JP3645561B2 - リチウム2次電池用層状構造のリチウム−クロム−マンガン系酸化物の製造方法 - Google Patents
リチウム2次電池用層状構造のリチウム−クロム−マンガン系酸化物の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP3645561B2 JP3645561B2 JP2003383007A JP2003383007A JP3645561B2 JP 3645561 B2 JP3645561 B2 JP 3645561B2 JP 2003383007 A JP2003383007 A JP 2003383007A JP 2003383007 A JP2003383007 A JP 2003383007A JP 3645561 B2 JP3645561 B2 JP 3645561B2
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- Prior art keywords
- lithium
- chromium
- oxide
- manganese
- secondary battery
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- YITAGJCAYNNEIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li+].[O--].[O--].[O--].[Cr+3].[Mn++] Chemical compound [Li+].[O--].[O--].[O--].[Cr+3].[Mn++] YITAGJCAYNNEIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 33
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 24
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 23
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 23
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 52
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 37
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- WYYQVWLEPYFFLP-UHFFFAOYSA-K chromium(3+);triacetate Chemical compound [Cr+3].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O WYYQVWLEPYFFLP-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 7
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229940082328 manganese acetate tetrahydrate Drugs 0.000 claims description 5
- CESXSDZNZGSWSP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);diacetate;tetrahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.[Mn+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O CESXSDZNZGSWSP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 5
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- WJQONGFIPMHAPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Cr].[Mn].[Li] Chemical compound [Cr].[Mn].[Li] WJQONGFIPMHAPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 description 7
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000001351 cycling effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910010586 LiFeO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 description 3
- 125000002843 carboxylic acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 229940071125 manganese acetate Drugs 0.000 description 3
- UOGMEBQRZBEZQT-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);diacetate Chemical compound [Mn+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O UOGMEBQRZBEZQT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000011114 ammonium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- AMWRITDGCCNYAT-UHFFFAOYSA-L hydroxy(oxo)manganese;manganese Chemical compound [Mn].O[Mn]=O.O[Mn]=O AMWRITDGCCNYAT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 229910002102 lithium manganese oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000010979 pH adjustment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 2
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910015643 LiMn 2 O 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910014689 LiMnO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SWFPCDJSMKKRFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Cr].[Li] Chemical compound [Cr].[Li] SWFPCDJSMKKRFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DJTZIDSZSYWGKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid tetrahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.CC(O)=O DJTZIDSZSYWGKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonia Natural products N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012300 argon atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001844 chromium Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- QEXMICRJPVUPSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium manganese(2+) oxygen(2-) Chemical class [O-2].