JP4750716B2 - フラジェリンを使用して放射線から保護する方法 - Google Patents
フラジェリンを使用して放射線から保護する方法 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本出願は、米国仮出願番号60/526,460号(2003年12月2日出願)、米国仮出願番号60/526,461号(2003年12月2日出願)、米国仮出願番号60/526,496号(2003年12月2日出願)、および米国仮出願番号60/526,666号(2003年12月2日出願)(これらの内容は、参考として本明細書中に援用される)の利益を主張する。
本発明は、アポトーシスの作用から哺乳動物を保護するためのフラジェリンの使用に関する。より詳細には、本発明は、ストレス(例えば、放射線および癌処置)への曝露から哺乳動物を保護するためのフラジェリンの使用に関する。
正常細胞から腫瘍細胞への進行は、成長抑制刺激に対する耐性ならびに成長因子およびホルモンへの依存の欠如を含む、成長調節の負のメカニズムの損失に関与している。放射線または細胞傷害性薬剤に基づく従来の癌処置は、正常細胞および悪性細胞の成長制御の差異に依存する。従来の癌処置は、細胞を苛酷な遺伝毒性ストレス下に置く。これらの条件下では、大多数の正常細胞は停止するので救済されるが、腫瘍細胞は分裂し続けて死ぬ。
本発明は、アポトーシスを誘発する1つ以上の処置から患者を保護する方法に関し、この方法は、NF−κBを誘導する薬学的に受容可能な量の薬剤を含む組成物を、患者に投与する工程を包含する。薬剤は、フラジェリンであってもTGFβであってもよく、このTGFβは潜在性TGFβであってもよい。処置は、癌処置であり得、この癌処置は化学療法であっても放射線療法であってもよい。
本発明は、ストレス(化学療法、放射線療法および放射線が挙げられるが、これらに限定されない)によって引き起こされるアポトーシスから正常細胞および組織を保護することに基づく。細胞におけるアポトーシスを制御している、以下の2つの主要な機構が存在する:p53経路(プロアポトーシス)およびNF−κB経路(抗アポトーシス)。両経路は、腫瘍において頻繁に調節解除される:すなわち、p53は通常失われ、一方、NF−κBは構成的に活性になる。従って、正常細胞におけるp53の阻害およびNF−κBの活性化は、癌処置のようなストレスによって引き起こされる死から正常細胞を保護し得るが、腫瘍細胞はこれらの制御機構が調節解除されているので、腫瘍細胞を処置に対してより耐性にすることはない。このことは、p53およびNF−κBに関する従来の見解(p53およびNF−κBが、それぞれ、活性化および抑制のための標的と見なされる)と矛盾する。
本明細書中で使用される技術用語は、特定の実施形態のみを記載する目的であり、限定を意図するものではないことが理解されるべきである。本明細書および添付の特許請求の範囲において使用される場合、単数形「a」、「an」および「the」は、その内容が明らかに別のものを指示しない限り、複数の対象を包含することが留意されるべきである。
本明細書中で使用される場合、用語「潜在性TGFβ」は、活性型ではないTGFβの前駆体を意味する。潜在性TGFβは、活性TGFβおよび潜在性関連ペプチド(LAP)を含むTGFβの前駆体であり得る。潜在性TGFβはまた、潜在性TGFβ結合タンパク質に連結したLAPを含み得る。潜在性TGFβはまた、大きな潜在性複合体であり得る。さらに、潜在性TGFβは、活性TGFβへの転換速度またはTGFβに転換される能力が低下しているように改変された、潜在性TGFβであり得る。改変された潜在性TGFβは、例えば、活性TGFβへの転換を阻止するかまたは減少させるTGFβ変異体であり得る。
(a.構成的に活性なNF−κB腫瘍)
本発明は、NF−κB活性を誘導する治療有効量の薬剤を含む組成物を哺乳動物に投与する工程を包含する、構成的に活性なNF−κB癌に罹患する哺乳動物を処置する方法に関する。NF−κB活性を誘導する薬剤は、癌処置と組み合わせて投与され得る。
本発明はまた、構成的に活性なNF−κB癌の処置に起因して正常組織に損傷を受けている哺乳動物を処置する方法に関し、この方法は、NF−κB活性を誘導する治療有効量の薬剤を含む組成物を哺乳動物に投与する工程を包含する。NF−κB活性を誘導する薬剤は、上記の癌処置と組み合わせて投与され得る。
