JP2018528103A - 準安定粒子を含有する複合材料及び樹脂組成物 - Google Patents
準安定粒子を含有する複合材料及び樹脂組成物 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2018528103A JP2018528103A JP2018510092A JP2018510092A JP2018528103A JP 2018528103 A JP2018528103 A JP 2018528103A JP 2018510092 A JP2018510092 A JP 2018510092A JP 2018510092 A JP2018510092 A JP 2018510092A JP 2018528103 A JP2018528103 A JP 2018528103A
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Abstract
Description
a.1種以上の熱可塑性樹脂を含む熱硬化樹脂;
b.準安定熱可塑性粒子;及び
c.任意選択的に、熱硬化樹脂成分のための硬化剤
を含み、ここで、準安定熱可塑性粒子は、粒子が結晶化温度Tcまで加熱されると結晶化を起こす非晶質ポリマーフラクションを有する半結晶性熱可塑性材料の粒子である。
硬化性熱硬化マトリックス樹脂で含浸された又はそれが注入された強化繊維の2つ以上の層;
強化繊維の隣接する層間に配置された準安定熱可塑性粒子
を含み、ここで、準安定熱可塑性粒子は、粒子が結晶化温度Tcまで加熱されると結晶化を起こす非晶質ポリマーフラクションを有する半結晶性熱可塑性材料の粒子である。
本明細書において、「準安定熱可塑性粒子」という用語は、ゼロより大きい吸熱性の融解エンタルピー(ΔHm)とゼロより大きい発熱性の結晶化エンタルピー(ΔHc)とによって同時に特徴付けられる粒子状の熱可塑性ポリマーを指す。「半結晶性熱可塑性粒子」という用語は、完全にゼロより大きい吸熱性の融解エンタルピー(ΔHm)とゼロに等しい発熱性の結晶化エンタルピー(ΔHc)とによって同時に特徴付けられる粒子状の熱可塑性ポリマーを指す。また、「非晶質熱可塑性粒子」という用語は、ゼロに等しい吸熱性の融解エンタルピー(ΔHm)とゼロに等しい発熱性の結晶化エンタルピー(ΔHc)とによって同時に特徴付けられる粒子状の熱可塑性ポリマーを指す。熱可塑性粒子の準安定状態は、窒素雰囲気下において10℃/分の加熱速度で得られる示差走査熱量分析(DSC)サーモグラムによって数値化することができる。本明細書における用語「粒子」には、レーザー散乱粒子径分布分析装置を使用するレーザー散乱によって測定される75ミクロン未満の平均径を有する微細乾燥粒子の粉末が含まれる。
本明細書に開示の硬化性樹脂組成物中の1種以上の熱硬化樹脂としては、これらに限定するものではないが、エポキシ樹脂、ビスマレイミド、ビニルエステル樹脂、シアネートエステル樹脂、イソシアネート変性エポキシ樹脂、フェノール樹脂、ベンズオキサジン、ホルムアルデヒド縮合樹脂(尿素、メラミン、又はフェノールと共になど)、ポリエステル、アクリル、及びこれらの組み合わせが挙げられる。
本開示の準安定熱可塑性粒子は、複合積層体の繊維強化層間の層間強化粒子として使用することができる。好ましい実施形態では、複合積層体は、硬化性マトリックス樹脂(未硬化の又は不完全に硬化された)で含浸された又はそれが注入された強化繊維の複数の層と、強化繊維の隣接する層間に形成される層間領域に分散されている準安定粒子とからなる。複合積層体が硬化すると、準安定粒子は上述したように更なる結晶化を起こす。「層間領域」とは、複数の積層された複合材料構造体中の強化繊維の隣接する層間の領域を指す。
本開示の準安定ポリマー粒子は、溶媒を用いない溶融プロセスによって製造することができ、これによって製造プロセスは完全且つ安定な結晶性の発現を阻止し、その結果、これらが「準安定」状態に保たれる。
a)非晶質状態の非水溶性熱可塑性樹脂(例えば、ポリアミド樹脂)と水溶性のマトリックス材料との溶融混合物を、一軸押出機又は二軸押出機などの押出機を使用して押出して、水溶性マトリックス材料中に分散された熱可塑性樹脂の微粒子を含むストランド又はシートの形態の溶融樹脂組成物を形成すること;
b)再結晶化を防止するような条件下で溶融樹脂組成物を冷却及び固化させることであり、例えば冷却及び固化を迅速に行うことができる、冷却及び固化させること;及び
c)水で洗浄することで固化した樹脂組成物から水溶性材料を溶解させて除去し、これにより準安定半結晶性熱可塑性ポリマーの微細な球形粒子を得ること。
本開示の層間準安定粒子を有する複合材料及び構造は、様々な方法を使用して製造されてもよい。
a)非常に優れた又は改善された耐衝撃性、特に1500in−lb/in(CSAI)の衝撃後の残留圧縮強度;