[Mn+2].[Li+] QEXMICRJPVUPSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- VLXXBCXTUVRROQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido-oxo-(oxomanganiooxy)manganese Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Mn](=O)O[Mn]=O VLXXBCXTUVRROQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002696 manganese Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000001878 scanning electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052596 spinel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011029 spinel Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/1391—Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G45/00—Compounds of manganese
- C01G45/12—Manganates manganites or permanganates
- C01G45/1221—Manganates or manganites with a manganese oxidation state of Mn(III), Mn(IV) or mixtures thereof
- C01G45/1228—Manganates or manganites with a manganese oxidation state of Mn(III), Mn(IV) or mixtures thereof of the type [MnO2]n-, e.g. LiMnO2, Li[MxMn1-x]O2
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/50—Solid solutions
- C01P2002/52—Solid solutions containing elements as dopants
- C01P2002/54—Solid solutions containing elements as dopants one element only
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/70—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data
- C01P2002/72—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data by d-values or two theta-values, e.g. as X-ray diagram
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/01—Particle morphology depicted by an image
- C01P2004/03—Particle morphology depicted by an image obtained by SEM
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/40—Electric properties
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
- Inorganic Compounds Of Heavy Metals (AREA)
- Secondary Cells (AREA)
Description
クロムアセテートヒドロキシド(Cr3(OH)2(CH3CO2)7)、マンガンアセテートテトラハイドレート((CH3CO2)2Mn・4H2O)、およびリチウムヒドロキシド(LiOH)を組成比に合せてそれぞれ蒸留水に溶解させた。ここで、合成しようとする酸化物の組成によって使われた試薬の質量は次の通りであった。
(1)組成がLi1.27Cr0.20Mn0.53O2である場合
LiOH 10.84g、
(CH3CO2)2Mn・4H2O 26.39g、
Cr3(OH)2(CH3CO2)7 8.67g
(2)組成がLi1.28Cr0.15Mn0.57O2である場合
LiOH 10.96g、
(CH3CO2)2Mn・4H2O 28.22g、
Cr3(OH)2(CH3CO2)7 6.45g
(3)組成がLi1.30Cr0.10Mn0.60O2である場合
LiOH 11.13g、
(CH3CO2)2Mn・4H2O 29.71g、
Cr3(OH)2(CH3CO2)7 4.33g
Claims (8)
- クロムアセテートヒドロキシド(Cr3(OH)2(CH3CO2)7)およびマンガンアセテートテトラハイドレート((CH3CO2)2Mn・4H2O)が混合された水溶液にリチウムヒドロキシド(LiOH)水溶液を添加して均一な微細沈殿を形成する段階と、
前記微細沈殿を燃焼させてLi[CrxLi(1/3−x/3)Mn(2/3−2x/3)O2(0.1≦X≦0.5)組成の母体酸化物粉末を形成する段階と、
前記母体酸化物粉末を熱処理して層状構造の酸化物粉末を形成する段階と
を含むことを特徴とするリチウム2次電池用リチウム−クロム−マンガン系酸化物の製造方法。 - 前記母体酸化物粉末を形成する段階は、
前記微細沈殿から過量の水分を除去するために前記微細沈殿を加熱する段階と、
前記加熱された微細沈殿をホットプレートで加熱して燃焼させる段階と
を含むことを特徴とする請求項1に記載のリチウム2次電池用リチウム−クロム−マンガン系酸化物の製造方法。 - 前記微細沈殿をホットプレートで加熱する段階は、前記微細沈殿をチタンフォイルにコーティングした状態で行なわれることを特徴とする請求項2に記載のリチウム2次電池用リチウム−クロム−マンガン系酸化物の製造方法。
- 前記母体酸化物粉末を熱処理する段階は、
前記母体酸化物粉末を650〜700℃の範囲で選択される第1温度で1次熱処理する段階と、
前記1次熱処理された酸化物粉末を前記第1温度より高い第2温度で2次熱処理する段階と
を含むことを特徴とする請求項1に記載のリチウム2次電池用リチウム−クロム−マンガン系酸化物の製造方法。 - 前記第2温度は、900〜1000℃の範囲内で選択されることを特徴とする請求項4に記載のリチウム2次電池用リチウム−クロム−マンガン系酸化物の製造方法。
- 前記2次熱処理を行なう前に前記1次熱処理された酸化物粉末を粉砕する段階をさらに含むことを特徴とする請求項4に記載のリチウム2次電池用リチウム−クロム−マンガン系酸化物の製造方法。
- 前記2次熱処理は、空気中で行なわれることを特徴とする請求項4に記載のリチウム2次電池用リチウム−クロム−マンガン系酸化物の製造方法。
- 前記2次熱処理された酸化物粉末を急速冷却させる段階をさらに含むことを特徴とする請求項4に記載のリチウム2次電池用リチウム−クロム−マンガン系酸化物の製造方法。
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
KR10-2002-0075395A KR100467325B1 (ko) | 2002-11-29 | 2002-11-29 | 리튬 이차전지용 층상 구조의 리튬-크롬-망간계 산화물의제조 방법 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JP2004186145A JP2004186145A (ja) | 2004-07-02 |
JP3645561B2 true JP3645561B2 (ja) | 2005-05-11 |
Family
ID=32388278
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP2003383007A Expired - Fee Related JP3645561B2 (ja) | 2002-11-29 | 2003-11-12 | リチウム2次電池用層状構造のリチウム−クロム−マンガン系酸化物の製造方法 |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6908708B2 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP3645561B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR100467325B1 (ja) |
