JP4490912B2 - 燃焼のための液体燃料を気化するためのシステムおよび使用方法 - Google Patents
燃焼のための液体燃料を気化するためのシステムおよび使用方法 Download PDFInfo
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- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 title claims description 93
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 title claims description 92
- 230000008016 vaporization Effects 0.000 title claims description 47
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 45
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 143
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 112
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 105
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 102
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 101
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 claims description 63
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 claims description 46
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 41
- 238000009834 vaporization Methods 0.000 claims description 41
- 239000002737 fuel gas Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 29
- 229910001882 dioxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 28
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 27
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000006200 vaporizer Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-pentane Natural products CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 14
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- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
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- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000001273 butane Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002283 diesel fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003502 gasoline Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butane Chemical compound CCCC IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
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- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 238000003763 carbonization Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000295 fuel oil Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 18
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- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
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- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
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- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethane Chemical compound CC OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-acetylene Natural products C#C HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012159 carrier gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 230000009977 dual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000002534 ethynyl group Chemical group [H]C#C* 0.000 description 1
- 238000002309 gasification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008676 import Effects 0.000 description 1
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- F23L7/007—Supplying oxygen or oxygen-enriched air
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Description
発明の分野
この発明は、燃焼装置での使用のために液体燃料または液化ガスを適切に気化、混合および供給するための方法および装置に関する。
この出願は、2002年10月10日に出願された米国仮出願連続番号第60/417,184号と、2002年12月4日に出願された米国仮出願連続番号第60/430,653号との優先権を主張する。上述の両方の仮出願の全体が引用によりこの明細書中に援用される。
る。この早期の発火は、たとえば、燃料が燃焼装置に供給されるときに起こる可能性のある燃料の通常加熱、予加熱または他の加熱の結果として起こるおそれがある。自己発火により効率性が低下し、燃焼装置が損傷を被り、燃焼装置の耐用寿命が短縮され、かつ/または不要な排出物が増加することとなる。
この発明の実施例は、気体燃料として燃焼装置に供給可能な多様な液体燃料または液化ガスから周囲空気に比べて酸素含有量の少ない予気化された燃料ガスを生成するための機構を設けることによって大いに上述の問題などに対処する。好ましい実施例においては、予気化された燃料ガスは、天然ガスを燃焼させるよう構成された既存の希薄予混合燃焼装置とともに用いることができる。このような気体燃料の供給は、たとえば軍艦、機関車、航空機および自動車に動力を供給したりするためのタービンエンジンならびにディーゼルおよびガソリンエンジンで使用可能である。この発明はまた、他の多様な燃焼装置、特に、高度な点火および/または排出物制御が所望される燃焼装置に対して使用可能である。たとえば、NOXの削減は、この発明を用いれば拡散燃焼器でも達成可能である。この排出物削減は、酸素の少ない流れ/天然ガス混合物の発熱量を増やす結果として達成される。というのも、付加的な不活性ガスが火炎温度を下げるのに役立ち、こうしてNOXが減じられるからである。
のガスの流れを用いて液体燃料または液化された高次炭化水素天然ガスを気化し、酸素の少ない気化された天然ガスが燃焼装置に供給される。濃度が適度に低い酸素を含むガスの流れと燃料とを混合することにより、気化された燃料の反応が、自己発火を避けるように防止され得るかまたは十分に遅延され得る。高度な発火制御ならびにこの発明の他の特徴は、以下にさらに説明されるように、排出物または燃焼の不安定性を減じるかまたはさもなければ制御するのに使用可能である。
装置によって生成される汚染物質を減らすことができる。
この発明は、燃焼システムの好ましい実施例に関連して説明される。特定の詳細な記述、たとえば燃料の種類およびガスの流れの酸素含有量が、この発明を完全に理解できるようにするために説明される。この明細書中に述べられる好ましい実施例はこの発明を限定するものと理解されるべきではない。さらに、理解しやすくするために、或る方法ステップが別個のステップとして明確に叙述される。しかしながら、これらのステップは必ずしも別個のものとして解釈されたり、それぞれの行いに依存した順序であると解釈されたりするべきではない。
流れとを適切に混合するという特徴を含む。
少ない気化された燃料ガスの流れ8が予混合ゾーン5b−1に供給され、ここで、酸素が加えられたガスの流れ9a(たとえば空気)と予混合される。酸素が加えられたガスの流れ9aは典型的には他のゾーン5b−2、5b−3、5b−4のうちのいくつかまたはすべてに供給される。RQL燃焼装置においては、酸素の少ない気化された燃料ガスの流れ8がまた、中間ゾーン5b−3に供給される。代替的には、図1(a)の燃焼器5は、図1(c)に図示のとおり、最初の燃焼ゾーン5c−1、中間ゾーン5c−2および希釈ゾーン5c−3を含む拡散燃焼器であり得る。典型的な拡散燃焼器においては、酸素の少ない気化された燃料ガスの流れ8は最初の燃焼ゾーン5c−1に供給され、ここで、酸素が加えられたガスの流れ9aが存在する状態で燃焼される。
素の少ない気化された燃料ガスをタービンエンジン14に供給するよう構成される。これは、気化器4からの酸素の少ない気化された燃料ガスのエネルギ含有量が天然ガスと等しくなるような量の酸素の少ないガスを気化された燃料と混合することによって達成される。これは、エンジン14で用いられる燃料計量方法に依存して、体積または質量ベースでなされてもよい。他の実施例においては、酸素の少ない燃料ガスのエネルギ含有量は天然ガスの含有量よりも高いかまたは低く、燃料拡散システムは、このようなエネルギ含有量がより高いかまたはより低いガスで作動するよう構成される。
