.
The following method is disclosed for the production of wheat leaf powder disclosed in Japanese Patent No. 3572295.
That is, the young leaves are washed with water (preferably cold water of 25 ° C. or less), drained, cut to an appropriate size, and then subjected to blanching treatment (high temperature treatment such as hot water treatment or steam treatment). In the case of using hot water, the young wheat leaves are immersed in hot water at 80 to 110 ° C., preferably 90 to 105 ° C., for 30 seconds to 10 minutes, preferably 1 to 5 minutes. The hot water contains 0.001 to 1% by weight of sodium chloride, or an alkaline agent such as sodium bicarbonate, calcium carbonate, calcium hydroxide, or both. As calcium carbonate, commercially available calcium carbonate powder is used. Egg shell calcium, scallop shell calcium, coral calcium (dolomite) and the like are also disclosed. Further, it is disclosed that a granulated product obtained by kneading water or water and ethanol to wheat young leaf powder is used as animal feed.

  In addition, as a conventional method for improving the flavor of avian eggs, chicken and chicken eggs using a mixture of butter flavor and soya lactone obtained by adding lipolytic enzyme to butter and decomposing it are used. A method for improving the flavor has been proposed (Patent No. 2739376), and a mixture of a saturated aliphatic lactone having C9 to C12 and a vanillin and a dried whey are mixed with sesame oil cake. Additional egg flavor improver (patent No. 2775043), egg flavor improver composed of sucralose (patent number 3547192), citric acid-containing substance, vitamin B6 (patent number 2115422), egg white composed of vitamin B6 A method for improving the egg quality of birds by a method such as a rising egg quality improving agent (Japanese Patent No. 2600067) is also known.

In this way, it is clear that feed occupies an important position when raising birds, but on the other hand, bird drinking water is also very important. For example, the daily feed intake per adult chicken is about 100-130g, but the water intake varies depending on the season, but it is about 120-130ml in the winter and about 200ml in the summer. This has a great influence on the breeding of birds. Especially in summer, due to heat stress accompanying temperature rise, feed intake is reduced by 1.5 to 2.0% (Non-patent Document 1), while water intake is increasing, and water intake is an important factor for feeding. is there.
However, as a technique related to drinking water for birds, there is a feeding method for feeding a liquid feed containing 1 to 10% by weight of glucose shown in Patent No. 3309219 to egg-laying hens in the late stage of spawning at normal temperature and low temperature, or patent There are few examples such as drinking water for chicken eggs obtained by filtering raw drinking water shown in No. 2866360 with one or more bamboo charcoal layers.

  On the other hand, as a method for obtaining an extract from a gramineous plant, saccharides can be obtained by subjecting Sasa leaves and / or straw to high-temperature and high-pressure saturated steam treatment in JP 06-197800 A, JP 11-199502 A, etc. Has been disclosed. Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2002-332079 discloses a method obtained by high-temperature, high-pressure saturated steam treatment. Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2002-322079 uses a Sasa extract obtained by high-temperature and high-pressure saturated steam treatment as an antibacterial and antibacterial agent against Helicobacter pylori. However, there is shown an example relating to avian water obtained by adding and blending an extract of a grass family, for example, an extract of the family Gramineae, as an active ingredient, and a livestock product obtained by feeding. Absent.

On the other hand, coccidiosis in poultry such as chickens, turkeys, quails, and cheeks, and pets, is a contagious disease caused by infection of certain protozoa, and is frequently occurring worldwide. Coccidiosis is known to be caused by Eimeria tenella, E.acervulina, E.necatrix, E.brunetti, E.maxima, etc. in chickens, and by E.meleagrimitis, E.adenoides, E.gallopovonis, etc. in turkeys .
Birds infected with this exhibit symptoms such as diarrhea and bloody stool, and are often drowned when treatment is delayed or when symptoms are severe, and growth is inhibited even without dying. For this reason, coccidiosis is one of the most devastating avian diseases, and in particular is a major disease that causes significant economic losses to the broiler industry.
Conventionally, in the prevention and treatment of the above-mentioned avian coccidiosis, biological products such as chemotherapeutic agents and vaccines composed of antibiotics or synthetic antibacterial agents have been mainly used. However, while the “safety and security” of agricultural and livestock products is strongly desired, the establishment of livestock product production technology that does not add conventionally used antibiotics and synthetic antiprotozoal drugs has been demanded by chicken farmers.

