JP4556587B2 - 排気ガス浄化装置 - Google Patents
排気ガス浄化装置 Download PDFInfo
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- JP4556587B2 JP4556587B2 JP2004275480A JP2004275480A JP4556587B2 JP 4556587 B2 JP4556587 B2 JP 4556587B2 JP 2004275480 A JP2004275480 A JP 2004275480A JP 2004275480 A JP2004275480 A JP 2004275480A JP 4556587 B2 JP4556587 B2 JP 4556587B2
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- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 title claims description 9
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 160
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 76
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 claims description 44
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 38
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 30
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims description 23
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000011232 storage material Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 210000002421 cell wall Anatomy 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 18
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 14
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 13
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 11
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 11
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 11
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000004071 soot Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000003463 adsorbent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000001172 regenerating effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 2
- IWOUKMZUPDVPGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium nitrate Chemical compound [Ba+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O IWOUKMZUPDVPGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052878 cordierite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- JSKIRARMQDRGJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimagnesium dioxido-bis[(1-oxido-3-oxo-2,4,6,8,9-pentaoxa-1,3-disila-5,7-dialuminabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-7-yl)oxy]silane Chemical compound [Mg++].[Mg++].[O-][Si]([O-])(O[Al]1O[Al]2O[Si](=O)O[Si]([O-])(O1)O2)O[Al]1O[Al]2O[Si](=O)O[Si]([O-])(O1)O2 JSKIRARMQDRGJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005192 partition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052777 Praseodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002159 abnormal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000018537 nitric oxide storage Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009827 uniform distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
- B01D53/9445—Simultaneously removing carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons or nitrogen oxides making use of three-way catalysts [TWC] or four-way-catalysts [FWC]
- B01D53/9454—Simultaneously removing carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons or nitrogen oxides making use of three-way catalysts [TWC] or four-way-catalysts [FWC] characterised by a specific device
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
- B01D53/9404—Removing only nitrogen compounds
- B01D53/9409—Nitrogen oxides
- B01D53/9413—Processes characterised by a specific catalyst
- B01D53/9422—Processes characterised by a specific catalyst for removing nitrogen oxides by NOx storage or reduction by cyclic switching between lean and rich exhaust gases (LNT, NSC, NSR)
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
- B01J23/54—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
- B01J23/56—Platinum group metals
- B01J23/63—Platinum group metals with rare earths or actinides
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- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/19—Catalysts containing parts with different compositions
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- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
- B01J37/0215—Coating
