JP5004925B2 - 排気浄化触媒 - Google Patents
排気浄化触媒 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5004925B2 JP5004925B2 JP2008278901A JP2008278901A JP5004925B2 JP 5004925 B2 JP5004925 B2 JP 5004925B2 JP 2008278901 A JP2008278901 A JP 2008278901A JP 2008278901 A JP2008278901 A JP 2008278901A JP 5004925 B2 JP5004925 B2 JP 5004925B2
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- Prior art keywords
- nox
- catalyst
- exhaust
- exhaust purification
- purification catalyst
- Prior art date
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- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims description 112
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 title claims description 67
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 98
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 78
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 21
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 21
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical group 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000001154 acute effect Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052809 inorganic oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen oxide Inorganic materials O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 183
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 25
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 10
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 9
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000011247 coating layer Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000010970 precious metal Substances 0.000 description 4
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium oxide Chemical compound [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910010413 TiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 3
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005054 agglomeration Methods 0.000 description 2
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052878 cordierite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- JSKIRARMQDRGJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimagnesium dioxido-bis[(1-oxido-3-oxo-2,4,6,8,9-pentaoxa-1,3-disila-5,7-dialuminabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-7-yl)oxy]silane Chemical compound [Mg++].[Mg++].[O-][Si]([O-])(O[Al]1O[Al]2O[Si](=O)O[Si]([O-])(O1)O2)O[Al]1O[Al]2O[Si](=O)O[Si]([O-])(O1)O2 JSKIRARMQDRGJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004220 aggregation Methods 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CETPSERCERDGAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N ceric oxide Chemical compound O=[Ce]=O CETPSERCERDGAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000422 cerium(IV) oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008602 contraction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005520 nano-size primary particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000572 poisoning Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000000607 poisoning effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011164 primary particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
- B01D53/9404—Removing only nitrogen compounds
- B01D53/9409—Nitrogen oxides
- B01D53/9413—Processes characterised by a specific catalyst
- B01D53/9422—Processes characterised by a specific catalyst for removing nitrogen oxides by NOx storage or reduction by cyclic switching between lean and rich exhaust gases (LNT, NSC, NSR)
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
- B01D53/9459—Removing one or more of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, or hydrocarbons by multiple successive catalytic functions; systems with more than one different function, e.g. zone coated catalysts
- B01D53/9477—Removing one or more of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, or hydrocarbons by multiple successive catalytic functions; systems with more than one different function, e.g. zone coated catalysts with catalysts positioned on separate bricks, e.g. exhaust systems
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2255/00—Catalysts
- B01D2255/10—Noble metals or compounds thereof
- B01D2255/102—Platinum group metals
- B01D2255/1021—Platinum
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2255/00—Catalysts
- B01D2255/10—Noble metals or compounds thereof
- B01D2255/102—Platinum group metals
- B01D2255/1023—Palladium
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2255/00—Catalysts
- B01D2255/10—Noble metals or compounds thereof
- B01D2255/102—Platinum group metals
- B01D2255/1026—Ruthenium
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2255/00—Catalysts
- B01D2255/20—Metals or compounds thereof
- B01D2255/202—Alkali metals
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2255/00—Catalysts
- B01D2255/20—Metals or compounds thereof
- B01D2255/202—Alkali metals
- B01D2255/2022—Potassium
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2255/00—Catalysts
- B01D2255/20—Metals or compounds thereof
- B01D2255/204—Alkaline earth metals