本発明はまた、哺乳動物における細胞の老化を調節する方法に関し、この方法は、NF−κB活性を誘導する治療有効量の薬剤を哺乳動物に投与する工程を包含する。NF−κB活性を誘導する薬剤は、他の処置と組み合わせて投与され得る。
本発明はまた、ストレスに起因して正常組織に損傷を受けている哺乳動物を処置する方法に関し、この方法は、NF−κB活性を誘導する治療有効量の薬剤を含む組成物を哺乳動物に投与する工程を包含する。NF−κB活性を誘導する薬剤は、他の処置と組み合わせて投与され得る。ストレスは、任意の原因(放射線、創傷、中毒、感染、および温度ショックが挙げられるが、これらに限定されない)に起因し得る。
本発明はまた、放射線への曝露の影響からの細胞の保護に関する。電離放射線による正常細胞の損傷および死は、被曝細胞に対する直接放射線誘導性の損傷と、放射線誘導性のストレスに対して活性な遺伝的にプログラムされた細胞反応(自殺死またはアポトーシスを生じる)との組み合わせである。アポトーシスは、いくつかの放射線感受性の器官(すなわち、造血系および免疫系、消化管の上皮など)において生じる大量の細胞消失に重要な役割を果たし、その不全は、生物体の全体的な放射線感受性を決定する。
本発明はまた、NF−κB活性を誘導する薬剤に関する。薬剤は、人工的に合成された化合物であっても、天然に存在する化合物であってもよい。薬剤は、低分子量化合物、ポリペプチドまたはペプチド、あるいはそのフラグメント、アナログ、ホモログ、改変体または誘導体であってもよい。
1つの実施形態において、薬剤はフラジェリンであり、これは、細菌(S.typhinimuriumのようなSalmonellaの種が挙げられるが、これらに限定されない)由来であり得る。下記の実施例において示されるように、フラジェリンは、細胞レベルでおよび生物体全体として強力な生存促進活性を有する。
フラジェリンの特性は、NF−κBのさらなるモジュレーターが寄生体中に見出され得ることを示唆している。アポトーシスの抑制に依存する多くの寄生体が存在する。なぜなら、これらの寄生体は、宿主の細胞がなければ生存できないためである。これらの生物体は、抗アポトーシス因子を分泌することにより、宿主生物において有効に存続するために適応してきた可能性がある。進行腫瘍と同様に、これらの因子を分泌する生物体は、自らの生存を増大させること、および宿主のストレス応答防御機構との衝突を解決することが可能であり得る。
本発明はまた、治療有効量のNF−κBの誘導因子を含む組成物に関する。組成物は、当該分野で周知の方法を用いて生成され得る、薬学的組成物であり得る。上記のように、NF−κBの誘導因子を含む組成物は、アポトーシスに関連する状態(放射線への曝露、癌処置からの副作用、ストレスおよび細胞老化が挙げられるが、これらに限定されない)の処置のために哺乳動物に投与され得る。組成物はまた、放射線防護剤または化学療法薬が挙げられるがこれらに限定されない、さらなる薬剤を含み得る。
本発明の組成物は、経口的に、非経口的に、舌下に、経皮に、直腸に、口腔粘膜に、局所的に、吸入によって、口腔投与によって、またはこれらの組み合わせが挙げられるがこれらに限定されない、任意の様式で投与され得る。非経口投与としては、静脈内、動脈内、腹腔内、皮下、筋肉内、髄腔内、および関節内が挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。獣医学の使用については、組成物は、通常の獣医学の実施に従って適切に受容可能な処方物として投与され得る。獣医師は、特定の動物に最も適切な、投薬レジメンおよび投与経路を容易に決定し得る。