  The use of antibiotics and synthetic protozoan pesticides is severely restricted due to residual problems in livestock products, and is prohibited for laying livestock and for a considerable period before being shipped as meat. . For this reason, livestock breeding houses are contaminated with coccidial protozoa (oocysts). In addition, the disinfectant has no insecticidal effect on coccidial protozoa in an oocyst state, and the actual situation is that coccidial contamination in livestock breeding houses is accumulated daily. Therefore, it is desired to develop an effective method for preventing contamination of coccidium without any problem in safety, and a natural type anti-coccidial agent has been studied and some examples have been disclosed. Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 8-231328 discloses a method of using cells belonging to the genus Clostridium and an inhibitor, and exemplifies the reduction of coccidium oocysts. Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 7-255386 discloses a feed and the like and a preventive method by administering a feed mixed with 0.1 or 0.4% by weight of green tea powder. JP-A-7-46963 discloses a method for administering terpenes, and JP-A-5-56755 discloses a feed containing triglyceride of a medium chain fatty acid, which exemplifies improvement of protozoan diseases. For example, there is no report that an extract of the Gramineae bamboo family is effective for coccidiosis.

Patent No.2584474 Patent No.2784071 Patent No. 2558050 Patent No. 2834005 Patent No.2077881 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2001-238608 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 10-215790 Japanese Patent No. 3146086 JP 2003-334000 A Patent No.2992753 JP-A-61-40754 JP-A-1-55150 Patent 2561619 Patent No. 3572295 Patent No. 2590040 Patent No.3480047 Patent No. 2718653 Japanese Patent No.2591673 JP 2001-128622 Patent No. 3572295 Patent No. 2739376 Patent No.2775043 Patent No. 3547192 Patent No. 2115422 Patent No. 2600067 Patent No. 3309219 Patent No. 2866360 Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 06-197800 Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 11-199502 JP 2002-322079 A JP 2002-322079 A JP-A-8-231328 JP-A-7-255386 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 7-46963 Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 5-56755 http://www.ghen.co.jp/jp/tech/hydeo/pts/pdfs/hotweathermanagement.pdf

  An object of the present invention is to provide bird meat and avian eggs with improved taste in a simple and effective manner. Another object of the present invention is to provide a pollution inhibitor and a pollution prevention method for preventing contamination of protozoa represented by coccidium to a safe bird simply and effectively without worrying about residues. And

In view of the above facts, the inventors have considered that it is not enough to feed only feed, and have focused on drinking water fed to birds that are consumed in the same amount or more than feed, and reformed drinking water. Considered as much as possible. Moreover, it discovered that the said drinking water had an effect which reduces the morbidity of the bird by the protozoa represented by coccidium dramatically.
That is, this invention relates to the drinking water for gramineous birds which contains 0.00001-30 weight% of extract components of gramineous plant with respect to the whole drinking water.

  Moreover, this invention relates to the said drinking water whose Gramineae plant is a Gramineae bamboo subfamily plant.

  Moreover, this invention relates to the said drinking water whose Gramineae bamboo subfamily plants are Sasa genus.

  Moreover, this invention relates to the said drinking water which the extract component of a Gramineae plant extracts from an aqueous | water-based solvent after steaming the leaves and / or straw of a Gramineae plant.

  In the present invention, steaming steams gramineous leaves and / or straw at 120-250 ° C. for 30 seconds to 1 hour with dry steam whose dryness is improved by a pressure reducing valve and a gas-liquid separator. It is related with the above-mentioned drinking water.

  Further, the present invention provides the above-mentioned drinking water wherein steaming is performed by steaming grass and / or straw and water at a steaming temperature of 120 to 250 ° C. under a weight mixing ratio of 100: 50 to 100: 150. About.

  Moreover, this invention relates to the said drinking water whose aqueous-solvent extraction temperature is 100-150 degreeC.

  Moreover, this invention relates to the breeding method of the birds characterized by supplying the said drinking water to birds.

  The present invention also relates to a method for producing avian meat or avian egg, characterized in that the drinking water is fed to birds.

  The present invention also relates to avian meat or avian eggs obtained by the above production method.

  The present invention also relates to a protozoan contamination inhibitor for birds, comprising an extract component of a grass family plant.

  Moreover, this invention relates to the protozoan contamination inhibitor which is the said drinking water.

  The present invention also relates to the above protozoan contamination inhibitor, wherein the protozoan is coccidium.

  The present invention also relates to a method for preventing protozoan contamination, wherein the antifouling agent is fed to birds.

  According to the present invention, it is possible not only to provide bird meat and avian eggs with improved taste, but also to improve the egg-laying rate and eggshell strength. In addition, it has become possible to dramatically reduce the morbidity of birds due to protozoa represented by coccidium.

  In the present invention, the drinking water fed to birds is 0.00001% by weight to 30% by weight, preferably 0.0001% by weight to 10% by dry solid content, using as an active ingredient an extract of Gramineae, for example, Gramineae. Obtained as an avian drinking water comprising% by weight. The present invention also relates to a method for raising birds characterized by feeding the obtained drinking water to birds, a method for producing bird meat or eggs characterized by feeding to birds, and avian meat and avian eggs.