一実施例においては、酸素を多く含む流れがステップ53において第1の補助圧縮器に供給され、第1の補助圧縮器がステップ54において酸素を多く含む流れを加圧し、加圧された酸素を多く含む流れがステップ55において燃焼器に注入される。いくつかの実施例においては、酸素を多く含む燃料の流れは、燃焼器5の炎の下流側(たとえば、図5(b)および図5(c)にそれぞれ図示される予混合燃焼器などの燃焼器の中間ゾーンもしくは希釈ゾーン、または拡散燃焼器)に注入されて、エンジン14によって放出される汚染物質の量を減ずる。他の実施例においては、酸素を多く含む燃料の流れが圧縮器15からの燃焼用空気と混合されて、これが図5(d)(予混合燃焼器)および図5(e)(拡散燃焼器)に図示される燃焼器5の最初の燃焼ゾーンに供給される。これにより燃焼器の運転範囲が広がり、こうしてより低い等量比で燃焼を行なうこと(すなわちより希薄な燃焼)が可能となり、NOXなどの汚染物質の排出を減らすことができる。さらに他の実施例においては、酸素を多く含む燃料の流れは圧縮器15からの空気と単純に混合され、燃焼器のすべてのゾーンに供給される。
Claims (57)
- 燃焼器を運転するための方法であって、
炭化水素分子を含む液体燃料と、周囲空気よりも酸素含有量の少ない第1のガスの流れとを用いて燃料ガスを生成するステップを含み、前記液体燃料のうちの少なくとも50重量百分率の前記炭化水素分子は少なくとも2つの炭素原子を有し、
前記燃料ガスと第2のガスとを予混合して、燃焼器の燃焼ゾーンの上流における位置でガス混合物を生成するステップとを含み、前記第2のガスは酸素を含み、前記方法はさらに、
前記燃焼器の前記燃焼ゾーンにおいて前記ガス混合物を燃焼させるステップを含み、これにより、前記燃焼ゾーンの上流における前記ガス混合物の自己発火が実質的に抑制される、方法。 - 前記ガス混合物は、前記ガス混合物の燃焼を維持するのに十分な量の酸素を有する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記ガス混合物は、1未満の等量比を有する希薄混合物である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記第1のガスの流れの酸素含有量は前記液体燃料の限界酸素指数未満である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記燃焼器は天然ガスのために構成された燃料計量システムを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記第1のガスの流れは空気分離器によって供給される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記空気分離器は吸着を用いて前記第1のガスの流れを作り出す、請求項6に記載の方法。
- 酸素を多く含む流れを前記空気分離器から前記燃焼器に供給するステップをさらに含む、請求項6に記載の方法。
- 前記酸素を多く含む流れは、前記燃焼ゾーンの下流における前記燃焼器に供給される、請求項8に記載の方法。
- 前記酸素を多く含む流れは、前記予混合するステップにおいて酸素の少ない燃料ガスと混合される、請求項8に記載の方法。
- 前記第1のガスの流れは予燃焼器の排気口から供給される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記第1のガスの流れは前記燃焼器の排気口から供給される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記ガス混合物の等量比は、メタンが同等の運転条件の下で燃焼され得る最小等量比未満である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記液体燃料は、ディーゼル燃料、燃料油(heating oil)、ブタン、プロパン、ペンタン、ガソリンおよび可燃性の液体廃棄物からなる群から選択される燃料である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記燃焼器はガスタービンエンジン用のものである、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 希薄予混合方式で天然ガスを燃焼させるのに適するよう構成された燃焼器を運転するための方法であって、
周囲空気に比べて酸素含有量の少ないガスの流れを用いて高級炭化水素液体燃料を気化して、酸素の少ない燃料ガスを生成するステップと、
前記酸素の少ない燃料ガスと第2のガスとを予混合して、燃焼器の燃焼ゾーンの上流における位置でガス混合物を生成するステップとを含み、前記ガス混合物は前記ガス混合物の燃焼を維持するのに十分な量の酸素を有し、前記ガス混合物は1未満の等量比を有し、前記方法はさらに、
前記燃焼器の前記燃焼ゾーンにおいて前記ガス混合物を燃焼させるステップを含み、これにより、前記燃焼ゾーンの上流における前記ガス混合物の自己発火が実質的に抑制される、方法。 - 前記ガスの流れは前記燃焼器の排気ガスの流れから得られる、請求項16に記載の方法。
- 前記ガスの流れは空気分離ユニットによってもたらされる、請求項16に記載の方法。
- 前記空気分離ユニットからの酸素を多く含むガスの流れが前記燃焼器に投入される、請求項18に記載の方法。
- 燃焼システムであって、
燃焼器を含み、前記燃焼器は、気化された燃料を受取る入口と、燃焼ゾーンと、前記燃焼ゾーンの上流にある予混合ゾーンとを有し、前記燃焼器は、前記予混合ゾーンにおいて気化された燃料を酸素が加えられたガスの流れと混合してガス混合物を生成し、前記燃焼ゾーンにおいて前記ガス混合物を燃焼させるよう構成されており、前記燃焼システムはさらに、
前記燃焼器の前記入口に接続される燃料気化ユニットを含み、前記燃料気化ユニットは、酸素の少ない気化された燃料ガスの流れを前記入口を介し前記燃焼器に供給するよう構
