JP2019529704A - 貴金属を回収する方法 - Google Patents
貴金属を回収する方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP2019529704A JP2019529704A JP2019513758A JP2019513758A JP2019529704A JP 2019529704 A JP2019529704 A JP 2019529704A JP 2019513758 A JP2019513758 A JP 2019513758A JP 2019513758 A JP2019513758 A JP 2019513758A JP 2019529704 A JP2019529704 A JP 2019529704A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- flotation
- microbubble
- aqueous solution
- nanobubble
- silver
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000010970 precious metal Substances 0.000 title description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000002562 thickening agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000005188 flotation Methods 0.000 claims description 35
- 239000002101 nanobubble Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000009299 dissolved gas flotation Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000009289 induced gas flotation Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000004062 sedimentation Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052762 osmium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- SYQBFIAQOQZEGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N osmium atom Chemical compound [Os] SYQBFIAQOQZEGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 17
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 9
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000000701 coagulant Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000009300 dissolved air flotation Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000008394 flocculating agent Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000007667 floating Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011859 microparticle Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 3
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen sulfide Chemical compound S RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910000037 hydrogen sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000002386 leaching Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010802 sludge Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012527 feed solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005187 foaming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003517 fume Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OVMJVEMNBCGDGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron silver Chemical compound [Fe].[Ag] OVMJVEMNBCGDGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005554 pickling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052724 xenon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N xenon atom Chemical compound [Xe] FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B3/00—Extraction of metal compounds from ores or concentrates by wet processes
- C22B3/20—Treatment or purification of solutions, e.g. obtained by leaching
- C22B3/22—Treatment or purification of solutions, e.g. obtained by leaching by physical processes, e.g. by filtration, by magnetic means, or by thermal decomposition
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03D—FLOTATION; DIFFERENTIAL SEDIMENTATION
- B03D1/00—Flotation
- B03D1/02—Froth-flotation processes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03D—FLOTATION; DIFFERENTIAL SEDIMENTATION
- B03D1/00—Flotation
- B03D1/14—Flotation machines
- B03D1/1431—Dissolved air flotation machines
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03D—FLOTATION; DIFFERENTIAL SEDIMENTATION
- B03D1/00—Flotation
- B03D1/14—Flotation machines
- B03D1/1437—Flotation machines using electroflotation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B11/00—Obtaining noble metals
- C22B11/04—Obtaining noble metals by wet processes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B3/00—Extraction of metal compounds from ores or concentrates by wet processes
- C22B3/20—Treatment or purification of solutions, e.g. obtained by leaching