(Gramineae plant definition)
The grass family used in the present invention is not particularly limited, but preferred are angiosperms and monocots belonging to the family Gramineae and Gramineae, which belong to approximately 600 genera and 10,000 species. The representative genera of the subfamily include the bamboo subfamily Medake genus, the rice subfamily rice genus, the oxenaceae subfamily wheat genus, zelkova subfamily shiba genus, reed subfamily reed genus, millet subfamily millet, and millet subfamily Rice, wheat, corn, barley, sugar cane, bamboo, and sasa belong. In the present invention, any of the gramineous plants may be used.

Examples of the family Gramineae and Gramineae, which are used in the present invention, include the genus Houraichiku, Tansuichiku, Himalayan Calamus, Indian Calamus, Kanchiku, Kundsware, Chusquare, Ottaea, Yadatake, Medake, Those belonging to the genus, Azumazasa are preferred. Among these, the genus Kumazasa is preferable, and examples include Okuyamamasa, Gotenbazasa, Katsuragazasa, Suzutake, Kouyachiku, Phyris, Coomassine, Kizujisuzu, Kesuzu, Unzensa, Miyama Kumasa, Nemagaridake, Kinmeimashimari, Consimanegae, Shimofuri-mae-baki Nemagari, Echifune Magari, Takara Nemagari, Yanefukisa, Kisumayanefukizasa, Miyakozasa, Hosobazasa, Fuirihobazasa, Chimazasa, Shakotanchiku, Tannazasa, Kumizasa, Chubosaza, Akebonozaza However, it is not limited to this.
Generally, what is generally called bamboo or bamboo shoot is effective, and particularly, what is generally called kumazasa, which can remove whitish pods around the leaves, such as kumazasa, kumizasa, and chishimasa, is preferable.

(Extracted components)
The components of the extract of the present invention are complicated and not always clear, but each contains 0.5 mg / g or more of phenylpropanoid, acetic acid, formic acid and 3-hydroxypyridine, and the heating residue is 40 to 60% by weight. It is preferable that the content of the saccharide when prepared is 50 mg / g or less. The phenylpropanoid is preferably at least one compound selected from coumaric acid, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, and vanillin.

(Gramineae plant used)
The plant of the gramineous plant used in the present invention may be fresh leaves before drying, but is preferably sufficiently dried, and the preferred moisture is 10% or less based on the leaves and / or the whole pods of the gramineous plant, If it is more than that, there is a risk that the components will be altered by spoilage and fermentation. The leaf and / or rice bran form used for steaming according to the present invention is preferably fragmented, and the preferred size is 0.5 to 20 mm. Liquid separation becomes difficult, and if it is larger than 20 mm, extraction efficiency is deteriorated.

(Extraction method)
The method for obtaining an extract of the plant of the grass family used in the present invention is not particularly limited, but it can be obtained by immersing the grass plant in an extraction solvent such as water or alcohol. It can also be obtained as a commercial product. The grass plant extract can be appropriately diluted with water or the like.

  The method for obtaining the plant body extract of the grass family used in the present invention is not particularly limited. For example, JP 06-197800 A, JP 11-199502 A, JP 2002-322079 A, The methods described in Japanese Patent Application No. 2004-222710 and Japanese Patent Application No. 2004-242239 can be used.

  It is particularly preferable that the extract of the grass family used in the present invention is extracted after the steaming process of the grass family. The steaming of the present invention can be carried out by any apparatus that can withstand high temperatures and high pressures. Hereinafter, it is assumed that the gramineous plant is a bamboo leaf. The same can be done for other plants or parts other than leaves.

The temperature at the time of cooking is 120-250 degreeC, Preferably it is 150-220 degreeC, More preferably, it is 160-190 degreeC. Below 120 ° C, except for the case where the raw material is dry leaves, the cell wall is hardly destroyed by the decomposition of hemicellulose in the straw, so the desired components cannot be sufficiently extracted, and effective at temperatures higher than 250 ° C. The decomposition of ingredients may become violent and the medicinal properties may be impaired. The cooking time is preferably between 30 seconds and 1 hour, more preferably between 5 minutes and 20 minutes. If the time is shorter than 30 seconds, the hydrolysis of hemicellulose becomes insufficient and the amount of components decreases, and it is longer than 1 hour. Then, decomposition of the obtained component occurs and the amount of the obtained component is reduced. When releasing the pressurization after completion of cooking, it is preferable to open the apparatus at once to bring the pressure to atmospheric pressure, since the destruction of the tissue of the sasa leaves or straw will progress further and the extraction efficiency will improve.