本発明の組成物は、従来の様式で処方された錠剤またはロゼンジの形態であり得る。例えば、経口投与のための錠剤およびカプセル剤は、結合剤、フィラー、潤滑剤、崩壊剤および湿潤剤が挙げられるがこれらに限定されない、従来の賦形剤を含み得る。結合剤としては、シロップ、アラビアゴム、ゼラチン、ソルビトール、トラガカントゴム、デンプンの粘質物およびポリビニルピロリドンが挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。フィラーとしては、ラクトース、糖、微結晶性セルロース、トウモロコシデンプン、リン酸カルシウム、およびソルビトールが挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。潤滑剤としては、ステアリン酸マグネシウム、ステアリン酸、滑石、ポリエチレングリコール、およびシリカが挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。崩壊剤としては、ジャガイモデンプンおよびデンプングリコール酸ナトリウムが挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。湿潤剤としては、ラウリル硫酸ナトリウムが挙げられるが、これに限定されない)。錠剤は、当該分野で周知の方法に従ってコーティングされ得る。
治療で使用するのに必要な薬剤の治療有効量は、処置される状態の性質、NF−κB活性の誘導が所望される期間、ならびに患者の年齢および状態に応じて変化し、そして主治医によって最終的に決定される。しかしながら、一般に、成人のヒトの処置に使用される用量は、代表的には1日当たり0.001mg/kg〜約200mg/kgの範囲である。用量は、1日当たり約1μg/kg〜約100μg/kgであり得る。所望の用量は、単回投与で、または適切な間隔で投与される複数回投与として(例えば、1日当たり2回、3回または4回以上の小用量に分けて)、都合良く投与され得る。複数回投与は、しばしば所望されるか、または必要である。なぜなら、正常細胞におけるNF−κB活性は、一旦薬剤が投与されなくなると、減少し得るからである。
本発明はまた、NF−κB活性を誘導する因子を同定する方法に関する。NF−κB活性を誘導する因子は、疑わしいNF−κB活性の誘導因子をNF−κBで活性化される発現系に添加する工程、このNF−κBで活性化した発現のレベルをコントロールと比較する工程を包含する方法によって同定され得、これにより、NF−κB活性の誘導因子は、NF−κBで活性化される発現系のレベルを増加させる能力によって確認される。
(P53欠失は、マウスにおけるGI症候群の進行を加速した)
哺乳動物の電離放射線(IR)による死の根本原因は、放射線量に依存する。9〜10Gy以下の線量では、マウスは、おもに致死的な骨髄欠乏性造血(HP)症候群により、12〜20日後に死ぬ。この線量では、照射されたマウスは、骨髄移植によって致死から救済され得る。15Gyを超える線量を受けた動物は、処置後7〜12日の間(造血症候群によってこれらの動物が殺傷され得る前)に、損傷と小腸−胃腸(GI)症候群との合併症により死ぬ(Gudkov & Komarova 2003)。HP症候群およびGI症候群の両方の場合において、組織の致死損傷は、大規模なp53依存性のアポトーシスに起因する(Potten 1992、Merritt 1994、Cui et al 1995、Potten et al 1994)。この観察により、本発明者らは以前に、p53が放射線誘発性の死の決定要因であり得ることを示唆し得た。一貫して、p53欠損マウスは、HP症候群によって死に至らしめる放射線量に対して耐性であり(Westphal et al 1997、Komarov et al 1999)、6〜11Gyのγ放射線を受ける野生型の動物の死亡率は、小分子p53インヒビターであるピフィスリンα(PFT)によるp53の一時的な薬理学的阻害によって低減され得る(Komarov et al 1999)。遺伝毒性ストレスに対して組織を感作する因子としてのp53の定義は、実験的な化学療法または放射線の結果として生じる脱毛(脱毛症)のp53依存性を実証することによってさらに強化された(Botchkarev et al、2000)。従って、以前の観察に基づいて、p53がより高線量のIRの後の致死性のGI症候群の発症に重要な役割を果たし続けることが予想され得る。驚くべきことに、p53欠損は、致死性の胃腸症候群を引き起こす、より高線量のIRに対してマウスを感作する(図11)。IRの後のp53欠損上皮の陰窩における継続的な細胞増殖は、損傷を受けた陰窩の細胞の促進的な死および絨毛の急速な破壊と相関する。p53は、小腸の陰窩に成長停止を誘導し、それによって腸の完全性を維持することによって(図12)、生存を延長する。従って、p53のプロアポトーシス機能は造血症候群を促進し、一方、p53の成長停止機能は胃腸症候群の発症を遅らせる。