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03D—FLOTATION; DIFFERENTIAL SEDIMENTATION
- B03D2201/00—Specified effects produced by the flotation agents
- B03D2201/007—Modifying reagents for adjusting pH or conductivity
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03D—FLOTATION; DIFFERENTIAL SEDIMENTATION
- B03D2203/00—Specified materials treated by the flotation agents; specified applications
- B03D2203/02—Ores
- B03D2203/025—Precious metal ores
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/20—Recycling
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
Abstract
Description
シックナのオーバーフロー液を、実験室規模の電解浮選装置で処理した。
処理/生成物の種類
‐生成物: 強酸処理のオーバーフロー液
‐作業: 固形物の除去/溶解空気浮選
‐温度: 平均 >90℃
‐固形物含有量: 最少 0、最大 60,000mg/l
平均 3,000mg/l、最近2ヶ月 〜2,000mg/l
‐pH: <1、H2SO4 50〜70 g/l
‐Clレベル: >200mg/l
‐処理シックナで使用した凝集剤: Superfloc A100 HMW
‐温度: 〜80℃
‐固形分: 2.3〜2.6 g/l
‐濁度: 〜150 FTU
‐pH: <1
‐密度: 1,350〜1,400 g/l
d10 1.95/2.24 μm
d50 6.59/20.9 μm
d9O 37.4/50.4 μm
試験を行った強酸水は、化学物質を添加せずに、続いて数種類の化学物質を様々な量で添加して、DAF法によって処理された。試験はヒュームフード内で行われ、硫化水素警報装置をDAF装置の近傍に組み入れて、試験中に硫化水素の漏れがないか確認した。浮選時間終了後に、試料ホースによって、水面下約5センチメートルの地点で清澄水の試料を採取した。すべての試料および最も清澄していた試料から得た固形分から、濁度の分析を行った。試験は2日間行われ、各日、ゼロ試料から固形分を分析した。分析結果はそれぞれ、2.6g/lおよび2.3g/lだった。
Claims (13)
- 少なくとも1種類の貴金属を含有する水溶液から該金属を回収する方法であって、前記水溶液にマイクロバブルおよび/またはナノバブル浮選を施し、前記水溶液のpHは最大で1.5であることを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法において、前記水溶液は、シックナ、清澄器または沈殿池などの沈殿設備のオーバーフロー液であることを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項1または2に記載の方法において、前記水溶液の亜鉛含有量は60g/l超であることを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項1ないし3のいずれかに記載の方法において、前記供給溶液中の粒子の粒径P80は40μm未満、好ましくは10μm未満であることを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項1ないし4のいずれかに記載の方法において、前記貴金属は、銀、金、ルテニウム、ロジウム、パラジウム、オスミウム、イリジウム、白金またはこれらの化合物からなる群から選択されることを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項5に記載の方法において、前記貴金属は銀であることを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項1ないし6のいずれかに記載の方法において、前記pHは0.5〜1.5の範囲であることを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項1ないし7のいずれかに記載の方法において、前記pHはH2SO4、HCl、HNO3またはこれらの任意の化合物を添加して調整することを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項8に記載の方法において、前記pHはH2SO4および/またはHClを添加して調整することを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法において、前記マイクロバブルおよび/またはナノバブル浮選を施す装置は、誘導ガス浮選(IGF)装置であることを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法において、前記マイクロバブルおよび/またはナノバブル浮選を施す装置は、溶解ガス浮選(DGF)装置であることを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法において、前記マイクロバブルおよび/またはナノバブル浮選を施す装置は、電解浮選装置であることを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法において、前記マイクロバブルおよび/またはナノバブル浮選を施す装置は、カラム浮選装置であることを特徴とする方法。
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/FI2016/050639 WO2018050950A1 (en) | 2016-09-14 | 2016-09-14 | Method for recovering precious metal |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JP2019529704A true JP2019529704A (ja) | 2019-10-17 |
JP6671542B2 JP6671542B2 (ja) | 2020-03-25 |
Family
ID=61619885
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP2019513758A Active JP6671542B2 (ja) | 2016-09-14 | 2016-09-14 | 貴金属を回収する方法 |
Country Status (10)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US10590510B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP3512971B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP6671542B2 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN109844146A (ja) |
BR (1) | BR112019004862B1 (ja) |
CA (1) | CA3036626C (ja) |
ES (1) | ES2847761T3 (ja) |
MX (1) | MX2019002840A (ja) |
PL (1) | PL3512971T3 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2018050950A1 (ja) |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20210379605A1 (en) * | 2018-10-29 | 2021-12-09 | Metso Outotec Finland Oy | Method and arrangement for process water treatment |
MX2021009884A (es) * | 2019-02-18 | 2021-12-10 | Metso Outotec Finland Oy | Metodo y disposicion de procedimiento para retirar compuestos a base de si a partir de un licor de lixiviacion y uso. |