  The steam used for steaming is preferably steam from an apparatus provided with a steam / water separator and a pressure reducing valve in the middle of a steam pipe connecting a steam generating source such as a boiler and the steaming apparatus. By using the apparatus, the dryness of the steam is improved. As the degree of dryness is high and the amount of condensate of steam called drain is small, it is possible to efficiently extract a specific component and appropriately control the extraction amount of sugars. Since there is no simple measurement method for the dryness of the vapor, it is difficult to directly measure it with an ordinary manufacturing apparatus. Therefore, in order to obtain dry steam, it is preferable to use a gas-liquid separator that has been confirmed to be able to achieve a dryness of 99% or more by a dryness measuring system owned by a gas-liquid separator manufacturer or the like. There are a centrifugal type and a baffle type as the gas-liquid separator, but the baffle type is preferable because it can stably achieve a high dryness regardless of the amount of steam.

  If air remains in the steaming apparatus during steaming, contact between saturated steam and bamboo leaves or straw is hindered, resulting in insufficient steaming and reduced extraction efficiency. As a means for avoiding the remaining of the air, it is only necessary to introduce steam with the manual or automatic air vent valve opened and to expel the air from the cooking apparatus. The vapor temperature for expelling air may be 80 to 200 ° C., preferably 100 to 180 ° C., and the time for expelling air is 0.5 to 60 minutes.

When the raw material is dry leaves (moisture content is 10% by weight or less), it is also preferred that the ratio is 100: 50 to 150 for the ratio of dry leaves and / or straw to water during steaming. When the water ratio is less than 100: 50, the amount of water required for hydrolysis of hemicellulose or the like is insufficient, and when the water ratio is more than 100: 150, steam does not reach the koji leaf and cell walls are destroyed. The desired component cannot be sufficiently extracted because it hardly occurs. Moreover, the temperature at the time of cooking has the most preferable 120-170 degreeC. Below 120 ° C, the cell wall is hardly destroyed by the decomposition of hemicellulose in the soot, so that the desired components cannot be sufficiently extracted. At temperatures higher than 170 ° C, the active ingredients such as coumaric acid are severely decomposed and have a medicinal effect. There is a risk of damage. The cooking time is preferably between 30 seconds and 1 hour, more preferably between 5 minutes and 20 minutes. If the time is shorter than 30 seconds, the hydrolysis of hemicellulose becomes insufficient and the amount of components decreases, and it is longer than 1 hour. In some cases, decomposition of the obtained component occurs and the amount of the obtained component decreases. When releasing the pressurization after completion of cooking, it is preferable to open the apparatus at once to bring the pressure to atmospheric pressure, since the destruction of the tissue of the sasa leaves or straw will progress further and the extraction efficiency will improve.

In the extraction method using an aqueous solvent, after the cooking, the aqueous solvent is added while maintaining the cooling or temperature, and the steamed salmon is cooked in the aqueous solvent at room temperature to 180 ° C, preferably 100 to 150 ° C. Soak the leaves. The temperature during extraction is most preferably 100 to 150 ° C. When the temperature is lower than 100 ° C., the extraction efficiency is lowered, and when the temperature is higher than 150 ° C., the active ingredient is decomposed so that the amount of components obtained is reduced. The time for performing the extraction is preferably between 10 minutes and 1 hour, more preferably between 15 minutes and 30 minutes, and when it is shorter than 10 minutes, the elution amount is reduced and the extraction efficiency is lowered, and when it is longer than 1 hour, it is obtained. Decomposition of the components occurs and the amount of components obtained is also reduced.

  The aqueous solvent used in the present invention is preferably a water-soluble solvent such as methanol, ethanol, or acetone, or an aqueous solution thereof, or water. When permitted by the use of the plant extract, an alkaline aqueous solution can be used to increase the extraction efficiency. it can. The alkaline aqueous solution used in the present invention is preferably sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, ammonium hydrogen carbonate or the like.

  In the present invention, the steaming step and the extraction step may be repeatedly performed without departing from the gist of the present invention. In addition, another process such as a holding process may be provided before and after each process.

  Water is colored brownish due to the extracted components of the grass family. However, it is also possible to add a colorant to water and color it to the color preferred by animals. Although it does not specifically limit as a coloring agent, The pigment | dye recognized as food additives, such as food pigment | dye and chlorophyll, is desirable.

(Form of extract before addition)
There is no particular limitation on the form in which the extract of the gramineous plant of the present invention is contained in drinking water, and it may be a solution or a solid, or may be a mixture with other compounds. In the case of a mixture, it may be processed by addition of spray drying, freeze drying, dextrin and the like. Further, it may be subjected to a selection process such as filtration, column purification, and solvent washing.
For example, additives generally used for granulation, such as excipients, binders, disintegrants, lubricants, talc, and fluidity improvers may be used. For example, starch, lactose, crystalline cellulose such as sodium mannitol carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, light anhydrous silicic acid such as carboxymethylcellulose calcium and magnesium stearate, cellulose acetate, chitosan, calcium alginate, calcium alginate, defatted rice sugar, Oil cake, soy flour, wheat flour, silicic acid anhydride, bran, rice bran flour, calcium carbonate, milk calcium, magnesium oxide, sodium bicarbonate, crystalline cellulose, starch, brewer's yeast, sugar, reduced lactose, vegetable oil, etc. By combining and prescribing, it can be produced as a tablet, capsule, granule or the like.