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
- B01J37/024—Multiple impregnation or coating
- B01J37/0242—Coating followed by impregnation
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
- B01J37/024—Multiple impregnation or coating
- B01J37/0246—Coatings comprising a zeolite
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2251/00—Reactants
- B01D2251/20—Reductants
- B01D2251/208—Hydrocarbons
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- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2255/00—Catalysts
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- B01D2255/102—Platinum group metals
- B01D2255/1021—Platinum
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- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2255/00—Catalysts
- B01D2255/20—Metals or compounds thereof
- B01D2255/204—Alkaline earth metals
- B01D2255/2042—Barium
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
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- B01D2255/40—Mixed oxides
- B01D2255/407—Zr-Ce mixed oxides
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2255/00—Catalysts
- B01D2255/50—Zeolites
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2255/00—Catalysts
- B01D2255/90—Physical characteristics of catalysts
- B01D2255/908—O2-storage component incorporated in the catalyst
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2255/00—Catalysts
- B01D2255/90—Physical characteristics of catalysts
- B01D2255/91—NOx-storage component incorporated in the catalyst
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2255/00—Catalysts
- B01D2255/90—Physical characteristics of catalysts
- B01D2255/912—HC-storage component incorporated in the catalyst
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2255/00—Catalysts
- B01D2255/90—Physical characteristics of catalysts
- B01D2255/915—Catalyst supported on particulate filters
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
- B01D53/9459—Removing one or more of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, or hydrocarbons by multiple successive catalytic functions; systems with more than one different function, e.g. zone coated catalysts
- B01D53/9477—Removing one or more of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, or hydrocarbons by multiple successive catalytic functions; systems with more than one different function, e.g. zone coated catalysts with catalysts positioned on separate bricks, e.g. exhaust systems
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
- Exhaust Gas Treatment By Means Of Catalyst (AREA)
- Processes For Solid Components From Exhaust (AREA)
- Filtering Of Dispersed Particles In Gases (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
Description
上記触媒は、ハニカム担体のセル壁面に、触媒金属と、該触媒金属を担持するサポート材としての活性アルミナ及び酸素吸蔵材とを含有する触媒層が形成されてなり、且つ該ハニカム担体セル壁面の単位面積当たりの上記サポート材の量が、排気ガス流れ方向の上流側に位置する触媒部よりも下流側に位置する触媒部において多くなっていることを特徴とする。
−実施例1−
上流側触媒3及び下流側触媒4各々は酸化触媒とした。触媒材料は、活性アルミナと、酸素吸蔵材としてのCeO2と、HC吸着材としてのβゼオライトと、触媒金属としてのPtとよりなる。すなわち、活性アルミナ、CeO2及びβゼオライトを1:1:1の質量比で混合し、これをサポート材としてPtを担持したものである。上流側触媒3及び下流側触媒4各々には1平方インチ(約6.54cm2)当たりのセル数400、相隣るセルを隔てる壁厚4ミル(約0.1mm)、容積12.5cm3のコージェライト製ハニカム担体を採用した。
1平方インチ(約6.54cm2)当たりのセル数400、相隣るセルを隔てる壁厚4ミル(約0.1mm)、容積25cm3のコージェライト製ハニカム担体全体にわたって実施例1と同じサポート材を均一に120g/L担持し、該サポート材にPtを含浸担持させて比較例1の触媒(酸化触媒)とした。この触媒のPt担持量も2g/Lである。
上流側触媒3及び下流側触媒4各々はリーンNOx触媒とした。触媒材料は、活性アルミナと、CeO2と、NOx吸蔵材としてのBaと、触媒金属としてのPtとよりなる。すなわち、活性アルミナ及びCeO2を1:1の質量比で混合し、これをサポート材としてPt及びBaを担持したものである。上流側触媒3及び下流側触媒4各々には実施例1と同じハニカム担体を採用した。
比較例1と同じハニカム担体全体にわたって実施例2と同じサポート材を均一に120g/L担持して比較例1の触媒(リーンNOx触媒)とした。この触媒のPt担持量は2g/L、Ba担持量は20g/Lである。
上記実施例1の各触媒3,4に対してエージングを施した後、この触媒3,4及びフィルタ5をモデルガス流通反応装置に図1に示すレイアウトで取り付けた。そうして、モデル排気ガスを流しながら上流側触媒3の入口ガス温度を常温から漸次上昇させていき、フィルタ5の入口ガス温度、並びにHCスリップ率を測定した。HCスリップ率は、触媒3,4で酸化されることなく該触媒3,4を吹き抜けたHCの割合である。
3 上流側触媒
4 下流側触媒
5 フィルタ
Claims (3)
- ディーゼルエンジンの排気通路に排気ガス中のパティキュレートを捕集するフィルタが設けられているとともに、該フィルタよりも上流の当該排気通路に排気ガス中のHCを酸化浄化する触媒が配置されている排気ガス浄化装置において、
上記触媒は、ハニカム担体のセル壁面に、触媒金属と、該触媒金属を担持するサポート材としての活性アルミナ及び酸素吸蔵材とを含有する触媒層が形成されてなり、且つ該ハニカム担体セル壁面の単位面積当たりの上記サポート材の量が、排気ガス流れ方向の上流側に位置する触媒部よりも下流側に位置する触媒部において多くなっていることを特徴とする排気ガス浄化装置。 - 請求項1において、