b)非常に優れた又は改善された損傷許容性、特に耐久性をほとんど損なうことのないモードI及びモードIIの層間破壊靭性;
c)層間領域における最小限にのみ存在するか又は完全に存在しない微小亀裂;
d)非常に優れた耐溶剤性;及び
e)非常に優れた又は改善されたホットウェット有孔圧縮強度(HW OHC)。
G1c=(Fmax)2/(2w)∂C/∂a[in−lb/in2] 式1
G2c=(a2F2 maxC)/(2w(2L3+3a3))[in−lb/in2] 式2
CSAI=Fmax/(w・t)[ksi] 式3
IPSM=Ex/(2(1+mu))[Msi] 式4
MEK knockdown=(IPSM−IPSMMEK)/IPSM[%] 式5
HW OHC=Fmax/(w・t)[ksi] 式6
Araldite(登録商標)MY0510はトリグリシジルp−アミノフェノールであり、Araldite(登録商標)(登録商標)(登録商標)PY306はビスフェノールFのジグリシジルエーテルであり、共にHuntsmanからのものである。SumikaexcelTM5003Pは住友化学株式会社からのポリエーテルスルホンであり、Aradur9664−1はHuntsmanからの4,4’−ジアミノジフェニルスルホン(4,4’−DDS)であり、DAIAMID(登録商標)MSP BIOは、Evonik Industriesから供給された、solvent−free(登録商標)溶融プロセスによって製造された、平均粒径が8.6μmのポリアミド−10,10(PA10,10)を主体とする半結晶性粒子についての製品名である。
強化用粒子なしの樹脂系Uは、表1に示されている成分を使用して配合した。
異なる熱可塑性粒子を含む6種の樹脂組成物(樹脂P.3、P.7、P.8、P.9、P.11)を表4に示されている処方に従って製造した。樹脂組成物の成分の混合のための手順は実施例1に記載の通りである。示されている全ての量は重量パーセント(%)である。
2つの樹脂系(樹脂F.2及びF.3)を表6に示されている処方に従って製造した。
その通常の半結晶安定状態ではなくその「準安定」状態にある半結晶性熱可塑性粒子の使用を更に例示するために、異なる熱可塑性粒子を含む2種の樹脂組成物(樹脂P.12、P.13)を表8に示されている処方に従って製造した。樹脂組成物の成分の混合のための手順は実施例1に記載の通りである。示されている全ての量は重量パーセント(%)である。
Claims (32)
- 硬化性熱硬化マトリックス樹脂で含浸された又はそれが注入された強化繊維の2つ以上の層;
強化繊維の隣接する層間に配置された準安定熱可塑性粒子
を含む繊維強化高分子複合材料であって、準安定熱可塑性粒子が、粒子が結晶化温度Tcまで加熱されると結晶化を起こす非晶質ポリマーフラクションを有する半結晶性熱可塑性材料の粒子である、繊維強化高分子複合材料。 - 窒素雰囲気下において10℃/分で50℃〜250℃の温度範囲まで加熱すると、準安定熱可塑性粒子が、示差走査熱量分析(DSC)によって決定される発熱ピーク後に吸熱ピークを示す、請求項1に記載の複合材料。
- 準安定熱可塑性粒子が、示差走査熱量分析(DSC)によって決定されるゼロより大きい融解エンタルピー(ΔHm)とゼロより大きい結晶化エンタルピー(ΔHc)とによって同時に特徴付けられ、
ΔHm及びΔHcが、DSCサーモグラム中に存在する融解ピーク及び結晶化ピーク下の面積をそれぞれ積分することによって決定される、請求項1に記載の複合材料。 - 硬化性熱硬化マトリックス樹脂で含浸された又はそれが注入された強化繊維の2つ以上の層;
強化繊維の隣接する層間に配置された準安定熱可塑性粒子
を含む繊維強化高分子複合材料であって、準安定熱可塑性粒子が半結晶性熱可塑性材料の粒子であり、準安定粒子が周囲温度(20℃〜25℃)で化学的に安定な状態であるが、粒子が結晶化温度Tcまで加熱されると熱力学的に不安定になる、繊維強化高分子複合材料。 - 硬化性マトリックス樹脂が硬化温度Tcureを有し、及び準安定粒子が、Tcureより高い融解温度(Tm)を有する、請求項1〜4のいずれか一項に記載の複合材料。
- 硬化性マトリックス樹脂が硬化温度Tcureを有し、及びTcがTcureより低い、請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載の複合材料。
- Tcが50℃より高く、及びTcureが100℃〜250℃の範囲である、請求項6に記載の複合材料。
- Tcが80℃より高く、及びTcureが170℃〜190℃の範囲である、請求項6に記載の複合材料。
- Tcが100℃〜200℃の範囲である、請求項6に記載の複合材料。
- 準安定熱可塑性粒子がポリアミドの粒子である、請求項1〜9のいずれか一項に記載の複合材料。