(Supply method)
There is no particular limitation on the form of the drinking water containing the extract of the present invention, and it may be pre-made by filling the water with the above extract (including dissolution / dispersion) into a bottle or the like, or in advance The method of adding to the water feeder containing water later may be used.

(Definition of poultry)
In the present invention, birds are not particularly limited, but ostriches, butterflies, grebes, penguins, scorpions, pelicans, storks, flamingos, ducks, hawks, pheasants, creepers, plovers It refers to birds classified as pigeon eyes, parakeet eyes, cuckoo eyes, owl eyes, yotaka eyes, swallow eyes, buprow eyes, woodpeckers, cynomolgus eyes, squirrel eyes, abalone eyes, and sparrow eyes, for poultry and pets・ Including ornamental use. Poultry is a bird that is raised as livestock, and is often used for eating meat and eggs. The pheasant family includes pheasants (fowl genus, quail genus, pheasant genus), guinea fowl genus (genus guinea fowl), and turkey genus (turkey genus). Examples include chickens, quails, ducks, and turkeys. Examples of chickens include white leghorn, Rhode Island Red, New Hampshire, Arrow Kana, rib chicken, white Plymouth Rock, side patch Plymouth Rock, white Corniche, Nagoya Cochin, Hinouchi chicken, and Shamo. But you can. Moreover, in the duckweed family Duckweed family (Magamo genus), there are duck, Aigamo, duck, etc., and these hybrids and hybrids may be used.

  In many cases, these poultry are raised as pets for enjoyment in ordinary households, not for egg collection and meat collection for commercial purposes, and may be used as drinking water for those pets.

(Estimated action)
Regarding the extract components of gramineous plants, for example, bamboo or camellia plants, it is presumed that they contain a large amount of lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, polysaccharides and polyphenols, and the components are complicated and not always clear.

Extracts of gramineous plants, for example, bamboo or cocoon plants are monosaccharides mainly composed of pentose (pentose) such as xylose and arabinose, hexose (hexose) such as galactose and glucose, and the like. It is known to contain polysaccharides such as xylo-oligosaccharide and arabino-oligosaccharide polymerized from them, or arabinoxylan in which xylose and arabinose are intricately crosslinked.
Further, it is known that a large amount of phenylpropanoid polyphenols such as coumaric acid, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, and vanillin are contained in the grass family when compared with other plants. In addition to these, organic acids such as acetic acid, formic acid, propionic acid, and lactic acid, amino acids, nitrogen-containing ring compounds such as 3-hydroxypyridine, and the like are also included in a large amount.
In particular, the yield of these compounds is remarkably improved by passing through the above-described cooking step.

Although not elucidated biologically or biochemically, the drinking water for birds of the present invention contains a grass plant extract component, so that these saccharides, polyphenols, or organic acids can activate biological substances. It is speculated that it contributes to improving the egg-laying rate by improving the body environment of birds.
Bacteria in the intestine have useful aspects such as digestion and promotion of absorption of ingested food, and harmful aspects that produce spoilage substances such as ammonia and indole in the intestine. However, the generation of harmful substances by spoilage bacteria by amino acids that should be used by the host has an adverse effect not only on the loss of nutrients but also on the health and growth of livestock.

  Thus, by ingesting drinking water containing an extract of a gramineous plant, for example, a Gramineae subfamily, it contributes to maintaining the health of birds by promoting the increase of useful microorganisms in the intestines, and further useful As the number of microorganisms increases, the growth of harmful microorganisms is suppressed, and the production of malodorous substances such as ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and amines produced by harmful microorganisms is also suppressed. It is also speculated that it will improve. It is also expected that malodors such as manure will be improved and a better environment will be achieved by growth.