上記触媒は、酸化触媒であることを特徴とする排気ガス浄化装置。 - 請求項1において、
上記触媒は、リーンNOx触媒であることを特徴とする排気ガス浄化装置。
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2004275480A JP4556587B2 (ja) | 2004-09-22 | 2004-09-22 | 排気ガス浄化装置 |
US11/178,410 US20060059900A1 (en) | 2004-09-22 | 2005-07-12 | Exhaust gas purification system |
EP05016817A EP1640056A3 (en) | 2004-09-22 | 2005-08-02 | Exhaust gas purification system |
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---|---|---|---|
JP2004275480A JP4556587B2 (ja) | 2004-09-22 | 2004-09-22 | 排気ガス浄化装置 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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JP2006090185A JP2006090185A (ja) | 2006-04-06 |
JP4556587B2 true JP4556587B2 (ja) | 2010-10-06 |
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JP2004275480A Expired - Fee Related JP4556587B2 (ja) | 2004-09-22 | 2004-09-22 | 排気ガス浄化装置 |
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Country | Link |
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US (1) | US20060059900A1 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1640056A3 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP4556587B2 (ja) |
Families Citing this family (25)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2005344581A (ja) * | 2004-06-02 | 2005-12-15 | Hino Motors Ltd | パティキュレートフィルタ |
JP4714568B2 (ja) * | 2005-11-22 | 2011-06-29 | マツダ株式会社 | 排気ガス浄化用触媒及びその製造方法 |
JP2007136420A (ja) * | 2005-11-22 | 2007-06-07 | Mazda Motor Corp | 排気ガス浄化用触媒及びその製造方法 |
JP4851190B2 (ja) * | 2006-01-13 | 2012-01-11 | 戸田工業株式会社 | 排気ガス浄化用触媒 |
JP4835193B2 (ja) | 2006-02-20 | 2011-12-14 | マツダ株式会社 | ディーゼルパティキュレートフィルタ |
JP5582671B2 (ja) * | 2006-04-21 | 2014-09-03 | 株式会社キャタラー | 排ガス浄化用触媒、排ガス浄化用触媒の回復方法、及び排ガス浄化用触媒システム |
US8148290B2 (en) * | 2006-06-27 | 2012-04-03 | Basf Corporation | Diesel exhaust treatment system catalyst monitoring |
JP5003042B2 (ja) * | 2006-07-14 | 2012-08-15 | いすゞ自動車株式会社 | 排気ガス浄化システム |
JP2008075543A (ja) * | 2006-09-21 | 2008-04-03 | Hino Motors Ltd | エンジンの排ガス浄化装置 |
US20080190099A1 (en) * | 2006-12-20 | 2008-08-14 | Aleksey Yezerets | System and method for inhibiting uncontrolled regeneration of a particulate filter for an internal combustion engine |
DE102007008954B4 (de) | 2007-02-21 | 2009-12-17 | Umicore Ag & Co. Kg | Katalysatorsystem und seine Verwendung |
JP4910814B2 (ja) * | 2007-03-23 | 2012-04-04 | パナソニック株式会社 | 排ガス浄化装置 |
DE102007019460A1 (de) * | 2007-04-25 | 2008-11-06 | Man Nutzfahrzeuge Ag | Abgasnachbehandlungssystem |
JP2008274860A (ja) * | 2007-04-27 | 2008-11-13 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | 膨張・排気行程で燃料噴射を制御する電子制御装置 |
DE102007029418A1 (de) * | 2007-06-26 | 2009-01-08 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Katalysatorelement, Katalysator zur Abgasnachbehandlung einer Brennkraftmaschine und Verfahren zur Herstellung eines erfindungsgemäßen Katalysatorelements |
JP5018325B2 (ja) * | 2007-08-08 | 2012-09-05 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 内燃機関の排気浄化装置 |
JP2009057922A (ja) * | 2007-08-31 | 2009-03-19 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | 排ガス浄化装置 |
JP4916981B2 (ja) * | 2007-09-10 | 2012-04-18 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | 排ガス浄化装置 |
JP5521290B2 (ja) * | 2008-08-05 | 2014-06-11 | 日産自動車株式会社 | ディーゼルエンジンの排気浄化装置 |
JP5277891B2 (ja) * | 2008-11-17 | 2013-08-28 | 三菱自動車工業株式会社 | 排気浄化装置 |
JP2010184183A (ja) * | 2009-02-11 | 2010-08-26 | Nippon Soken Inc | 排ガス浄化装置 |
KR101724453B1 (ko) * | 2011-07-13 | 2017-04-10 | 현대자동차 주식회사 | 배기 가스 정화 장치 및 이를 제어하는 방법 |
KR101684496B1 (ko) | 2011-09-09 | 2016-12-09 | 현대자동차 주식회사 | 배기가스 정화 장치 및 이를 제어하는 방법 |
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- 2004-09-22 JP JP2004275480A patent/JP4556587B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
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US20060059900A1 (en) | 2006-03-23 |
EP1640056A2 (en) | 2006-03-29 |
EP1640056A3 (en) | 2006-11-02 |
JP2006090185A (ja) | 2006-04-06 |
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