(Salmonella感染はNF−κBを活性化する)
Salmonella感染は、強力なIKKおよびNF−κB活性化ならびに炎症誘発性遺伝子プログラムの活性化を引き起こす(Elewaut et al、1999)。従来の研究から、腸上皮細胞の約30〜40%は、培養腸上皮細胞における代表的なSalmonella感染の間に感染することが示唆される(Valdivia et al、1996)。本発明者らは、いかにして約30%の宿主細胞の細菌感染が、TNFα処置の用量のようにほぼ全ての宿主細胞においてNF−κBの活性化に相当するNF−κBのDNA結合活性を生じさせ得るかという問題に取り組むことにした。
(フラジェリンはNF−κBを活性化する)
培養中の腸上皮細胞のSalmonella感染は、およそ30%の感染しか引き起こさなかったが、ほぼ全ての細胞においてNF−κBの活性化を引き起こしたので、本発明者らは、NF−κBの活性化が、侵入プロセスによってではなく、細菌構造成分または細菌によって産生される産物の宿主細胞認識に応答したものであると予想した。侵入自体は、以前に考えられていたように(16)、炎症誘発性の遺伝子プログラムの活性化に必要ではないことが実証されている。この可能性を調べるために、未処理かまたは20分間煮沸したかのいずれかの滅菌濾過されたS.dublin培養液を用いてHT29腸上皮細胞をチャレンジし、そしてNF−κBのDNA結合活性を、曝露の45分後に調製した全細胞抽出物(WCE)の電気泳動移動度シフトアッセイ(EMSA)によってモニターした(3、40)。両方の条件下での培養液に対してNF−κBの強力な活性化が観察されたことから、活性化因子は熱安定性であることが示された。
(フラジェリンは腸上皮細胞においてNF−κBを活性化するのに必要とされる)
フラジェリンが実際に、腸上皮細胞を直接細菌感染に曝露した後かまたは病原性Salmonellaの濾過した培養液に曝露した後にNF−κBの活性化の誘発を引き起こした因子であったか否かを決定するために、本発明者らは、無鞭毛のE.Coli DH5α、病原性S.dublin 2229株、同質遺伝子的S.dublin 2229 SopE−変異体、同質遺伝子的S.dublin 2229 SopB−変異体、同質遺伝子的S.dublin 2229 二重SopE−/SopB−変異体(SE1SB2株)、S.typhimurium 1103株、および同質遺伝子的S.typhimurium fliC::Tn10挿入変異体(86株)およびS.typhimurium 1103同質遺伝子的二重変異体fliC−/fljB−から、感染性細菌および煮沸して濾過した培養液を調製した。SopEは、宿主細胞中に注入されて細胞骨格の再構成ならびに結果としてのMAPK経路、SAPK経路およびNF−κB経路の活性化を惹起する小さなRho GTPase Rac1およびCdC42のための交換因子としてはたらくタンパク質をコードする、病原性Salmonellaバクテリオファージであり(7、15)、一方、SopBは、イノシトールリン酸ホスファターゼとして機能し、細胞骨格の再構成に関与し、そして宿主細胞の塩素イオン分泌を刺激する、Salmonellaタンパク質である(44)。細菌および培養液を用いてHT29腸上皮細胞をチャレンジし、WCE抽出物を45分後に調製し、そしてNF−κBのDNA結合活性についてEMSAによって分析した。Salmonella株はNF−κBを活性化し得、一方、フラジェリンを産生しないSalmonella株(示されるようなfliCおよびfliC−/fljB−変異体)はNF−κBも活性化しなかった(図4AおよびB)。E.Coli DH5αは無鞭毛であり、フラジェリンを産生せず、NF−κBを活性化しない。本発明者らはまた、S.dublinの直接感染が、図4Aにおいて観察されるように、S.typhimuriumよりも常に高い程度までNF−κBを活性化する一方で、両方の種からの培養液が、NF−κBをほとんど等しく十分に活性化したことに、多くの実験によって気づいた(図4B)。この違いは、おそらくS.dublinが、感染の間にS.typhimuriumよりも多くのフラジェリンを細胞培養培地へ放出することによると本発明者らは考える。