(Protozoan)
The protozoa referred to in the present invention is described in “Takao Takahashi (2000) Chapter 1 Soil Protozoa. Japanese Society of Soil Microbiology (ed.) New soil microorganisms (7). Hirotosha, p. 5-54” Refers to a group of protozoa that are related to vertebrates in some way, such as pathogenic or vertebrate parasites that are not pathogenic.
For example, Babesia canis, Babesia divergens, Babesia gibsoni, Babesia jakimovi, Babesia major, Babesia occultans, Babesia occultans Obata Babesia ovata, Barantidium coli, Cryptosporidium baileyi, Cryptosporidium meleagridis, Cryptosporidium muris, Cryptosporidium muris, Cryptosporidium parvum adenoeides, Eimeria ahsata, Eimeria anseris, Eimeria arloingi, Eimeria auburnensis, Eimeria bateri, Eimeria bovis, Eimeria christenseni, Eimeria danailova, Eimeria debrieria, Eimeria debliecki, Eimeria debliecki, Eimeria debliecki, Eimeria debliecki ellipsoidalis, Eimeria gallopavonis, Eimeria irresidua, Eimeria kotlani, Eimeria magna, Eimeria matsubayashi, Eimeria maxima Eimeria maxima Eimeria maxima Eimeria maxima Eimeria maxima Eimeria meleagrimitis, Eimeria nagpurensis, Eimeria necatrix, Eimeria Eimeria neoleporis, Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae, Eimeria nocens, Eimeria nocens, Eimeria ovinoidalis, Eimeria perforis, Eimeria piriformis Eimeria piriformis Eimeria saitamae, Eimeria scabra, Eimeria spinosa, Eimeria stiedai, Eimeria tenella, Eimeria tsunodai Eimeria tsunodai, Eimeria truncata, Eimeria uzura Eimeria uzura Eimeria wyomingensis, Eimeria zuernii, Encephalitozoon cuniculi, Giardia Canis Giardia canis, Giardia duodenalis, Hexamita meleagridis Hexamita meleagridis, turkey hexamita, Histomonas meleagridis Histomonas meleagridis, Isospora aramataensis Isospora aisle braziliensis, Leishmania donovani, Leishmania tropica, Leucocytozoon andrewsi, Leucocytozoon galli, Leucocytozoon galli, Leucocytozoon sabrzosi euco , Leucocytozoon simondi, Leucocytozoon smithi, Pentatricomonas homini Pentatrichomonas hominis, Plasmodium circumflexum, Plasmodium elongatum, Plasmodium gallinaceum, Plasmodium juxtanucleare, Plasmodium lophae, Plasmodium lophae Plasmodium relictum, Sarcocystis cruzi, Sarcocystis cuniculi, Sarcocystis miescheriana, Sarcocystis porcifelis, Sarcocystis porcifelis, Sarcocystis porcifelis, Sarcocystis porcifelis miescheriana, Theileria mutans, Tyre A sergenti Theileria sergenti, Trichomonas gallinae, Trichomonas gallinae, Trichomonas gallinarum, Tyzzeria perniciosa, Weyonella philliprevinei, Wenyonella philliplevine, Microdiamata triatomata Tee.
The protozoan contamination inhibitor of the present invention may be fed on a daily basis for the purpose of prevention, or may be fed for the purpose of relieving symptoms by feeding birds that have developed and isolated.

(Gramineae plant extract production method 1)
2 kg of dried Kumizasa leaves and straws crushed to 0.5-5 mm and charged in a high-pressure steam can were charged with 2 MPa of high-pressure steam generated by a once-through boiler, with a dryness measuring system of 99. Gas-liquid separation was performed with a separator that was confirmed to be achieved up to 5%, and steam with improved dryness by reducing the pressure to 1.6 MPa with a pressure reducing valve was introduced into a high-pressure steam can. At the beginning of steam introduction, the air vent valve is opened and the steam is allowed to pass through the steaming can for 10 minutes at 100 ° C. to expel air, the air vent valve is closed and the temperature is raised from 100 ° C. to 180 ° C. over 10 minutes. The pressure was released immediately after holding for 10 minutes. High pressure steamed leaves and straw were charged into a pressure extraction can, 8 kg of water was added, the temperature was raised from room temperature to 110 ° C. over 30 minutes, held at that temperature for 5 minutes, and then the pressurized state was released over 1 hour. . The extract was filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain a Sasa extract having a heating residue of 50%.

(Gramineae plant extract production method 2)
400 g of dried corn peel with a water content of 7% pulverized to 0.5-5 mm and 400 g of pure water (water content 50% by weight) are placed in a high-pressure steam can and heated to 160 ° C. over 10 minutes, at the same temperature. After holding for 10 minutes, the pressure was released at once. 4 kg of water was added to the leaves and straws that had been steamed under high pressure, the temperature was raised from room temperature to 110 ° C. over 5 minutes, and the pressure state was released after holding at that temperature for 30 minutes. The extract was filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain a corn peel extract having a heating residue of 50%.

(Gramineae plant extract production method 3)
400 g of dry rice leaves and stems crushed to 0.5-5 mm and having a moisture content of 7% and 400 g of pure water (water content: 50% by weight) are charged into a high-pressure steam can and heated to 200 ° C. over 10 minutes. The pressure was released at a stretch after holding at a temperature of 10 minutes. 4 kg of water in which 1.8 g of sodium hydroxide was dissolved was added to leaves and straws that had been steamed under high pressure, and the temperature was raised from room temperature to 110 ° C. over 5 minutes. The extract was filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain a rice extract having a heating residue of 50%.