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2255/00—Catalysts
- B01D2255/20—Metals or compounds thereof
- B01D2255/209—Other metals
- B01D2255/2092—Aluminium
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2255/00—Catalysts
- B01D2255/50—Zeolites
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2255/00—Catalysts
- B01D2255/90—Physical characteristics of catalysts
- B01D2255/91—NOx-storage component incorporated in the catalyst
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
- B01D53/9445—Simultaneously removing carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons or nitrogen oxides making use of three-way catalysts [TWC] or four-way-catalysts [FWC]
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2570/00—Exhaust treating apparatus eliminating, absorbing or adsorbing specific elements or compounds
- F01N2570/14—Nitrogen oxides
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
- Y02A50/20—Air quality improvement or preservation, e.g. vehicle emission control or emission reduction by using catalytic converters
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Exhaust Gas Treatment By Means Of Catalyst (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
- Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
Description
2 点火プラグ
3 燃料噴射弁
4 吸気ポート
5 スロットルバルブ
6 排気ポート
7 排気通路
8 上流触媒
9 NOxトラップ触媒
10 三元触媒
11 平板
12 波板
13 セル
14 触媒層
15 コーティング層
Claims (5)
- 内燃機関の排気通路に設けられ、白金(Pt)及びパラジウム(Pd)を含む貴金属、耐火性無機酸化物、及びNOxトラップ剤を含む触媒層が担体に担持され、
排気空燃比がリーン状態の時に排気中のNOxを吸蔵すると共に排気空燃比が理論空燃比もしくはリッチ状態の時に吸蔵されたNOxを放出・還元する排気浄化触媒において、
白金(Pt)とパラジウム(Pd)の担持量(g/L)の比率である{白金(Pt)/パラジウム(Pd)}を0.7以上1.0未満とし、前記白金(Pt)の担持量(g/L)を前記パラジウム(Pd)の担持量(g/L)より少なくした
ことを特徴とする排気浄化触媒。 - 請求項1に記載の排気浄化触媒において、
前記NOxトラップ剤は、アルカリ金属もしくはアルカリ土類金属である
ことを特徴とする排気浄化触媒。 - 請求項2に記載の排気浄化触媒において、
前記アルカリ金属もしくはアルカリ土類金属は、カリウム(K)である
ことを特徴とする排気浄化触媒。 - 請求項1〜請求項3のいずれか一項に記載の排気浄化触媒において、
前記内燃機関は、燃焼室に燃料を直接噴射して燃料を希薄燃焼させる直噴型内燃機関であり、下流には三元触媒が配置されている
ことを特徴とする排気浄化触媒。 - 請求項1〜請求項3のいずれか一項に記載の排気浄化触媒において、
前記担体は、セル内に鋭角部を有する金属製のメタル担体であり、前記鋭角部に担持される触媒層には微小空孔が形成されている
ことを特徴とする排気浄化触媒。
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2008278901A JP5004925B2 (ja) | 2008-10-29 | 2008-10-29 | 排気浄化触媒 |
US12/607,501 US8263009B2 (en) | 2008-10-29 | 2009-10-28 | Exhaust gas purifying catalyst |
DE102009051228.4A DE102009051228B4 (de) | 2008-10-29 | 2009-10-29 | Abgasreinigungskatalysator und Verbrennungsmotor |
CN200910209312A CN101721996A (zh) | 2008-10-29 | 2009-10-29 | 排气净化催化剂 |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2008278901A JP5004925B2 (ja) | 2008-10-29 | 2008-10-29 | 排気浄化触媒 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JP2010104898A JP2010104898A (ja) | 2010-05-13 |
JP5004925B2 true JP5004925B2 (ja) | 2012-08-22 |
Family
ID=42114825
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP2008278901A Active JP5004925B2 (ja) | 2008-10-29 | 2008-10-29 | 排気浄化触媒 |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US8263009B2 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP5004925B2 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN101721996A (ja) |
DE (1) | DE102009051228B4 (ja) |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP5769708B2 (ja) * | 2010-06-30 | 2015-08-26 | エヌ・イーケムキャット株式会社 | 選択還元型触媒を用いた排気ガス浄化装置及び排気ガス浄化方法 |
CN101890359B (zh) * | 2010-07-29 | 2012-08-15 | 王根生 | 三元催化器载体纳米贵金属催化填充剂及其喷涂方法 |
US9255537B2 (en) * | 2013-03-15 | 2016-02-09 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Rejuvenation control of palladium-only diesel oxidation catalyst |
Family Cites Families (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CA2105038C (en) * | 1992-08-28 | 1998-11-03 | Madan Mohan Bhasin | Catalysts for treating exhaust gases from internal combustion and stationary source engines |
JP2006026635A (ja) * | 1993-04-28 | 2006-02-02 | Nippon Shokubai Co Ltd | 排ガス中の窒素酸化物除去方法 |
DE69703840T3 (de) * | 1996-06-10 | 2010-08-26 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Abgasreinigungsvorrrichtung für einen verbrennungsmotor und Katalysator zur Reinigung des Abgases des Verbrennungsmotors |
US5830421A (en) * | 1996-07-03 | 1998-11-03 | Low Emissions Technologies Research And Development Partnership | Material and system for catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxide in an exhaust stream of a combustion process |
JPH11223123A (ja) * | 1998-02-06 | 1999-08-17 | Mazda Motor Corp | エンジンの排ガス浄化装置 |
JP3724708B2 (ja) * | 1999-11-26 | 2005-12-07 | 日産自動車株式会社 | 排気ガス浄化用触媒 |
JP4352586B2 (ja) * | 2000-06-08 | 2009-10-28 | 株式会社日立製作所 | 排ガス浄化触媒を有する内燃機関 |
-
2008
- 2008-10-29 JP JP2008278901A patent/JP5004925B2/ja active Active
-
2009
- 2009-10-28 US US12/607,501 patent/US8263009B2/en active Active
- 2009-10-29 DE DE102009051228.4A patent/DE102009051228B4/de active Active
- 2009-10-29 CN CN200910209312A patent/CN101721996A/zh active Pending
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN101721996A (zh) | 2010-06-09 |
DE102009051228B4 (de) | 2017-06-01 |
US20100101220A1 (en) | 2010-04-29 |
JP2010104898A (ja) | 2010-05-13 |
DE102009051228A1 (de) | 2010-05-27 |
US8263009B2 (en) | 2012-09-11 |
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