なぜなら、S.dublinおよびS.typhimuriumの両方からフラジェリンを精製し、そしてクロマトグラフィーで精製した同量のフラジェリンを添加することにより、類似のNF−κB活性化プロフィールを生じたからである。注目すべきは、単一の第I相フラジェリンfliC::Tn10挿入変異体で観察されたNF−κBのごくわずかな活性化(図4AおよびBの最終レーンの隣)(これはおそらく、第II相フラジェリン(fljBから)の極めて制限された発現による)と比較して、二重フラジェリン遺伝子変異体はNF−κBを活性化することが完全に不可能なことであるが、ここで遺伝学的に用いられたSalmonellaの株は、フラジェリン産生の相をシフトできないかまたはめったにシフトしない。フラジェリンは、腸上皮細胞の直接感染の際にNF−κB経路の活性化に必要であるようなので、フラジェリンはまた、腸上皮細胞の病原性Salmonella感染の際に活性化される他の主要な分裂促進的なストレス活性化シグナル伝達経路の主要な決定要因でもあり得る可能性があるようであった。腸上皮細胞の直接Salmonella感染は、JNK活性化を生じ(8)、そしてまたIKKによるNF−κBの活性化も生じる(3)。
(フラジェリンは、マイトジェン活性化プロテインキナーゼ、ストレス活性化プロテインキナーゼおよびIKKシグナル伝達経路の活性化を誘発する)
腸上皮細胞は管腔表面の侵入に対する見張りとしてはたらき、そしてIL−8のようなケモカイン遺伝子およびマクロファージ化学誘引剤タンパク質1(MCP1)炎症誘発性サイトカイン遺伝子(例えば、TNFα、IL−1およびIL−6)の産生によって、この領域へのエフェクター免疫細胞の誘引を調整する(1、4〜6)。これらの遺伝子の発現は、MAPK、SAPKおよびIKKシグナル伝達経路によるシグナルの伝達に応答して活性化される転写因子の作用に主として依存する。NF−κBは、炎症誘発性遺伝子プログラムの中心的なレギュレーター/アクチベーターと考えられるので、本発明者らは、野生型Salmonellaでの腸上皮細胞の感染または精製フラジェリンに対する腸上皮細胞の曝露による腸上皮細胞の感染と比較して、Salmonellaの非フラジェリン産生変異株がMAPK、SAPKおよびIKKシグナル伝達経路の活性化に及ぼす影響を試験するために決定した。野生型S.typhimuriumでのHT29細胞の感染は、JNKおよびIKKのそれぞれの基質であるGST−cJun1−79およびGST−IκBα1−54を用いて、JNKおよびIKKについての免疫ブロット(IB)分析または抗体特異的免疫キナーゼアッセイ(KA)における活性化表示リン特異的抗体を用いて決定されるように、MAPK ERK1および2、SAPK p38およびJNKおよびIKKの活性化を生じた(図5)。興味深いことには、MAPK刺激は、45分から活性化の減退が始まるので本来一過性であるが、p38、JNKおよびIKK活性は、1時間にわたって経時的に増加する。図4で見られるように、fliC−/fljB−二重変異体Salmonellaはまた、IKKおよびNF−κB活性を誘導しなかった(図5に示されるように)。驚くべきことに、fliC−/fljB−二重変異体Salmonellaは、SAPK p38およびJNKを誘導せず、MAPKをわずかに短時間(15分間)活性化した。SopEおよびSopE2のような他のSalmonellaタンパク質は、小さなGTPアーゼRacおよびCdC42を活性化し得、かつこれらのRhoファミリーのGTPアーゼは、JNKおよびp38の活性化と関連しているが(7、8、14、15)、フラジェリン陰性株では機能しないようなので、この結果は不可解である。
(フラジェリンは、MyD88依存性の様式でNF−κBのDNA結合を活性化する)