  Ten 2-week-old quails are divided into two groups, one group of drinking water with no extract added (Comparative Example 1), and the other group is a book obtained by Production Method 1 of Gramineae Extract Drinking water to which 0.01% by weight of the extract of the invention was added was drunk (Example 2), and weight gain was observed at 2-12 weeks of age when reared at 22 ± 5 ° C. and 50-75% humidity. . The results are shown in FIG.

  40 20-week-old quails are divided into 8 groups, 1 group is given drinking water with no extract added (Comparative Example 2), and 7 groups are obtained with Gramineae plant extract production method 1 Drinking water added with 0.00001 wt% to 10 wt% of each extract was allowed to drink in each group (Example 2), and the egg-laying rate when reared at 22 ± 5 ° C and 50-75% humidity was 20 Observed at ~ 30 weeks of age. The results are shown in Table 1.

  A group (Example 3) that feeds 100 white 30-week-old white leghorns, which are representative of egg-laying chickens, with 0.1% by weight of Gramineae plant extract added, and normal water without any extract Each group was divided into two groups of 50 groups (Comparative Example 3), and 18 liters of drinking water was placed in a container and allowed to drink for 1 month. The drinking water in the container is replaced with fresh drinking water every day, and in order to see the production efficiency, the daily drinking volume, egg production rate, and egg quality, egg yolk coefficient, how unit, eggshell to see the improvement in egg quality. The strength and sugar content of the eggs were investigated. The eggs were weighed with a balance to determine the egg weight, and then the eggshell strength was measured with an eggshell strength meter (trade name: Force Gauge). Next, the eggs were divided on a flat glass, and the yolk coefficient was calculated by determining the yolk height and yolk diameter with calipers. The how unit was measured with a how unit automatic measuring device (trade name: Egg Multi Tester), and the sugar content was measured with a digital sugar content meter (Atago Co., Ltd., PAL-2) by dividing the eggs collected into yolk and white. The results are shown in Table 1.

  The yolk coefficient is shown as follows. That is, egg yolk coefficient = height of egg yolk (mm) / diameter of egg yolk (mm), and the criterion is 0.442 to 0.361 for fresh eggs and 0.30 or less for old eggs.

  In addition, howe unit is a numerical value that measures the height of the rise of white, the higher the howe unit is, the more fresh it is. In the quality evaluation of eggs in the United States, the highest grade (AA class) is Howe unit: 72 or more, High grade (Class A): 60 to less than 72, Intermediate grade (Class B): 31 to less than 60, and Low grade (C class): Less than 31.

(Sensory evaluation by panelists) According to Example 3, each of the 30-week-old white leghorns, which is a representative species of egg-collecting chickens, and 100 white Plymouth Rock chicks, which are meat-collecting chickens, were supplied with extract-added water (Example) 4) and 2 groups of normal water supply group (Comparative Example 4) were divided into 2 groups of 50 each. 100 white leghorns at 30 weeks of age were fed for one month, and 100 white plymouth rocks, meat-raising chickens, were fed from chicks to 8 weeks of age.
After feeding, the white leghorn eggs and white plymouth rock chicken were subjected to a sensory test (two-point preference method) for 25 general adult subjects. For the cooking method, raw eggs were sampled only for yolk and egg white, and the meat was heated for 10 minutes and both sides were baked for testing.
The panelists' evaluation scales are “Like (2 points)”, “Slightly like (1 point)”, “I don't like or dislike (0 points)”, “Slightly dislike (−1 point)”, “I don't like (-2 points)” For each item, the sum of the scores of all 25 people was obtained as the “preference level”. The results are shown in Table 3.

(Example of preventing protozoan infection)
The 1-week-old white legphones were divided into 5 birds per test group so that the average body weight was almost the same, and were used for the test. Test chicks categorized into the presence or absence of coccidial infection and the presence or absence of Sasa extract administration (Comparative Examples 5 to 7), and drinking water containing 0.1 and 1 wt% Sasa extract in the test chicks (Example 5) 6) was administered orally by free ingestion for 2 weeks. Thereafter, body weight was measured at the age of 3 weeks, and Eimeria tenella oocysts (2 × 10 ⁵ ) were orally inoculated and artificially infected. Subsequent changes in survival rate, body weight, bloody stool level, and number of oocysts in the stool were examined and observed, and the infection protection effect of the Gramineae plant extract against this protozoan was evaluated based on the results at the age of 4 weeks.

