JP4135660B2 - 紙送りロールの製法 - Google Patents
紙送りロールの製法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP4135660B2 JP4135660B2 JP2004067757A JP2004067757A JP4135660B2 JP 4135660 B2 JP4135660 B2 JP 4135660B2 JP 2004067757 A JP2004067757 A JP 2004067757A JP 2004067757 A JP2004067757 A JP 2004067757A JP 4135660 B2 JP4135660 B2 JP 4135660B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- roll
- urethane
- paper feed
- component
- mold
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
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- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 13
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- 150000003077 polyols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 13
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- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 25
- 238000001723 curing Methods 0.000 description 20
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 15
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 14
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- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 10
- IMNIMPAHZVJRPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylenediamine Chemical compound C1CN2CCN1CC2 IMNIMPAHZVJRPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
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- MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCO MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- CBXCPBUEXACCNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraethylammonium Chemical compound CC[N+](CC)(CC)CC CBXCPBUEXACCNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920005992 thermoplastic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCOCCO ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PPPHYGCRGMTZNA-UHFFFAOYSA-M trifluoromethyl sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)(=O)OC(F)(F)F PPPHYGCRGMTZNA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- XZZNDPSIHUTMOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenyl phosphate Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1OP(OC=1C=CC=CC=1)(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1 XZZNDPSIHUTMOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003673 urethanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C39/00—Shaping by casting, i.e. introducing the moulding material into a mould or between confining surfaces without significant moulding pressure; Apparatus therefor
- B29C39/003—Shaping by casting, i.e. introducing the moulding material into a mould or between confining surfaces without significant moulding pressure; Apparatus therefor characterised by the choice of material
- B29C39/006—Monomers or prepolymers
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C33/00—Moulds or cores; Details thereof or accessories therefor
- B29C33/42—Moulds or cores; Details thereof or accessories therefor characterised by the shape of the moulding surface, e.g. ribs or grooves
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C39/00—Shaping by casting, i.e. introducing the moulding material into a mould or between confining surfaces without significant moulding pressure; Apparatus therefor
- B29C39/02—Shaping by casting, i.e. introducing the moulding material into a mould or between confining surfaces without significant moulding pressure; Apparatus therefor for making articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles
- B29C39/10—Shaping by casting, i.e. introducing the moulding material into a mould or between confining surfaces without significant moulding pressure; Apparatus therefor for making articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles incorporating preformed parts or layers, e.g. casting around inserts or for coating articles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C39/00—Shaping by casting, i.e. introducing the moulding material into a mould or between confining surfaces without significant moulding pressure; Apparatus therefor
- B29C39/22—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C39/26—Moulds or cores
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
- B65H27/00—Special constructions, e.g. surface features, of feed or guide rollers for webs
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
- C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
- C08G18/08—Processes
- C08G18/10—Prepolymer processes involving reaction of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen in a first reaction step
- C08G18/12—Prepolymer processes involving reaction of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen in a first reaction step using two or more compounds having active hydrogen in the first polymerisation step
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
- C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
- C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
- C08G18/40—High-molecular-weight compounds
- C08G18/48—Polyethers
- C08G18/4804—Two or more polyethers of different physical or chemical nature
- C08G18/4808—Mixtures of two or more polyetherdiols
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
- C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
- C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
- C08G18/40—High-molecular-weight compounds
- C08G18/48—Polyethers
- C08G18/4854—Polyethers containing oxyalkylene groups having four carbon atoms in the alkylene group
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L75/00—Compositions of polyureas or polyurethanes; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L75/04—Polyurethanes
- C08L75/08—Polyurethanes from polyethers
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C45/00—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor
- B29C45/14—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor incorporating preformed parts or layers, e.g. injection moulding around inserts or for coating articles
- B29C45/14549—Coating rod-like, wire-like or belt-like articles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2075/00—Use of PU, i.e. polyureas or polyurethanes or derivatives thereof, as moulding material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
- B65H2401/00—Materials used for the handling apparatus or parts thereof; Properties thereof
- B65H2401/10—Materials
- B65H2401/11—Polymer compositions
- B65H2401/114—Polyester, e.g. polyethylene terephthalate [PET]
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
- B65H2402/00—Constructional details of the handling apparatus
- B65H2402/80—Constructional details of the handling apparatus characterised by the manufacturing process
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
- B65H2404/00—Parts for transporting or guiding the handled material
- B65H2404/50—Surface of the elements in contact with the forwarded or guided material
- B65H2404/52—Surface of the elements in contact with the forwarded or guided material other geometrical properties
- B65H2404/522—Surface of the elements in contact with the forwarded or guided material other geometrical properties details of surface roughness and/or surface treatment
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
- B65H2701/00—Handled material; Storage means
- B65H2701/10—Handled articles or webs
- B65H2701/19—Specific article or web
- B65H2701/1912—Banknotes, bills and cheques or the like
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
- B65H2801/00—Application field
- B65H2801/03—Image reproduction devices
- B65H2801/06—Office-type machines, e.g. photocopiers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
- C08K5/0008—Organic ingredients according to more than one of the "one dot" groups of C08K5/01 - C08K5/59
- C08K5/0016—Plasticisers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
- C08K5/04—Oxygen-containing compounds
- C08K5/10—Esters; Ether-esters
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
- Y10T428/24355—Continuous and nonuniform or irregular surface on layer or component [e.g., roofing, etc.]