フラジェリンは、炎症誘発性遺伝子の活性化と一致して必須のシグナル伝達経路を活性化し得、この活性が、TNFαのようなサイトカイン(これに対する機能的細胞表面レセプターが存在する全ての細胞を活性化する)の作用によく似ていたので(図1および図5Cにおけるp65[ReIA]核局在化を参照のこと)、本発明者らは、フラジェリン曝露に応答してNF−κB経路を活性化するToll様レセプター(公知の病原体パターン認識レセプター)の能力を試験することにした。この仮説を試験するために、本発明者らは、ドミナントネガティブMyD88(アミノ酸152〜296)(47)を発現するアデノウイルスがHT29細胞におけるフラジェリン媒介性のNF−κB活性化に及ぼす影響を試験した。MyD88は、IL−1レセプターおよび公知のすべてのTLRによって利用されるアダプタータンパク質であり、これは、細胞質のシグナル伝達ドメインによってIL−1と相同性を共有し、NF−κB経路の即時の活性化に必要である(48、49)。HT29細胞におけるDN−MyD88の発現は、IL−1またはフラジェリン曝露(NF−κBのTLR媒介性の活性化の作用と一致している)に応答してEMSA分析によってアッセイされるNF−κBのDNA結合活性の活性化をブロックした。この可能性をさらに検討するために、本発明者らは、最初に野生型MyD88−/−およびTLR2−/−/TLR4−/−MEF(S.Akira(Univ. of Osaka, JA)からの寄贈)を用いてMyD88の役割を確認し、そしてフラジェリンまたは直接の野生型Salmonella感染に応答しかつNF−κBの活性化を生じるTLRのうちの2つの潜在的な役割を調べた(図7)。野生型Salmonella感染は、野生型MEFおよびTLR欠損MEF(レーン2および15)の両方においてNF−κBを強力に活性化するが、この活性化は、MyD88欠損MEF(レーン10)において若干不完全である。3つの型すべての細胞を、濃縮して滅菌濾過した野生型S.dublinまたは二重SopE−/SopB−同質遺伝子的変異体S.dublinのSE1SB2株の培養液でチャレンジすると、野生型MEFおよびTLR2/4二重欠損細胞においてNF−κBが活性化されたが、MyD88欠損細胞においてNF−κBは活性化されなかった(レーン11および12をレーン3、4、6、7、16および17と比較する)。NF−κBは、精製フラジェリン(0.5μg/ml)に曝露することによって野生型MEFにおいて強力に活性化され、従って、これらの実験においてLPSがNF−κBの活性化に関与する可能性が除外される。NF−κB活性化の主要な誘因としてのLPSの除外は、TLR2/4二重欠損MEFの強力な活性化(レーン16および17)によってももたらされる。TLR2および4は、細菌のリポペプチド、ペプチドグリカン、特定のLPSおよびグラム陰性LPSにそれぞれ応答する(50〜52)。IL−1刺激により、IL−1およびフラジェリン媒介性のシグナルの伝達におけるMyD88の機能要件を確認した。
(フラジェリン媒介性のNF−κBの活性化は、TLRのサブセットの発現の増加を引き起こす)
S.typhimuriumまたは精製フラジェリンでの腸上皮細胞の刺激は、炎症誘発性の遺伝子プログラムの活性化を引き起こした(図6C)。本発明者らは、TLR遺伝子の発現もフラジェリン刺激細胞において変更されるか否かを調べることにした。HT29細胞を精製フラジェリン(0.5μg/ml)で処理し、刺激の3時間後に未処理細胞および処理細胞から全RNAを単離し、このRNAを用いて第1鎖cDNAを作製した。無刺激の細胞またはフラジェリン刺激細胞から調製したTLRおよび第1鎖cDNAの各々に対する遺伝子特異的プライマーを用いる半定量的RT−PCRを使用してDNA産物を生成し、このDNA産物を、エチジウムブロマイドを含む1.2%アガロースゲル上で分画した。TLR2、3および7は、フラジェリン刺激の後に発現が増加した(図9)。他のTLRの発現パターンは、内部存在量コントロールとしての役割を果たすβ−アクチン発現と変わりがなかった。
(組換えフラジェリンの単離)
組換えフラジェリンがNF−κBを誘導し得たことを確認するために、NF−κB応答性のルシフェラーゼ(luc)を担持するレポーター細胞を用いて、活性について試験した。レポーター構築物は、Hsp70の最小プロモーターと結合したE−セレクチンプロモーター由来の3つのNF−κB結合部位を含んでおり、NF−κBの検出に慣例的に用いられる。ルシフェラーゼ活性は、培地中へのフラジェリンの添加の6時間後に細胞溶解物中で測定した。TNFαを陽性コントロールとして用いた。代表的な実験の結果を図13に示し、組換えフラジェリンがNF−κBを活性化し得ることを示す。
(フラジェリンは、IR誘導性のGI症候群によって引き起こされるマウスの死を遅延させる)