Inspection / observation was performed as follows, and the average value of five birds was shown in Table 4.
Survival rate: The survival rate at the age of 4 weeks in one test section was calculated in comparison with the start of the test.
Weight gain: Body weight was measured on the 0th day (3 weeks old) and 7th day (4 weeks old) after infection, and relative weight gain was calculated with Comparative Example 5 taken as 100.
Level of bloody stool: Visual observation of 0 (none), 1 (very little), 2 (medium), and 3 (strength).
Number of oocysts: Feces were collected on the 7th day after infection, the presence or absence of oocysts was examined by a sucrose solution suspension method, the number of oocysts in 1 g of stool was counted using a plankton calculating board, and the number of oocysts was calculated.

  Looking at the relative weight gain of chicks, in the test group that had not previously received the Sasa extract, the relative increase was observed in the case of coccidiosis infection (Comparative Example 6) than in the case of non-coccidiosis infection (Comparative Example 5). The body rate is falling. However, in comparison with Comparative Example 6, in the test group (Examples 5 and 6) to which the Sasa extract was administered in advance, the body weight increased smoothly even after coccidium infection. As a result of visual observation of the blood stool level, it was 3 (strength) in Comparative Example 2, but in Examples 5 and 6, the blood stool level was improved to 0 (none). In the examples, the number of oocysts was also reduced, and the effect of preventing coccidiosis was observed in the Sasa extract.

(Example of recovery from protozoan infection)
A 7-day-old white legphone was divided into 5 birds per test area so that the average body weight was almost the same, and the test was conducted. After measuring the body weight, Eimeria tenella oocysts (3.6x10 ⁵ ) were orally inoculated. Artificial infection was carried out on the 0th day of infection. On the third day of infection, the survival rate, body weight, bloody stool level, and number of oocysts in the stool were observed. From the third day of infection, drinking water containing 0.5 and 5% by weight of Sasa extract (Examples 7 and 8) was orally administered to the test chicks orally by free ingestion for 1 week. The body weight was measured again at the age of 17 days, and the degree of bloody stool, body weight, and the number of oocysts in the stool were counted, and the recovery effect of the Sasa extract from the disease caused by the protozoan was evaluated. The inspection / observation method was carried out by the methods described in Examples 5 and 6, and the average values of five birds were shown in Table 5.

After artificial infection with coccidium, the relative weight gain of chicks was compared when sasa extract was administered to chicks with symptoms. In the test plot (Comparative Example 9) to which no Sasa extract was administered, the relative weight gain rate on the third day of infection decreased to 82.7% compared to Comparative Example 8, but improved in Examples 7 and 8. It was observed. On the 10th day of infection, the blood stool level of Comparative Example 9 was 3 (strength), but in Examples 7 and 8, the blood stool level was improved to 0 (none). In Examples 7 and 8, the number of oocysts also decreased, and the effect of the Sasa extract improving coccidiosis was observed.

From the above results, according to the present invention, it is possible not only to provide bird meat and bird eggs with improved taste, but also to improve the egg-laying rate and eggshell strength, and the edible chicken beverage of the present invention Water and edible chicken drinking water additives have been shown to be effective.
In addition, various symptoms for coccidiosis were alleviated, the excretion of coccidium oocysts was reduced, and contamination of the livestock housing was prevented.

FIG. 1 shows the degree of growth of quail in Example 1 and Comparative Example 1.

Claims (14)

Drinking water for grasses and birds comprising 0.00001 to 30% by weight of an extract of grasses with respect to the whole drinking water. The drinking water according to claim 1, wherein the gramineous plant is a gramineous bamboo subfamily. The drinking water according to claim 2, wherein the Gramineae bamboo subfamily is Sasa. The drinking water according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the extract component of the gramineous plant is one obtained by steaming the leaves and / or straw of the gramineous plant and then extracting with an aqueous solvent. 5. Steaming is performed by steaming grass and / or straw of a grass family at 120 to 250 ° C. for 30 seconds to 1 hour with dry steam whose dryness is improved by a pressure reducing valve and a gas-liquid separator. Drinking water. The drinking water according to claim 4, wherein the steaming is performed by steaming the leaves and / or straw and water of the grass family at a steaming temperature of 120 to 250 ° C under a weight mixing ratio of 100: 50 to 100: 150. Aqueous solvent extraction temperature is 100-150 degreeC, Drinking water in any one of Claims 4-6. A method for raising birds, wherein the drinking water according to any one of claims 1 to 7 is fed to birds. A method for producing bird meat or eggs, wherein the drinking water according to any one of claims 1 to 7 is fed to birds. Avian meat or avian egg obtained by the production method according to claim 9. A protozoan contamination-preventing agent for birds, comprising an extract of grasses. The protozoan contamination inhibitor which is the drinking water in any one of Claims 1-7. The protozoan contamination inhibitor according to claim 11 or 12, wherein the protozoa is coccidium. A method for preventing protozoan contamination, comprising feeding the birds with the antifouling agent according to claim 11.

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