JP2022106781A - 電極触媒用途向けの金属ドープ酸化スズ - Google Patents
電極触媒用途向けの金属ドープ酸化スズ Download PDFInfo
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- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 49
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 48
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 239000002019 doping agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- -1 tin halide Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000004703 alkoxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000003980 solgel method Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000009388 chemical precipitation Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910021626 Tin(II) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001027 hydrothermal synthesis Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001507 metal halide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000005309 metal halides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001694 spray drying Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- YQMWDQQWGKVOSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N trinitrooxystannyl nitrate Chemical compound [Sn+4].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O YQMWDQQWGKVOSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 238000007704 wet chemistry method Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000004833 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 16
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 16
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 10
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910006404 SnO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003125 aqueous solvent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000012552 review Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 3
- QHGNHLZPVBIIPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin(ii) oxide Chemical class [Sn]=O QHGNHLZPVBIIPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QNAYBMKLOCPYGJ-REOHCLBHSA-N L-alanine Chemical compound C[C@H](N)C(O)=O QNAYBMKLOCPYGJ-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 235000004279 alanine Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonia Natural products N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony atom Chemical compound [Sb] WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000005518 polymer electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000000629 steam reforming Methods 0.000 description 2
- IUTCEZPPWBHGIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin(2+) Chemical class [Sn+2] IUTCEZPPWBHGIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000557 Nafion® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920006362 Teflon® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012190 activator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000274 adsorptive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000001014 amino acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000001413 amino acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003763 carbonization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012876 carrier material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005591 charge neutralization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002484 cyclic voltammetry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- HTXDPTMKBJXEOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxoiridium Chemical compound O=[Ir]=O HTXDPTMKBJXEOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003618 dip coating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000840 electrochemical analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000921 elemental analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002803 fossil fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021389 graphene Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910003480 inorganic solid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000457 iridium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000691 measurement method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000000 metal hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002923 metal particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006864 oxidative decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011056 performance test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012466 permeate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011002 quantification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013557 residual solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000027756 respiratory electron transport chain Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001925 ruthenium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WOCIAKWEIIZHES-UHFFFAOYSA-N ruthenium(iv) oxide Chemical compound O=[Ru]=O WOCIAKWEIIZHES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013112 stability test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- SYRHIZPPCHMRIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin(4+) Chemical compound [Sn+4] SYRHIZPPCHMRIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/14—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of germanium, tin or lead