Families Citing this family (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1629553A2 (en) * | 2003-05-28 | 2006-03-01 | National Research Council Of Canada | Lithium metal oxide electrodes for lithium cells and batteries |
KR100564748B1 (ko) * | 2003-09-26 | 2006-03-27 | 한국전자통신연구원 | 리튬 이차전지용 양극 재료 및 그 제조 방법 |
KR101017079B1 (ko) * | 2007-11-07 | 2011-02-25 | 한국과학기술연구원 | 전극활물질의 제조방법과 이에 의하여 제조된 전극활물질을포함하는 리튬전지 |
JP2012204291A (ja) * | 2011-03-28 | 2012-10-22 | Tokyo Univ Of Science | リチウムイオン二次電池およびこれに用いる正極材料 |
KR101940240B1 (ko) | 2014-05-28 | 2019-01-21 | 한국전자통신연구원 | 산화물계 고체 전해질 및 그 제조방법 |
Family Cites Families (18)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE69411637T2 (de) * | 1993-04-28 | 1998-11-05 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | Akkumulator mit nicht-wässrigem Elektrolyt |
US5742070A (en) * | 1993-09-22 | 1998-04-21 | Nippondenso Co., Ltd. | Method for preparing an active substance of chemical cells |
JPH08138744A (ja) * | 1994-11-16 | 1996-05-31 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | 非水二次電池 |
US5686203A (en) * | 1994-12-01 | 1997-11-11 | Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. | Non-aqueous secondary battery |
DE69706592T2 (de) * | 1996-03-26 | 2002-05-29 | Sharp K.K., Osaka | Verfahren zur Herstellung von positivelektrode-aktivem Material, sowie diese verwendende nichtwässerige Sekundärbatterie |
US5858324A (en) * | 1997-04-17 | 1999-01-12 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Lithium based compounds useful as electrodes and method for preparing same |
JPH1173960A (ja) * | 1997-08-29 | 1999-03-16 | Asahi Glass Co Ltd | 非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質及び非水電解質二次電池 |
US5900385A (en) * | 1997-10-15 | 1999-05-04 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Nickel--containing compounds useful as electrodes and method for preparing same |
KR19990047338A (ko) * | 1997-12-03 | 1999-07-05 | 정선종 | 5 ⅴ급 리튬 2차 전지 및 그 양극용 물질리튬-크롬-망간 산화물 제조 방법 |
KR100277796B1 (ko) * | 1998-02-10 | 2001-02-01 | 김순택 | 리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질 및 그 제조 방법 |
US6361755B1 (en) * | 1998-03-24 | 2002-03-26 | Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System | Low temperature synthesis of Li4Mn5O12 cathodes for lithium batteries |
JP3640545B2 (ja) * | 1998-10-27 | 2005-04-20 | シャープ株式会社 | 非水系二次電池用正極活物質ニッケル酸リチウムの製造方法 |
KR100310156B1 (ko) | 1999-01-25 | 2001-11-01 | 김순택 | 리튬 이차전지용 양극 활물질 및 그의 제조방법 |
US6753110B1 (en) * | 1999-10-08 | 2004-06-22 | National Research Council Of Canada | Cathode active material for lithium electrochemical cells |
KR100354224B1 (ko) | 1999-12-24 | 2002-09-26 | 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 | 리튬 이온 이차 전지용 망간계 양극 활물질 및 그 제조 방법 |
KR100326449B1 (ko) * | 2000-01-03 | 2002-02-28 | 김순택 | 리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질 및 그의 제조 방법 |
US6680143B2 (en) * | 2000-06-22 | 2004-01-20 | The University Of Chicago | Lithium metal oxide electrodes for lithium cells and batteries |
KR20020029218A (ko) | 2000-10-12 | 2002-04-18 | 김순택 | 리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질 및 그의 제조 방법 |
-
2002
- 2002-11-29 KR KR10-2002-0075395A patent/KR100467325B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2003
- 2003-08-25 US US10/648,614 patent/US6908708B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-11-12 JP JP2003383007A patent/JP3645561B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP2004186145A (ja) | 2004-07-02 |
US6908708B2 (en) | 2005-06-21 |
US20040105809A1 (en) | 2004-06-03 |
KR100467325B1 (ko) | 2005-01-24 |
KR20040047252A (ko) | 2004-06-05 |
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