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Delivering By Means Of Belts And Rollers (AREA)
- Sheets, Magazines, And Separation Thereof (AREA)
- Polyurethanes Or Polyureas (AREA)
Description
(A)ポリテトラメチレンエーテルグリコール(PTMG)とポリプロピレングリコール(PPG)とを、PTMG/PPG=99/1〜50/50の重量比で混合してなるポリエーテルポリオール。
(B)ポリイソシアネート。
(C)鎖延長剤。
(D)可塑剤。
(E)ジアザビシクロアミン塩。
下記の表1に示す割合で混合してなるポリエーテルポリオールを80℃にて1時間真空脱泡、脱水した後、ポリイソシアネートを同表に示す割合で混合し、窒素雰囲気下で80℃にて3時間反応させ、末端にNCO基を有するウレタンプレポリマーを作製した。
下記の表2に示す表面粗さ(Rz)となるよう、型表面にシボ加工が施されたロール成形用金型a〜fをつぎのようにして作製した。すなわち、ロール成形用金型a〜cは、放電加工法により型表面がそれぞれRz=8μm,10μm,30μmになるように加工した。また、ロール成形用金型d〜fは、化学エッチングを施した後、ショットブラストを行い、型表面がそれぞれRz=50μm,70μm,80μmになるように加工した。なお、ロール成形用金型の型表面の表面粗さ(Rz)は、型表面の周方向の表面粗さを、サーフコム(東京精密社製)にて、JIS B 0601に準拠して測定した。すなわち、上記十点平均粗さ(Rz)は、凸凹に直角な平面で切断したとき、その切り口に現れる輪郭(これを断面曲線という)から、所定の波長より長い表面うねり成分をカットオフした粗さ曲線より求めた。
各成分の配合割合および種類を後記の表3〜表5に示す内容に変更した。それ以外は、実施例1と同様にして紙送りロールのウレタン製ロール部形成材料を作製した。
硬化時間が10分経過時および20分経過時での硬化状態について目視により観察し、各々の経過時間において硬化していないものを×、硬化したものを○として評価した。
得られたロール表面に、注型時にエアを巻き込んだことによる気泡が5個以上形成されたものを×、気泡が1〜4個形成されたものを△、気泡が形成されず良好なロール表面に形成されたものを○として評価した。
紙送りロールの表面の硬度をタイプAデュロメーターで荷重9.8Nにて測定した。
紙送りロールを搬送ロールとして市販の電子写真複写機に組み込み、通紙搬送耐久試験を行った。初期および50万枚搬送後(耐久後)の紙送りロールを周速度200mm/secで荷重2.9Nを負荷して紙の曲率が大きい試験機を用いて摩擦係数を測定した。
上記初期および50万枚搬送後(耐久後)の紙送りロールの面長中央部のロール径をレーザースキャンマイクロメーターで測定し、この径変化を摩耗量とした。
各紙送りロールを搬送ロールとして市販の複写機に組み込み、搬送性の評価を行った。評価は50万枚の搬送中に給紙不良や重送が発生しなかったものを○、40万枚以上50万枚未満の搬送中に給紙不良や重送が発生したものを△、40万枚未満で給紙不良や重送が発生したものを×とした。
2 ウレタン製ロール部
Claims (1)
- 型表面に表面粗さ(Rz)が10〜70μmのシボ加工が施され,ロールの軸体を内挿してなる成形型を準備する工程と、上記成形型内に,下記の(A)〜(E)成分を含有し,かつ(D)成分の含有割合が(A)成分と(B)成分からなるウレタンプレポリマー100重量部に対して5〜50重量部の範囲に設定されているウレタン組成物を充填する工程と、上記成形型内に充填されたウレタン組成物を硬化反応させることにより上記軸体の外周にウレタン製ロール部を形成する工程とを備えたことを特徴とする紙送りロールの製法。
(A)ポリテトラメチレンエーテルグリコール(PTMG)とポリプロピレングリコール(PPG)とを、PTMG/PPG=99/1〜50/50の重量比で混合してなるポリエーテルポリオール。
(B)ポリイソシアネート。
(C)鎖延長剤。
(D)可塑剤。
(E)ジアザビシクロアミン塩。
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2004067757A JP4135660B2 (ja) | 2004-03-10 | 2004-03-10 | 紙送りロールの製法 |
US11/074,725 US20050202209A1 (en) | 2004-03-10 | 2005-03-09 | Method for producing sheet transport roll, urethane composition used therefor, and sheet transport roll obtained thereby |
CNB2005100656647A CN100344698C (zh) | 2004-03-10 | 2005-03-10 | 送纸辊的制造方法和其中使用的聚氨酯组合物以及送纸辊 |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2004067757A JP4135660B2 (ja) | 2004-03-10 | 2004-03-10 | 紙送りロールの製法 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JP2005255313A JP2005255313A (ja) | 2005-09-22 |
JP4135660B2 true JP4135660B2 (ja) | 2008-08-20 |
Family
ID=34918411