成され、前記燃料気化ユニットは、液体燃料源に接続可能な第1の入口と酸素の少ないガスの流れに接続可能な第2の入口とを有する燃料気化器を含み、前記液体燃料源からの前記液体燃料のうちの少なくとも50重量百分率の炭化水素分子は少なくとも2つの炭素原子を有する、燃焼システム。 - 前記燃焼器は、1未満の等量比で酸素の少ない気化された燃料ガスを燃焼するよう構成される、請求項20に記載のシステム。
- 酸素の少ないガスの流れの酸素含有量は前記液体燃料の限界酸素指数未満である、請求項20に記載のシステム。
- 前記燃焼器は天然ガスのために構成された燃料計量システムを含む、請求項20に記載のシステム。
- 前記燃料気化ユニットはさらに、第1の出口において酸素の少ない流れを生成するよう構成された空気分離ユニットを含み、前記第1の出口は前記燃料気化器の前記第2の入口に接続されている、請求項20に記載のシステム。
- 前記空気分離ユニットは吸着によって前記酸素の少ない流れを作り出す、請求項24に記載のシステム。
- 前記空気分離ユニットはさらに、第2の出口において酸素を多く含む流れを生成するよう構成され、前記第2の出口は前記燃焼器に接続されている、請求項24に記載のシステム。
- 前記第2の出口は、前記燃焼ゾーンの下流における前記燃焼器に前記酸素を多く含む流れを供給するよう接続される、請求項26に記載のシステム。
- 前記第2の出口は、前記燃焼器の前記予混合ゾーンに前記酸素を多く含む流れを供給するよう接続される、請求項26に記載のシステム。
- 前記酸素の少ないガスの流れは、前記燃焼器によって排出される排気ガスの流れから供給される、請求項20に記載のシステム。
- 前記燃焼器は、前記混合物が、同等の運転条件の下でメタンを燃焼し得る最小等量比未満の等量比を有するように、前記気化された燃料を前記酸素が加えられたガスの流れと混合するよう構成される、請求項20に記載のシステム。
- 前記液体燃料は液化ガスであり、前記液化ガスは大気圧下で室温では気体であり得る組成である、請求項21に記載のシステム。
- 前記液体燃料は、ディーゼル燃料、燃料油、液化されたブタン、液化されたプロパン、液化されたペンタン、ガソリンおよび可燃性の液体廃棄物からなる群から選択される燃料である、請求項20に記載のシステム。
- 前記燃焼器はガスタービンエンジン用のものである、請求項20に記載のシステム。
- 燃料気化ユニットであって、
燃料気化器と、
液体燃料の流れを供給するよう前記燃料気化器に接続される液体燃料の源と、
酸素の少ないガスの流れの排出物を有する空気分離器とを含み、前記酸素の少ないガスの流れの排出物は前記燃料気化器に接続され、
前記燃料気化器は、前記液体燃料および前記酸素の少ないガスの流れから気化された燃料混合物を生成する、燃料気化ユニット。 - 前記空気分離器は第1の圧縮器を介して前記燃料気化器に接続される、請求項34に記載の燃料気化ユニット。
- 前記第1の圧縮器は前記酸素の少ないガスの流れを圧縮する、請求項35に記載の燃料気化ユニット。
- 前記燃料気化器からの気化された燃料混合物はエンジンに供給される、請求項34に記載の燃料気化ユニット。
- 前記エンジンは、圧縮点火エンジンおよび火花点火エンジンからなる群から選択される、請求項37に記載の燃料気化ユニット。
- 前記燃料気化器からの気化された燃料混合物は燃焼器に供給される、請求項34に記載の燃料気化ユニット。
- 前記空気分離器の酸素を多く含む流れの排出物は前記燃焼器に供給される、請求項39に記載の燃料気化ユニット。
- 前記空気分離器の酸素を多く含む流れの排出物は圧縮器を介して前記燃焼器に供給される、請求項39に記載の燃料気化ユニット。
- 前記燃焼器はタービンに供給される燃焼排出物を生成する、請求項39に記載の燃料気化ユニット。
- 前記タービンは圧縮器を駆動する、請求項42に記載の燃料気化ユニット。
- 前記圧縮器は圧縮されたガス排出物を有し、前記圧縮されたガス排出物は前記空気分離器に供給される、請求項43に記載の燃料気化ユニット。
- 前記圧縮器は空気を圧縮する、請求項44に記載の燃料気化ユニット。
- 圧縮空気は前記圧縮器の中間段階から抜取られ、前記空気分離器に供給される、請求項45に記載の燃料気化ユニット。
- 前記ガス混合物のエネルギ含有量は天然ガスのエネルギ含有量にほぼ等しい、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記ガス混合物のエネルギ含有量は体積ベースで天然ガスのエネルギ含有量にほぼ等しい、請求項47に記載の方法。
- 前記ガス混合物のエネルギ含有量は質量ベースで天然ガスのエネルギ含有量にほぼ等しい、請求項47に記載の方法。
- 前記ガス混合物のエネルギ含有量は天然ガスのエネルギ含有量にほぼ等しい、請求項16に記載の方法。
- 前記ガス混合物のエネルギ含有量は体積ベースで天然ガスのエネルギ含有量にほぼ等しい、請求項50に記載の方法。
- 前記ガス混合物のエネルギ含有量は質量ベースで天然ガスのエネルギ含有量にほぼ等しい、請求項50に記載の方法。
- 前記ガス混合物のエネルギ含有量は天然ガスのエネルギ含有量にほぼ等しい、請求項20に記載のシステム。
- 前記ガス混合物のエネルギ含有量は体積ベースで天然ガスのエネルギ含有量にほぼ等しい、請求項53に記載のシステム。
- 前記ガス混合物のエネルギ含有量は質量ベースで天然ガスのエネルギ含有量にほぼ等しい、請求項53に記載のシステム。
- 液体燃料を気化するステップと、
空気分離器からの酸素の少ないガスと前記気化された液体燃料とを混合するステップと、
前記気化された液体燃料と前記酸素の少ないガスとの混合物を燃焼させるステップとを含む、方法。 - 空気分離器からの酸素の少ないガスを加熱するステップと、
前記加熱された酸素の少ないガスを用いて液体燃料を気化して、気化された燃料混合物を生成するステップと、
前記気化された燃料混合物を燃焼させるステップとを含む、方法。
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