上記のように、フラジェリンはNF−κBの強力なアクチベーターであり、アポトーシス死のインヒビターとして作用し得ると考えられる。NF−κBを誘導し得るサイトカインが放射線防護剤として作用するので、本発明者らは、フラジェリンもまた放射線防護剤として機能し得るか否かを試験した。
(フラジェリンは、致死的なIR誘導性の造血症候群からマウスを救済する)
本発明者らは、次に、致死的なGI毒性を生じ得ない、より低い放射線量(通常、11Gy以下)によって実験的に誘導される、HP症候群によるマウスのIR誘導性の死に対して、フラジェリンが効果を有するか否かを試験した。実験は、上記の実験(図14および15)と同様に行ったが、但し、マウスは15Gyの代わりに10Gyを受け、この線量は、コントロール群において13日目までに100%の致死を引き起こした(図16)。フラジェリン処置群(5μg/マウス)は、この線量のIRからの完全な防護を示し、このことは、フラジェリン媒介性の放射線防護が、GIのみならずHPのIR誘導性症候群に対しても作用することを示す。
(フラジェリンの防護効果に対する時間依存性)
処置の時間に対するフラジェリンの放射線防護活性の依存性を評価するために、13Gyのγ線照射前の異なる時間にマウスに注射した。このような実験うち1つの結果を、図17に示す。得られた結果から、フラジェリンは、処置の1〜4時間前に注射した場合、13Gyからの放射線防護剤として有効であるが、照射の24時間前に注射した場合、もはや有効ではないことを示す。
(フラジェリンについてのLD50/30、LD50/7およびDMFの決定)
本発明者らは、フラジェリンについての放射線量依存的な防護の評価を得た。上に示されるように(図17)、フラジェリンでの処置は、10Gyのγ線照射(この線量は、造血症候群による死を引き起こす)に対する100%の防護および13Gy(造血症候群およびGI症候群の両方による死を引き起こす)での90%の30日間生存に十分であった。フラジェリン5μg/マウス(0.2mg/kg)を用い、照射の1時間前に腹腔内注射して、上述のように実験を行なった。
Claims (15)
- フラジェリンを含む、放射線の影響から哺乳動物を保護するための組成物。
- 前記組成物が、放射線防護剤と組み合わせて使用される、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記放射線防護剤が、抗酸化剤である、請求項2に記載の組成物。
- 前記抗酸化剤が、アミホスチンおよびビタミンEからなる群より選択される、請求項3に記載の組成物。
- 前記放射線防護剤が、サイトカインである、請求項2に記載の組成物。
- 前記サイトカインが、幹細胞因子である、請求項5に記載の組成物。
- 前記組成物が、前記放射線の前、前記放射線と一緒、または前記放射線の後に使用される、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記放射線が電離放射線である、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記放射線が、胃腸症候群または造血症候群を誘導する、請求項8に記載の組成物。
- 前記組成物が成長因子と組み合わせて使用される、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記成長因子がケラチノサイト成長因子である、請求項10に記載の組成物。
- 前記組成物がステロイドと組み合わせて使用される、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記ステロイドが5−アンドロステンジオールである、請求項12に記載の組成物。
- 前記組成物が、トリクロロ(ジオキソエチレン−O,O’)テルル酸アンモニウムと組み合わせて使用される、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記哺乳動物がヒトである、請求項1〜14のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
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