PE20220972A1 (es) * | 2019-10-28 | 2022-06-15 | Metso Outotec Finland Oy | Metodo para el tratamiento de agua de proceso |
Citations (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS5235197A (en) * | 1975-06-06 | 1977-03-17 | Mines Fond Zinc Vieille | Treating process for lixiviation residue from zinc ore |
JPH02133531A (ja) * | 1988-03-24 | 1990-05-22 | Korea Zinc Co Ltd | 鉛/銀ケーキからの銀の回収方法 |
US5116487A (en) * | 1990-07-27 | 1992-05-26 | University Of Kentucky Research Foundation | Froth flotation method for recovery of ultra-fine constituent |
US5182014A (en) * | 1990-05-30 | 1993-01-26 | Goodman Laurence R | Method and apparatus for increasing flotation cell recovery and grade of complex copper-containing ores |
US5770170A (en) * | 1995-11-07 | 1998-06-23 | 698638 Alberta Ltd. | Recovery of zinc from sulphidic concentrates |
CN101914686A (zh) * | 2010-06-01 | 2010-12-15 | 古晓跃 | 电解锌厂铅银渣超声波处理浮选回收金银方法 |
CN102133556A (zh) * | 2010-12-09 | 2011-07-27 | 古晓跃 | 含金银尾矿超声波处理浮选回收金银方法 |
CN102151613A (zh) * | 2010-12-09 | 2011-08-17 | 古晓跃 | 硫酸渣超声波处理提铁浮选脱硫回收金银方法 |
CN104028366A (zh) * | 2014-06-04 | 2014-09-10 | 孙伟 | 一种除尘灰或瓦斯灰的回收利用方法 |
JP2015206077A (ja) * | 2014-04-21 | 2015-11-19 | Jfeスチール株式会社 | 廃乾電池からの資源の分離、回収方法および分離、回収設備および回収物 |
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FI65804C (fi) * | 1980-09-30 | 1984-07-10 | Outokumpu Oy | Hydrometallurgiskt foerfarande foer aotervinning av bly silveroch guld samt zink ur orena jarositaoterstoden fraon en e letrolytisk zinkprocess |
DE3163266D1 (en) * | 1981-02-26 | 1984-05-30 | Agfa Gevaert Ag | Flotation process for the continuous recovery of silver or silver compounds from solutions or dispersions |
FI84323C (fi) * | 1988-03-22 | 1991-11-25 | Korea Zinc Company Ltd | Foerfarande foer tillvaratagning av silver ur en pb/ag-kaka. |
RU2057597C1 (ru) * | 1994-04-26 | 1996-04-10 | Институт горного дела Дальневосточного отделения РАН | Электрофлотатор |
DE19710529A1 (de) * | 1997-03-14 | 1998-09-17 | Ruhr Zink Gmbh | Verfahren zur Anreicherung von Silber oder anderen Wertmetallen durch Flotation aus einer Suspension, beispielsweise aus den Rückständen der Zinklaugung |
US6959815B2 (en) * | 2002-01-28 | 2005-11-01 | The Governors Of The University Of Alberta | Selective reactive oily bubble carriers in flotation processes and methods of generation and uses thereof |
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CN104815753B (zh) * | 2015-04-30 | 2017-02-22 | 中国地质科学院矿产综合利用研究所 | 一种浮团聚电磁精选设备 |
-
2016
- 2016-09-14 MX MX2019002840A patent/MX2019002840A/es unknown
- 2016-09-14 PL PL16916154T patent/PL3512971T3/pl unknown
- 2016-09-14 CA CA3036626A patent/CA3036626C/en active Active
- 2016-09-14 BR BR112019004862-6A patent/BR112019004862B1/pt active IP Right Grant
- 2016-09-14 WO PCT/FI2016/050639 patent/WO2018050950A1/en unknown
- 2016-09-14 EP EP16916154.4A patent/EP3512971B1/en active Active
- 2016-09-14 CN CN201680090195.0A patent/CN109844146A/zh active Pending
- 2016-09-14 ES ES16916154T patent/ES2847761T3/es active Active
- 2016-09-14 JP JP2019513758A patent/JP6671542B2/ja active Active
-
2019
- 2019-03-13 US US16/351,736 patent/US10590510B2/en active Active
Patent Citations (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS5235197A (en) * | 1975-06-06 | 1977-03-17 | Mines Fond Zinc Vieille | Treating process for lixiviation residue from zinc ore |
JPH02133531A (ja) * | 1988-03-24 | 1990-05-22 | Korea Zinc Co Ltd | 鉛/銀ケーキからの銀の回収方法 |
US5182014A (en) * | 1990-05-30 | 1993-01-26 | Goodman Laurence R | Method and apparatus for increasing flotation cell recovery and grade of complex copper-containing ores |
US5116487A (en) * | 1990-07-27 | 1992-05-26 | University Of Kentucky Research Foundation | Froth flotation method for recovery of ultra-fine constituent |
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US20190211421A1 (en) | 2019-07-11 |
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CN109844146A (zh) | 2019-06-04 |
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