- 準安定熱可塑性粒子がポリフェニレンサルファイド(PPS)又はポリアリールエーテルケトン(PAEK)の粒子である、請求項1〜10のいずれか一項に記載の複合材料。
- 準安定粒子が、複合材料中の総樹脂含有量を基準として2.5重量%〜30重量%の量で存在する、請求項1〜11のいずれか一項に記載の複合材料。
- 他のポリマー粒子又は無機粒子を更に含む、請求項1〜12のいずれか一項に記載の複合材料。
- 強化繊維の隣接する層間の領域が、Tcure未満の融解温度を有するポリマー粒子を全く含まない、請求項1〜13のいずれか一項に記載の複合材料。
- 強化繊維が連続的な一方向に配向された繊維である、請求項1〜14のいずれか一項に記載の複合材料。
- 強化繊維が織布又は多軸生地の形態である、請求項1〜14のいずれか一項に記載の複合材料。
- 強化繊維が炭素繊維、アラミド繊維、ガラス繊維、及びこれらの組み合わせから選択される、請求項1〜16のいずれか一項に記載の複合材料。
- 樹脂成分が、エポキシ樹脂、ビスマレイミド、ビニルエステル樹脂、シアネートエステル樹脂、フェノール樹脂、ベンズオキサジン、ホルムアルデヒド縮合樹脂、不飽和ポリエステル、アクリル、及びこれらの組み合わせから選択される1種以上の熱硬化樹脂を含む、請求項1〜17のいずれか一項に記載の複合材料。
- 樹脂成分が1種以上のエポキシ樹脂を含む、請求項1〜18のいずれか一項に記載の複合材料。
- 1種以上の熱硬化樹脂;
準安定熱可塑性粒子;及び
任意選択的に、熱硬化樹脂のための硬化剤
を含む硬化性樹脂組成物であって、準安定熱可塑性粒子が、粒子が結晶化温度Tcまで加熱されると結晶化を起こす非晶質ポリマーフラクションを有する半結晶性熱可塑性材料の粒子である、硬化性樹脂組成物。 - 1種以上の熱硬化樹脂;
準安定熱可塑性粒子;及び
任意選択的に、熱硬化樹脂のための硬化剤
を含む硬化性樹脂組成物であって、準安定熱可塑性粒子が、周囲温度(20℃〜25℃)で化学的に安定な状態であるが、結晶化温度Tcまで加熱すると熱力学的に不安定になる半結晶性熱可塑性材料の粒子である、硬化性樹脂組成物。 - 樹脂成分が、エポキシ樹脂、ビスマレイミド、ビニルエステル樹脂、シアネートエステル樹脂、フェノール樹脂、ベンズオキサジン、ホルムアルデヒド縮合樹脂、不飽和ポリエステル、アクリル、及びこれらの組み合わせから選択される1種以上の熱硬化樹脂を含む、請求項20又は21に記載の硬化性樹脂組成物。
- 樹脂成分が1種以上のエポキシ樹脂を含む、請求項20〜22のいずれか一項に記載の硬化性樹脂組成物。
- アミン硬化剤を含む、請求項23に記載の硬化性樹脂組成物。
- 準安定熱可塑性粒子がポリアミドの粒子である、請求項20〜24のいずれか一項に記載の硬化性樹脂組成物。
- 準安定粒子が、樹脂組成物の総重量を基準として2.5重量%〜30重量%の量で存在する、請求項20〜25のいずれか一項に記載の硬化性樹脂組成物。
- 硬化性マトリックス樹脂が硬化温度Tcureを有し、及びTcがTcureより低い、請求項20〜26のいずれか一項に記載の硬化性樹脂組成物。
- Tcが約50℃より高く、及びTcureが100℃〜250℃の範囲内である、請求項27に記載の硬化性樹脂組成物。
- 硬化性熱硬化マトリックス樹脂で含浸された強化繊維の2つ以上の層と、強化繊維の隣接する層間に配置された準安定熱可塑性粒子とを含む複合積層体を形成することであって、準安定熱可塑性粒子が、結晶化温度Tcで結晶化可能な非晶質ポリマーフラクションを有する半結晶性熱可塑性材料の粒子である、形成すること;及び
複合積層体を硬化温度Tcureで硬化させること
を含む、複合構造体を製造する方法であって、硬化温度Tcureまでの昇温中、準安定熱可塑性粒子が、Tcureより低い結晶化温度Tcで結晶化を起こした、方法。 - 液体樹脂を浸透させることが可能な複数の繊維質層と、隣接する繊維質層間に配置された準安定熱可塑性粒子とを含むプリフォームを形成することであって、準安定熱可塑性粒子が、結晶化温度Tcで結晶化可能な非晶質ポリマーフラクションを有する半結晶性熱可塑性材料の粒子である、形成すること;
プリフォームに、1種以上の熱硬化樹脂を含む硬化性液体樹脂を注入すること;及び
樹脂が注入されたプリフォームを硬化温度Tcureで硬化させること
を含む、複合構造体を製造する方法であって、硬化温度Tcureまでの昇温中、準安定硬化性粒子が、Tcureより低い結晶化温度Tcで結晶化を起こした、方法。 - Tcが約50℃より高く、及びTcureが100℃〜250℃の範囲内である、請求項29又は30に記載の方法。
- 準安定粒子が、Tcureより高い融解温度(Tm)を有する、請求項29〜31のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
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