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP2004067757A Expired - Fee Related JP4135660B2 (ja) | 2004-03-10 | 2004-03-10 | 紙送りロールの製法 |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20050202209A1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP4135660B2 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN100344698C (ja) |
Families Citing this family (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2006143471A (ja) * | 2004-10-18 | 2006-06-08 | Hokushin Ind Inc | 給紙ロール |
US8550968B2 (en) * | 2005-11-11 | 2013-10-08 | Bridgestone Corporation | Developing roller and imaging apparatus comprising the same |
JP4874689B2 (ja) * | 2006-03-31 | 2012-02-15 | 富士フイルム株式会社 | ホログラフィック記録用組成物及びこれを用いた光記録媒体 |
JP4870486B2 (ja) * | 2006-07-04 | 2012-02-08 | 住友ゴム工業株式会社 | 紙葉類重送防止部材 |
JP2008143609A (ja) * | 2006-12-06 | 2008-06-26 | Konica Minolta Business Technologies Inc | シート搬送装置及び画像形成装置 |
JP4936992B2 (ja) * | 2007-05-23 | 2012-05-23 | 東海ゴム工業株式会社 | 紙送り用ロールの製法 |
JP5302819B2 (ja) * | 2009-08-10 | 2013-10-02 | 住友ゴム工業株式会社 | 紙送りローラ |
JP6146900B2 (ja) * | 2013-07-16 | 2017-06-14 | 住友ゴム工業株式会社 | 紙送りローラ |
JP6013305B2 (ja) * | 2013-10-30 | 2016-10-25 | 住友理工株式会社 | 紙送り用ローラ |
GB201708404D0 (en) * | 2017-05-25 | 2017-07-12 | Hexcel Composites Ltd | Improvements in or relating to slitting |
Family Cites Families (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS5145316B2 (ja) * | 1973-08-06 | 1976-12-03 | ||
US4212952A (en) * | 1978-12-21 | 1980-07-15 | Union Carbide Corporation | N,N,N',N'-Tetramethyl-αω-polymethlenediamines as catalysts for the preparation of urethane foams |
US5965685A (en) * | 1998-01-14 | 1999-10-12 | Reichhold Chemicals, Inc. | Rapid curing aliphatic hot melt adhesive |
NL1010934C2 (nl) * | 1998-12-31 | 2000-07-03 | Neopost Bv | Inrichting voor het separeren van vellen. |
DE60104372T2 (de) * | 2000-08-29 | 2004-12-09 | Tokai Rubber Industries, Ltd., Komaki | Förderband Transportrolle aus Polyurethan Elastomer |
JP3744337B2 (ja) * | 2000-10-16 | 2006-02-08 | 東海ゴム工業株式会社 | 紙送り用ローラ |
JP3744336B2 (ja) * | 2000-10-16 | 2006-02-08 | 東海ゴム工業株式会社 | リタードローラ及び給紙装置 |
-
2004
- 2004-03-10 JP JP2004067757A patent/JP4135660B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2005
- 2005-03-09 US US11/074,725 patent/US20050202209A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2005-03-10 CN CNB2005100656647A patent/CN100344698C/zh active Active
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN100344698C (zh) | 2007-10-24 |
JP2005255313A (ja) | 2005-09-22 |
US20050202209A1 (en) | 2005-09-15 |
CN1715331A (zh) | 2006-01-04 |
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