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/16—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
- B01J23/18—Arsenic, antimony or bismuth
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- B01J35/33—
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- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
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- B01J37/08—Heat treatment
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
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- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
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- C25B11/073—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material
- C25B11/091—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of at least one catalytic element and at least one catalytic compound; consisting of two or more catalytic elements or catalytic compounds
- C25B11/093—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of at least one catalytic element and at least one catalytic compound; consisting of two or more catalytic elements or catalytic compounds at least one noble metal or noble metal oxide and at least one non-noble metal oxide
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- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
- C25B9/70—Assemblies comprising two or more cells
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Abstract
Description
Sb、Nb、Ta、Bi、WもしくはInまたはそれらの任意の混合物である、少なくとも1種の金属ドーパントを含み、
金属ドーパントが
(i)スズおよび金属ドーパントの原子の総量に対して2.5at%から25at%までの量で存在し、
(ii)酸化状態OS1の原子および酸化状態OS2の原子を含有する混合原子価状態であり、酸化状態OS1が>0、酸化状態OS2が>OS1、およびOS1の原子に対するOS2の原子の原子比が1.5から12.0まで
である金属ドープ酸化スズにより、目的は解決された。
金属ドーパントはSb、酸化状態OS2の原子はSb5+、酸化状態OS1の原子はSb3+、Sb3+に対するSb5+の原子比が4.0から8.0まで、より好ましくは5.0から7.0までであり、
スズおよびSbの原子の総量に対してSbの量が2.5at%から10.0at%まで、より好ましくは5.0at%から7.5at%までであり、
金属ドープ酸化スズのBET表面積は35m2/gから110m2/g、より好ましくは40m2/gから98m2/gである。
金属ドープ前駆体固体を、スズ含有分子前駆体化合物および金属ドーパント含有分子前駆体化合物を含む反応混合物から湿式化学合成により製造し、
金属ドープ前駆体固体を熱処理にかける、
方法に関する。
金属ドーパントおよびスズの量は合成された試料で実施される元素分析により、次の方法に従って決定される。0.04から0.5gの各試料を、84%Li2B4O7、1%LiBr、および15%NaNO3の混合物10gと混合する。Claisse Fluxer M4を使用して、混合ペレットを形成する。室温に冷却した後、波長分散型蛍光X線を使用して元素組成を決定する。
BET表面積は77.35K、N2吸着でMicromeritics ASAP 2420 Surface Area and Porosity Analyzerを使用したガス吸着分析により決定した。測定の前に、試料を一晩真空、200℃で乾燥した。比表面積をマルチポイント法(ISO 9277:2010)を使用したBET理論により決定した。
電気伝導度の測定のため、酸化物粉末をペレットに圧縮成形し、伝導度を二点探針法により室温で決定した。初めに、約1gの粉末試料を社内測定セルのステンレス鋼下部(電極)をもつテフロン(登録商標)チューブに挿入した。充填が完了した後、2個目のステンレス鋼電極を上部に挿入し、充填試験セルを圧力計の間に挿入する。圧力は100から500barまで増加させる。各圧力でAgilent 3458Aマルチメータで二点法によって抵抗を測定する。測定した抵抗R(オーム)から、比粉末伝導度を以下に従って計算する。
d:2個の電極の距離
R:測定した抵抗
A:電極面積(0.5cm2)
X線光電子分光(XPS)により比を決定する。単色化AlKα線(49W)およびPhi帯電中和システムを使用してPhi Versa Probe 5000分光計でXPS分析を行った。金属金のAu 4f7/2線に対し84.00eVの結合エネルギー(BE)を与えて計器の仕事関数を校正し、金属銅のCu 2p3/2線に対し932.62eVのBEを与えて分光計散乱を調整した。100×1400μm2の面積の分析スポットを23.5eVの通過エネルギーで分析した。
SbCl3の量は1.23gであり、SnCl4の量は6.14gであった。
8.0wt%のSb含有量、41m2/gのBET表面積、および0.0206S/cmの電気伝導度を有する、商業的に入手可能なアンチモンドープ酸化スズを使用した。
11.9wt%のSb含有量、70m2/gのBET表面積、および0.00342S/cmの電気伝導度を有する、商業的に入手可能なアンチモンドープ酸化スズを使用した。
71m2/gのBET表面積、および3.0E-05S/cmの電気伝導度を有する、商業的に入手可能なドープなしのSnO2を使用した。
実施例1~3および比較例1~3の各粉末試料から、2.35mlのH2O、0.586mlのイソプロパノール、および3.81μlの5wt%ナフィオンと10mgの粉末を混合し、次いで混合物を約30分間超音波処理することにより、インクを製造した。その後インクを120μg/cm2の充填量でチタン箔電極上にドロップキャストした。
Claims (16)
- 少なくとも30m2/gのBET表面積を有し、
Sb、Nb、Ta、Bi、WもしくはInまたはそれらの任意の混合物である、少なくとも1種の金属ドーパントを含み、
前記金属ドーパントが
スズおよび金属ドーパントの原子の総量に対して2.5at%から25at%までの量で存在し、
酸化状態OS1の原子および酸化状態OS2の原子を含有する混合原子価状態であり、酸化状態OS1が>0、酸化状態OS2が>OS1、およびOS1の前記原子に対するOS2の前記原子の原子比が1.5から12.0まで
である、金属ドープ酸化スズ。 - 前記金属ドーパントの量が2.5at%から10at%まで、より好ましくは5.0at%から7.5at%までである、請求項1に記載の金属ドープ酸化スズ。
- 前記金属ドープ酸化スズのBET表面積が30m2/gから150m2/gまで、より好ましくは35m2/gから110m2/gまでであり、および/または前記金属ドープ酸化スズの電気伝導度が少なくとも0.02S/cm、より好ましくは少なくとも0.03S/cmである、請求項1または2に記載の金属ドープ酸化スズ。
- OS1の前記原子に対するOS2の前記原子の原子比が3.0および9.0から、より好ましくは4.0から8.0までである、請求項1から3のいずれか一項に記載の金属ドープ酸化スズ。
- 前記金属ドーパントがSbであり、酸化状態OS2の前記原子がSb5+であり、酸化状態OS1の前記原子がSb3+である、請求項1から4のいずれか一項に記載の金属ドープ酸化スズ。
- 請求項1から5のいずれか一項に記載の金属ドープ酸化スズを製造する方法であって、
金属ドープ前駆体固体を、スズ含有分子前駆体化合物および金属ドーパント含有分子前駆体化合物を含む反応混合物から湿式化学合成により製造し、
前記金属ドープ前駆体固体を熱処理にかける、
方法。 - 前記湿式化学合成が、ゾルゲル法、化学沈殿法、水熱合成法、噴霧乾燥法、またはそれらの任意の組合せである、請求項6に記載の方法。
- 前記スズ含有分子前駆体化合物および前記金属ドーパント含有前駆体化合物を酸性のpHで混合し、その後前記金属ドープ前駆体固体が沈殿するまで塩基を加えることにより、pHを上昇させる、ならびに/または湿式化学合成をアルコール溶媒中で実行する、請求項6または7に記載の方法。
- 前記スズ含有分子前駆体化合物が、ハロゲン化スズもしくは硝酸スズなどのスズ塩、またはスズアルコキシド、またはそれらの混合物である、および/あるいは前記金属ドーパント含有分子前駆体化合物が、ハロゲン化金属、カルボン酸金属塩、もしくは金属アルコキシド、またはそれらの任意の混合物である、請求項5から8のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 少なくとも40m2/gのBET表面積を有する固体添加物の存在下で、前記湿式化学合成を実行する、請求項5から9のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記固体添加物がカーボンブラックまたは活性炭などの炭素材料であり、好ましくはその炭素材料が少なくとも200m2/g、より好ましくは少なくとも500m2/gのBET表面積を有する、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 熱処理が、400から800℃まで、より好ましくは500から700℃までの温度に加熱することを含む、請求項6から11の一項に記載の方法。
- 請求項1から5のいずれか一項に記載の前記金属ドープ酸化スズ、および前記金属ドープ酸化スズに担持された電極触媒を含み、前記電極触媒が好ましくは酸素発生反応(OER)触媒または酸素還元反応(ORR)触媒である、複合材料。
- 請求項13に記載の複合材料を含有する電気化学デバイス。
- PEM水電解槽またはPEM燃料電池である、請求項14に記載の電気化学デバイス。
- 電気化学デバイス、好ましくはPEM水電解槽またはPEM燃料電池における触媒担体として、請求項1から5のいずれか一項に記載の金属ドープ酸化スズを使用する方法。
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